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Structure, activity, and drug-likeness of pure compounds of Sumatran lichen (Stereocaulon halei) for the targeted ACE2 protein in COVID-19 disease
Get PDFSumatran lichen has the potential as antiviral, pure isolates that have been isolated and developed as prospective compounds for COVID-19 treatment. Computational methods were used to accelerate the discovery and screening of potential new compounds. The molecular structures of the isolated compounds such as Lobarin, Atranorin, Methyl 2,4-dihydroxy-3,6-dimethylbenzoate, Methyl 3â€formylâ€2,4â€dihydroxyâ€6â€methylbenzoate, Ethyl 3-formyl-2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate, and Lobaric acid were drawn, then their activities were analyzed, processed by docking with ACE2 protein, and tested for Druglikeness. The activities and druglikeness were determined in the Swiss ADME program, while the ACE2 docking was processed by Blind Docking in Arguslab, AutoDock Vina, Open Babel, and Discovery Studio Visualizer programs. All compounds bound to the ACE2 protein, as apparent from the number of hydrogen bonds between the two. The Gibbs free energy was in the range of -5.6 to -7.0, and the best one was obtained from atranorin. As for lobarin, this compound was found to be non-drug-like
Determination and stability testing method of chlorpheniramine maleate in the presence of tartrazine using HPLC
Get PDFThe single-component CPM tablet mostly used sodium tartrazine as the yellow coloring agent. Sodium tartrazine is soluble in solvents used to extract CPM from tablet and suspected interference CPM determination especially after forced degradation for stability indication testing of CPM tablets. This study aimed to develop a selective, accurate and precise method for determination and stability testing of chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) in the presence of tartrazine in the tablet. A µBondapak® C18 column (3.9 x 300 mm, 10 µm) with diode array detector was used for separation. The mobile phase was a mixture of methanol and 0.2% triethylamine (90:10) with a flow rate of 2 mL/minutes. The validated HPLC method was used for CPM determination in tablet samples that had been forced degraded using dry heat at 105oC, UV radiation of 254 nm, hydrolysis with 1N NaOH, 1N HCl and oxidation using 5% H2O2. The HPLC chromatogram showed that CPM split into chlorpheniramine (CP) and maleic acid (MA). Resolution (Rs) among CP and the other analytes especially with the products resulting from the forced degradation by heat, UV radiation, HCl, and H2O2 were good. The CPM hydrolysis using NaOH caused the CP not completely separated from the degradation product due to tailing or overlapping peaks. The proposed HPLC method was valid for the determination of CPM in tablets containing tartrazine. Even though the stability-indicating method was inadequate especially for the result of the CPM hydrolysis process using NaOH.Â
Cost-Effectiveness analisys on the implementation of clinical pathway of pediatric treatment for dengue hemorrhagic fever in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital Yogyakarta
No full textDengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains a concerning world problem especially in Indonesia. This problem particularly deals with therapeutic management of hospitalized children requiring DHF treatment. The current practice of therapeutic management is not in accordance with the standard therapeutic management, which increases the treatment cost. On this account, the application of a clinical pathway is expected to minimize the treatment cost and reduce the length of stay (LoS). However, prior to its the application, it is necessary to analyze the cost effectiveness of the implementation of clinical pathway on pediatric DHF treatment in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta. A retrospective cohort study and cost-effectiveness analysis were applied in this study by considering hospital’s (provider) perspective. Two groups (conform to clinical pathway and not conform to clinical pathway group) were involved in this study. Data of direct medical costs of pediatric DHF treatment, which were suitable with clinical pathways and LoS during 2016-2017 period, were collected in this study. The Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) between both groups and the Risk Ratio (RR) were calculated as the outcome.  The result confirmed that from 200 patients involved, the treatments of 138 patients (69 %) and 62 patients (31%) were included in the conformed to clinical pathway and not conformed to clinical pathway groups, respectively, with p value of 0,000 and RR of 1,58. The average costs were calculated to be Rp 1.144.024 + Rp 556.372 and Rp 1.989.723 + Rp 1.296.899 for conformity to clinical pathway and non-conformity to clinical pathway groups, respectively. The ICER was calculated to be Rp 826.917. In conclusion, the implementation of clinical pathway on pediatric DHF treatment in PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Yogyakarta could reduce LoS and the possibility of having a shorter LoS of up to 1.58 times, it can save cost of Rp 919.238 per one-day reduction in LoS
Determination of epms content and anti-inflammatory test rhizome extract Kaempferia galanga, L by inhibition of protein denaturation method
