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Curcumin encapsulation using dendrimer PAMAM G4 conjugated with polyethylene glycol to improve the properties of gel dossage form
Get PDFCurcumin had a low bioavailability, to improve it than curcumin was encapsulated in the PAMAM dendrimer conjugated PEG. To facilitate topical use, curcumin dendrimer was combined with a carbomer 940 that can produce hydration conditions in the stratum corneum so as to increase the bioavailability of curcumin. This study aimed to obtain the ratio between curcumin with dendrimer of PAMAM G4: PEG in the formation of curcumin dendrimer combined in the base of carbomer 940 to produce the optimal of physical characteristics of dendrimer and physical stability of gel. The study was conducted by conjugating PAMAM G4 with PEG with a ratio of 1:5, and then encapsulated curcumin in dendrimer with a ratio of 1:0.2 (F1); 1:0.02 (F2) and 1:0.002 (F3). Further dendrimers that have encapsulated curcumin were formulated in a gel with a carbopol base 940. The physical characteristics of the gel tested were polydispersity index, zeta potential and particle size, organoleptic, flow properties, and pH at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 6. The results shows that F1 has zeta potential highest and the lowest viscosity of the other formula, while F3 has the lowest potential zeta and highest viscosity of other formulas. In addition, the polydispersity index, particle size, organoleptic, flow properties and pH; there are not a significant difference in each formula, but the particle size, zeta potential, and viscosity of gel can decrease with longer storage time. Conclusion of this study that the ratio between curcumin and dendrimer PAMAM G4:PEG of 1: 0.2 shows the optimal of physical characteristics of dendrimer and physical stability of gel
Correlation of diuretic therapy toward clinicaloutcomeof patients suffering from chronic kidney disease hospitalized in RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang
Get PDFABSTRACTKidney is one of the most important organs of the human body. The goal of diuretic therapy is to reduce edema in patients with impaired renal function. The therapy of diuretic is very important, because the therapy is effective to control of the volume of extracellular fluid, reduce protein exretion in urine and reduce on effects of hyperceluler complications. The purpose of this research is to provide information on the effect of giving diuretics with clinical outcome of patient with cronic kidney disease. The research was conducted by using longitudinal observational study design. Longitudinal observation is a method that perform data retrieval by a prospective census method with daily follow up until patient returns. The result of research showed that the most widely used diuretic was furosemide. Then the results also showed improvement of blood pressure, pulse, respiration rate, creatinine and urea although the results were not statistically significally (p>0.05). Mortality rate of the subjects in RSUP DR. M.Djamil Padang Hospital was very small. Patient with diuretic and without diuretic have equal mortality rate (p>0.05).Keyword: Kidney, CKD, Outcome, Diureti
The performance of derivate FTIR spectrophotometry method compared to colorimetry for tranexamic acid tablet content determination
Get PDFRecently, FTIR reported has been established as a direct content determination for some tablet dosage forms. In the method, infrared transmittance spectra was converted into the derivated absorbance form. In this present research, the method’s performance was investigated to quantified tranexamic acid in its tablet dosage form directly. The result then was compared to the colorimetry, which has been developed by another researcher. Correlations between the two methods were analyzed using t-test. The good linearity was shown at concentration range of 0.5 - 1.75% w/w at the wave number of NH group. Furthermore, the recovery, intra- and inter-day precision also fulfilled the validation requirement. Meanwhile, LOD and LOQ of the method were 0.0531%w/w and 0.1770%w/w. These methods were compared with colorimetry has been established before. Afterwards, the t-test proved no significant difference of content determination yielded, between these two methods. In conclusion, FTIR can be used for quantify the content of tranexamic tablet, more accurately than colorimetry, which has been developed before. Moreover, FTIR method also has advantages such as easier, simpler, faster and cheaper than the colorimetry method. Â
Reducing ulcerogenic effect of self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system of piroxicam
