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Entrapment efficiency and drug loading of curcumin nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formula
Get PDFCurcumin is a chemical compound that has low solubility and bioavailability and, for these reasons, limited biological effectiveness. For improvement, the solubility needs to be increased by nanotechnology and nanoparticles, among others. Nanostructured Lipid Carrier (NLC) is a new drug delivery system that offers several advantages, including a significant increase in drug solubility and entrapment efficiency. This study aimed to formulate curcumin into curcumin-loaded NLC preparation and determine its characteristics, absorption efficiency, and drug loading. The formulation used evaporation and solvent diffusion methods with three different concentrations, namely 5%, 10%, and 15%. Spectrophotometry and HPLC were employed to test the absorption efficiency and drug loading capacity. The results showed that the curcumin-loaded NLC preparation containing 10% curcumin had stable characteristics and produced particles sized 17.4 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.574 and zeta potential of -63.43 mV. Based on the spectrophotometry results, the entrapment efficiency was 93.212%, and the drug loading capacity was 0.708%. Meanwhile, the HPLC showed that the entrapment efficiency was 93.007%, and the drug loading capacity was 0.795%
Leakage Induced in Eschericia coli Cells by Secondary Metabolites of the J7 Bacterial Isolates from the Rhizosphere of Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Rubrum
Get PDFIsolate J7 is a bacterial strain separated from the rhizosphere of Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Rubrum that potentially produces antibacterial compounds against Escherichia coli. The study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of the most active fraction of this isolate from its capacity to induce leakage in E. coli cells. The secondary metabolites were extracted from Isolate J7 using ethyl acetate solvent and then fractionated with different ratios of hexane and ethyl acetate solvents―1:0, 9:1, 8:2, 7:3, 6:4, 5:5, 4:6, 3:7, 2:8, 1:9, and 0:1 (v/v), ethyl acetate and methanol with 1:1 (v/v) ratio, and methanol 100%. Fractions were identified based on the spotting on the Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) plate. Only the most active fraction was tested to define its ability to cause leakage of cellular components like nucleic acid and protein. The leakage was scanned with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at wavelengths of 260 and 280 nm. The results showed that F2 was the fraction that prevented the growth of E. coli most actively because it created a zone of inhibition sized 11.58±0.95 mm in diameter with the lowest MIC among the other fractions (10%). Also, based on the spectrophotometric analysis, the addition of F2 at concentrations of 10% and 20% resulted in higher levels of protein, DNA, and RNA than the negative control. In conclusion, F2 can cause plasma membrane leakage in E. coli at a concentration of 10%. Another fraction that exhibited antibacterial activity was F3. In the spotting analysis of the TLC plate, F3 appeared to have a spot profile and Rf that were similar to F2 but considerably different from the inactive fractions (i.e., showing no antibacterial activity). Observed with multiple wavelengths, the Rf values of F2 and F3 spots varied between 0.56-0.57 and 0.61-0.62 (254 nm) and 0.47-0.48 and 0.56-0.57 (366 nm), respectively. Because these spot profiles did not appear in the inactive fractions, compounds with this range of Rf values are, thereby, suspected as the active substances that inhibit the growth of E. coli
Analysis of dog fat in beef sausage using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) combined with chemometrics
Get PDFSausage is ready to eat meals for children and adults. The meat contained in a beef sausage might not be consistent to the one listed on the label. FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy combined with a chemometric method was the most used methods to detect beef fat with rapid and consistent results. Results of analysis can classify fatty acid composition. The aim of this study was to know the profile of spectra and grouping of beef tallow and dog meat with FTIR. The study was designed by making 7 different variations of dog reference sample concentrations (100%, 75%, 65%, 50%, 35%, 25%, and 100%) beef fat and five other samples were gathered from various street vendors. Results were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric with PLS (Partial Least Square) and PCA (Principal Component Analysis). The results of analysis will be analysed using Horizon MB application to obtained optimal wave number at 688-1124 cm-¹. Results equation obtained y = 0.9999 x + 0.0004 and value R² equal to 0.9999; RMSEC (root mean square error of calibration) of 0.30%; RMSEP (root mean square error of prediction) of 0.05% and RMSECV (root mean square error of cross validation) of 0.05%. The low values of RMSEP, RMSEC, RMSECV and R² close to one indicate that the FTIR combined with chemometric is an appropriate method for analyzing the presence of fat content in the sample. From the analysis showed that 1 of 5 sausage market samples has similarities with dog fat.Â