No full textKencur (Kempferia galanga, L) is one of the rhizomes that is often used as a constituent component in traditional medicinal formulas. One of the kencur's pharmacological activities is anti-inflammatory. The active compound as an anti-inflammatory is ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC). This study aims to determine the content and ascertainment of EPMC compounds and the anti-inflammatory activity of kencur rhizome extract. Kencur extract can be obtained by the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. The EPMC content determination was held using the TLC-densitometry method, while the EPMC compounds were confirmed using the GC MS method. The anti-inflammatory activity test was done using inhibiting protein denaturation methods. The extract results obtained 12.67% yield. The result of EPMC content in kencur extract was 10.05 ± 4.57. The GCMS kencur extract results showed an abundance of EPMC compounds at a retention time of 7.088 with a peak area of 72290779. The results of IC50 anti-inflammatory for the standard substance (EPMC) were 5.306 ± 5.028. The results of IC50 anti-inflammatory the sample (kencur extract) was 303.487 ± 1.201. Ethanol extract of kencur contains ethyl p-methoxycinnamate (EPMC) and has anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting protein denaturation.Â
The effect of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb rhizome extract on in vitro phagocytic activity and lymphocyte proliferation
Get PDFZingiber cassumunar Roxb (bengle) is one of the plants with the potential as an immunomodulator. It contain curcumin and some volatile compounds which previously reported to be potential as immunomodulator. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract on phagocytic activity of macrophages and lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. The bengle rhizome is macerated with 96% etanol solvent and then followed by ethyl acetate fractionation. The macrophage and lymphocyte were used in this study was isolated from male Balb/C strain mice. The macrophage phagocytosis activity was carried out using latex bead assay, and lymphocyte proliferation assay was carried out using MTT assay method. The concentration of extract was used in this study were 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL. The effect of treatment was compared to negative control group.  The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract can increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages was shown by increasing of active phagocytes cells (SFA) and phagocytosis index. The highest percentage of SFA and phagocytic index results were shown at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. The results showed that ethyl acetate fraction of bengle extract could increase lymphocyte proliferation significantly compare to the negative control (p<0.05). This study showed the potential of bengle as immunomodulatory agent
Effectiveness of 3rd generation cephalosporin compare to 3rd generation cephalosporin - macrolides for community acquired pneumonia patients in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta Hospital
Get PDFPneumonia is a lung infection caused by bacteria with high fever symptoms accompanied by cough with phlegm, shortness of breath. According to Riskesdas 2013 results, the prevalence of pneumonia based on diagnosis at Yogyakarta Special Region is 1.7% and 4.6%. The researcher has founds 172 adult patients diagnosed pneumonia during 2011-2016 in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness between 3rd generation cephalosporins with 3rd generation cephalosporins and macrolides on the outcome of adult patients with pneumonia in PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta hospital period 2015-2017. It was a retrospective cohort study with an affordable population. There were two groups of 3rd generation cephalosporins (n = 24) compared to the 3rd generation cephalosporins and macrolide (n = 13) measured results in the form of body temperature, shortness of breath, leukocyte count, and length of hospitalization using univariate and bivariate analyzes. Based on the results of the study, 70.3% was dominated by men, and 51.4% was dominated by the age group > 59 years. Both of groups showed a significant difference to the temperature where p=0.001 with difference of temperature decrease 0.79 ± 1.06 oC for single group while p=0.049 with difference of temperature decrease 0.65 ± 1.07 oC for combination group; as well as against leukocyte, both of groups had a value of p=0.001 where difference of leucocyte decrease was 4.80 ± 3.92 103/mm3 for single group and 5.43 ± 4.27 103 / mm3 combination group. While both of group showed no significant difference for shortness of breath p=0.638 with OR (95% CI) 2.4 (0.23 – 24.06) and p=0.435 for hospitalization, in single group was 5.88 ± 3.261 days while in combination group was 5.00 ± 1.826, this shows that the combination group had an average length of hospitalization of 0.88 days faster than the single group. The effectiveness between two groups showed a significant difference with p<0.05 on body temperature and leukocyte count. While both groups did not show a significant difference with p>0.05 to shortness of breath and length of stay
Validation of TLC densitometry method for the quantitative determination of alkaloid in fermented endophytic fungi extract Phyllantus niruri Linn
Get PDFEndophytic fungi can produce compound that similar with the host, so it can be used as mass production of compound. The optimal and valid assay method is needed to obtain the proper culture condition, which one using densitometric Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). This research used 11 samples of endophytic fungi culture extract from Phyllantus niruri within various culture condition. Optimization of mobile phase was done using 3 kinds of mobile phase mixture, chloroform: ethyl acetate: methanol (8:8:4); chloroform: ethyl acetate: methanol: NH4OH (8:8:4:0.005); chloroform:ethyl acetate:NH4OH (8:8:0.005). Validation method measured using some parameters such as linearity, accuracy, and precision. The result of optimization and validation showed that TLC densitometry method can be used for measuring alkaloid level within the endophytic fungi extract of P. niruri using chloroform: ethyl acetate: NH4OH (8:8:0.005), with R value is 0.977, percentage of recovery is between 90–110, and RSD ≤7% on each concentration series. While the proper condition of endophytic fungi culture is using sucrose as carbon source and at pH 6 condition. The content of alkaoid reached 25.9 ± 1.4 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight.Â