Get PDFPiroxicam is antiinflammatory non-steroidal (AINS) drug group that has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. Like most other AINS drugs, piroxicam has low solubility and has gastrointestinal (ulcerogenic) side effects on long-term use. The nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) is one of the technologies that can be used to overcome it. This study aims to determine the effect of ulcerogenic SNEDDS piroxicam compared with piroxicam formulas instead of SNEDDS. This study uses white rats male strain SD age 2-3 months and weight 100-200 grams of 40 rats. Rats divided into 5 groups. Group I was a normal control group, the test animals were given only water. Group II was a suspending control group treated with a 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) solution, group III is a carrier control group treated with SNEDDS carrier which is a mixture of tween 80, virgin coconut oil (VCO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, group IV was a group of piroxicam drugs suspended with piroxicam 1.08 mg/kg in 1% PVP, group V was treated with SNEDDS piroxicam.Treatment was done for 28 days. After treatment, the gastric of rats were taken to be observed for ulcerogenic effects. Observations were made macroscopically by looking at ulcer scores followed by histopathological observations of tissue. The ulcer score data from each group were analyzed using one-way ANOVAand LSD test. The results showed that the normal control group, 1% PVP suspension and carrier group had a ulcer index of 0.0, 0.0 and 0.0, while the piroxicam suspension group and the SNEDDS group had an ulcer index of 0.88 and 0.0. These results were confirmed by histopathologic results of SNEDDS piroxicam to decrease the effect of pyroxicam ulcerogenic with results in the piroxicam suspension group has ulcer with necrosis by neutrophil infiltration, lymphocytes and mast cells in the mucosal tunica to submucosa. In the SNEDDS piroxicam group there is erosion with necrosis of the mucosal tunica epithelium with infiltration of lymphocytes and mast cells in submucosal tunica. It can be concluded the SNEDDS piroxicam can decrease the ulcerogenic effect
Comparison of carbopol 934 and 941 as thickeners on ketoconazole microemulsions based on physical stability
Get PDFAs a drug delivery system, ketoconazole microemulsion in virgin coconut oil (oil phase) is added with a thickening agent to create transdermal dosage form. This study aimed to compare the physical stabilities of ketoconazole microemulsions formed with different thickeners, namely Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 941. The formula used varying concentrations of Carbopol 934 and Carbopol 941, i.e., 0.15% and 0.25%. The stability was observed during eight-week storage in which the conditions were controlled by different degrees of temperature, i.e., 40C, 25-300C (room temperature), and 400C. The stability tests included organoleptic observation, pH, surface tension, viscosity, particle size, and zeta potential. Based on the Kruskal-Wallis test results, ketoconazole microemulsion with Carbopol 941 that had been stored in different temperature showed a significant difference in particle size (significance value< 0.05), but it did not apply to Carbopol 934. The evaluation revealed that compared to 0.25% of Carbopol 934, microemulsion with 0.15% of Carbopol 934 had a smaller difference between the time intervals. This research concluded that the use of 0.15% of Carbopol 934 as a thickener in ketoconazole microemulsion had better physical stability compared to Carbopol 941 due to the influence of temperature and length of storage
The formulation of carvedilol transdermal patch with resin gum as rate control
Get PDFCarvedilol is widely prescribed for long-term hypertension treatment. It is rapidly absorbable by oral administration, but its bioavailability is merely about 20% in humans. Drug delivery is therefore imperative to overcome this weakness. One form of transdermal drug delivery system is a patch. Transdermal patch is composed of various systems, for instance, a reservoir that uses a rate control layer to manage the rate of drug release. This research aimed to observe the effect of using resin gum as the control of drug release rate on the physical characteristics and release of carvedilol in a transdermal patch. The patches were prepared in 5 formulas with different quantities of resin gum, namely 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mg. Afterward, they were evaluated physically, and their dissolution and diffusion rates were analyzed. The results showed that resin gum with concentrations of 150 mg and 200 mg was physically qualified for rate control. Besides, the results of dissolution and diffusion tests revealed that transdermal patches with 150 mg of resin gum exhibited the best drug release and penetration
Antibacterial activity of dialkyl-aginate biosurfactant cream againts Staphylococcus aureus an Pseudomonas aerugynosa
Get PDFDialkyl-alginate biosurfactant is an amphifilik rhamnolipid biosurfactant that has the potential to be developed into an antibacterial agent. The purpose of this study was to prove that the biosurfactant of dialkyl alginate both before and after creams has antibacterial activity especially against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Test of antibacterial activity of biosurfactant dialkyl alginate at concentrations of 5%, 10% and 20% to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using Hammond, et al (2011) modified quantitative method. Enbatic® 1% is used as a positive control and sterile aquadest as a negative control. Determination of antibacterial activity of dialkyl alginate biosurfactant followed by analysis of leakage of protein and nucleic acids using UV-vis Spectrophotometry and leakage of Ca2 + and K + metal ions using Atomic Absorption Spetrophotometry (AAS). The most active concentration was formulated into cream and then performed physical evaluation (organoleptic, pH, adhesion, spreading and viscosity) and tested antibacterial activity using the well method. The test results showed that the biosurfactants of dialkyl-alginate before and after the cream was treated as antibacterial activity. The concentration of 10% was the most active concentration having activity which did not differ significantly to positive control with p value of 0,0