Exercise and consumption of herbal remedies decrease the risk of strokes in hypertension and diabetes mellitus patients undergoing a standard therapy
Get PDFStroke is a serious problem faced worldwide. It can result in death, physical disability, and mental disability. Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients are high-risk populations. The study attempted to determine the factors associated with the incidence of stroke in DM or hypertension outpatients. This analytic observational study used a case-control design and nonrandom sampling technique with consecutive sampling approach. With a 1:2 ratio, the subjects consisted of 49 stroke patients in the case group and 98 non-stroke patients (hypertensive) for the control group. Subjects were patients undergoing treatments at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Bantul. Patient's lifestyle data were collected through face-to-face interviews with patients, while demographic information, diagnosis, and patient history were obtained from medical records using data retrieval forms (case record forms). The variable age was matched with sex to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the study. Data analysis included univariate (descriptive) analysis and bivariate analysis using the Chi-Square test. Factors associated with stroke incidence were smoking habit (OR = 2.940, CI: 1.314 <OR <6.576; P = 0.007), exercise routine (OR = 0.026, CI: 0.008 <OR <0.079, P = 0.000), high-fat food dietary pattern (OR = 3.629, CI: 1.119 <OR <11.766; P = 0.024), and the habit of consuming herbal remedies (OR = 0.299, CI: 0.107 <OR <0.833; P = 0.016). Â For hypertension or DM patients who took standard therapy at PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Bantul, smoking and fatty food consumption increased the risk of stroke, whereas physical exercise and herbs consumption habits reduced it
The effects of dosage variation in black seed cumin oil (Nigella sativa L.) use on HbA1c levels and interleukin-17A expression in patients at risks of metabolic syndrome
Get PDFMetabolic syndrome causes an imbalance of the immune system and increased levels of HbA1c and IL-17A expression. Black cumin seed oil (BCSO) is known to have antioxidant and immunomodulatory  properties. This study reports the effects of dosage variation in BCSO (1.5 and 3 ml per day for 20 days) on HbA1c levels and IL-17A expression in patients at risk of metabolic syndrome at Jetis 1 Public Health Center in Bantul, Yogyakarta. It employed a crossover design in which a total of 66 patients at risk of metabolic syndrome were divided into two groups receiving a sequence of different treatments. Group 1 (N=33) received treatment A first, which was BCSO at a dose of 1.5 ml/day for 20 days. Then, after a washout period of 7 days, it received treatment B, 3 ml of BCSO per day for 20 days. Group 2 followed the same procedure only vice versa, treatment B, then A. The HbA1c levels were measured by the mean plasma glucose (MPG) method, while the IL-17A expression was detected by flow cytometry. The average HbA1c level and IL-17A expression of the treatment groups were statistically analyzed with 95% confidence level. In response to the treatment regime, the HbA1c level of group 1 was 7.34 ± 2.51% (a decrease), and that of group 2 was 7.72 ± 2.44% (an increase). The IL-17 expression in group 1 was 3.74 ± 3.52% (a decrease), and the one in group 2 was 4.07 ± 3.65% (an increase). The effects of administering 1.5 ml and 3 ml BCSO per day for 20 consecutive days on Hb1c level (p=0.17) and IL-17A expression (p=0.67) were not significantly different. Most patients experience a decrease in HbA1c levels and IL-17A expression after the treatment. Insignificant differences between the two groups mean that at the doses of 1.5 ml/day and 3 ml/day for 20 days, BCSO exhibits the same effects in patients at risk of metabolic syndrome registered at Jetis 1 Public Health Center in Bantul, Yogyakarta
Antioxidant and alpha-amylase inhibitory study of Sansevieria trifasciata Prain. leaves extract
Get PDFDiabetes is one of the chronic diseases whose prevalence is increasing all over the world, including in Indonesia. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by high blood glucose levels that can be overcome by, for instance, inhibiting the alpha-amylase enzymes that play a role in carbohydrate hydrolysis. Several studies have proved that active antioxidant substances can also support the treatment of diabetic patients. Snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata Prain.), or locally known as lidah mertua in Indonesia, is a traditional herbal used to treat diabetes. This study investigated the activity of the ethanol extract of S. trifasciata leaves in inhibiting α-amylase. The leaves were extracted by maceration with ethanol 70%, followed by phytochemical screening. The antioxidant activity was determined using the DPPH method, while the inhibition of α-amylase was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 524nm wavelength. The results showed that IC50 of the antioxidant activity was 1527.55 ppm, five times greater than the positive control, i.e., vitamin C. In the case of α-amylase enzyme, the IC50 of the ethanol extract of S. trifasciata leaves was 158.31 μg/ml and 0.26 times more potential than acarbose. The study has proved that the crude extract of S. trifasciata leaves has the potential as one of the antidiabetics and antioxidants that can be studied further.Â