The effects of croscarmellose sodium concentration on the physicochemical characteristics of orodispersible tablets of atenolol
Get PDFHypertension is the most common cardiovascular diseases suffered by geriatric patients. Their physiological changes make the administration of conventional tablets less effective, especially regarding compliance. One approach to overcome this problem is the development of orodispersible tablets, which soften easily and disintegrate quickly in the oral cavity. Atenolol is a class of β-blocker functioning as an anti-hypertensive drug that has been extensively used in hypertension therapy, and it has the potential to being developed as orodispersible tablets. A faster disintegration of orodispersible tablets will facilitate an earlier onset of dissolution. The addition of superdisintegrants can reduce the disintegration time of these tablets. Croscarmellose sodium is a superdisintegrant that can decrease the disintegration time to less than three minutes. This study aimed to optimize the formula of orodispersible tablets of atenolol using different concentrations of croscarmellose sodium, namely 10% (formula 1) and 20% (formula 2). The physicochemical characteristics of the tablets were evaluated to determine the best formula. The evaluation included a comparison to the control formula (0% of croscarmellose sodium). The results showed that formula 1 (10% of croscarmellose sodium) produced orodispersible tablets with the best physicochemical characteristics regarding tablet hardness, friability, in vitro dispersion time, and disintegration time. Formula 1 (%Q30 minutes= 98.31%) also met the standard of the dissolution of atenolol tablets set by the Farmakope Indonesia, i.e., the percent of dissolved drug in 30 minutes has to be higher than 85%. The drug dissolution efficiency of formula 1 was twice higher than that of the control formula
Antibacterial activity of two isolated endophytic extracts assosiated with Indonesian mangrove plant Rhizophora mucronata
No full textEndophytic fungi are microorganisms reside in the living tissues of the host plant. This fungi can contribute to provide protection to the host from the infection caused by another microorganism. The one reasonable strategy to discover a new antibacterial agent from endophytic fungi are from the plant which lived in special condition such Rhizophora mucronata. The aim of this research is to determine antibacterial activity of the endophytic fungi extracts assosiated with Rhizophora mucronata from Sagara anakan. The isolated endophytic fungi was identified as Neopestalotiopsis sp. and Peniophora lycii using molecular analysis method. The antibacterial activity was carried out by using microdillution method. The antibacterial properties from mycelium extracts showed moderate to low antibacterial activity with Minimum Inhibitory Consentration (MIC) values of 125-500 µg mL-1 against Eshcerichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 bacteria. The n-hexane extract of both endophytic fungi shows the strongest antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli with MIC values of 125 µg mL-
The gastroprotective effects of canna edulis ker. tuber starch on peptic ulcer and the histopathological profile of rat stomach
Get PDFGanyong rhizome (Canna edulis Ker.) empirically use for treating gastritis (peptic ulcers). Ganyong rhizome contains carbohydrates and flavonoid that can reduce inflammation in the gastric tissues and againsts free radicals that are contributing to the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers. This research aims to know the gastroprotective effect of ganyong rhizome on white female rats, Wistar strain, which were given alcohol (ethanol 96%) by dose 1 ml/200gBB and measuring the total flavonoids content in ganyong rhizome. This research is Post Test Only Control Group Design, using 30 rats, weight 150-200 g, age 6-8 weeks, health condition. It is divided into six groups. Group I (normal) were fed and watered only, Group II (control) were given a CMC-Na 0,5%, Group III-V were given a suspension of ganyong rhizome starch (SGRS) with each doses 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kgBB, then Group VI were given a sucralfate dose 360 mg/kgBB. Rats were given oral treatment for 14 days. An hour after the treatment on 14th day, the whole groups unless the group I were given ethanol 96% 1 ml/200gBB orally. Twenty four hours later the rats were sacrificed, dissected and taken its gastric for further analyzed the number of ulcers as well as the description of histopathology of the gastric. The results showed that ganyong rhizome starch can decrease the index ulcer and increase the protection ratio value to the control group with results of doses SGRS 250, 500, 1000 mg/kgBB sequentially i.e., 12,5; 50; and 75%. The description of histopathology also showed significant improvement of gastric tissue at a dose of 1000 mg/kgBB. In addition, on TLC-Densitometri test also obtained the total flavonoid compound in ganyong rhizome is 112,49 ± 7,97 ppm. Conclusions of this research are that the ganyong rhizome positive contains flavonoid and it has gastroprotective effect by decreasing the number of index ulcer, increasing the protection ratio value, and improving the histopathology of gastric tissue which had given alcohol