Potential of phenolic compounds in persimmon fruit extract (Diospyros Kaki L.) against atherosclerosis in rats
Get PDFPersimmon fruits (Diospyros kaki L.) contain catechins and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which have antioxidant properties. The study aimed to prove the antioxidant potential of phenolics in persimmon fruit (D. kaki L.) in reducing oxidation of LDL and as antiatherosclerotics. The research method included an anti-oxidant test using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer and measurement of polyphenol level using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Also, blood serum levels were examined in vitro and in vivo based on the histopathology of the aorta of male Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to a cholesterol diet. There were five test groups: positive control (receiving α-tocopherol), negative control, dose I (administered with the extract at 450 mg/kg BW), dose II (extract 900 mg/kg BW), and dose III (extract 1800 mg/kg BW). The testing was carried out for eight weeks. Antioxidant test using DPPH method produced an IC50 of 44.07±15.06 mg/mL. The polyphenol contents identified in the persimmon extract were catechins 2.55% and EGCG 9.49%. The results showed that the persimmon extract exhibited antioxidant activity that prevented atherosclerosis through the mechanism of LDL oxidation. At a concentration of 1,800 mg/kg BW, the extract decreased the aortic wall thickness by 31.20% and showed activities that were not significantly different from the positive control (p value= 0.05)
Antibacterial activity of extracts and fractions of wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula)
Get PDFInfection is a disease caused by pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wood ear mushroom (Auricularia auricula) has been empirically and scientifically proven as an agent that can treat infections because it contains antimicrobial properties like polysaccharide and protein complex. This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of the A. auricula extracts and fractions. The first stage of the test comprised the collection, determination, and processing of the test plant. The simplicia was characterized by its water content, ash content, acid solubility, and total ash content. The next step was reflux extraction using 96% ethanol. After a concentrated extract was formed, it was subjected to phytochemical screening and fractionation using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water solvents. Each of the A. auricula extracts and fractions was tested for antimicrobial activity. Microdilution method was employed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), which were later compared with the antibiotic properties of tetracycline. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used to observe any morphological changes in the tested bacteria. The MICs of the A. auricula extract, n-hexane fraction, and ethyl acetate fraction against S. aureus were 256 μg/mL, 128 μg/mL, and 64 μg/mL, respectively. However, the bactericidal effects of the test mushroom were not achieved in the experiment. Based on the MICs, the ethyl acetate fraction has the best inhibitory activity. Moreover, the bioautography test of this fraction produced Rf value= 0.78, implying the formation of a zone of growth inhibition. The SEM of the A. auricula extracts and fractions proved that this mushroom altered the morphology of S. aureus bacteria—i.e., the cells became rounded and tapered and showed indications of cell shrinkage and damage. As a conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction of A. auricula has the best antimicrobial activity against S. aureus
Formulation of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) flower extract in peel off mask using polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol 6000 base
Get PDFFlavonoid and Carotenoids in marigold extract can act as a potent antioxidant. The using of antioxidant peel off face mask is very practical The aim of this research is to determine the effect of Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) extract concentration in Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 6000 peel off mask base to the physical characteristic and stability. Marigold flower ethanol extract in 3 different concentration (F1 3 %, F2 4% and F3 6%) were formulated in peel off mask using PVA and PEG 6000 base. Evaluation of peel off mask including physical characteristics (organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, spreadability, and drying time), chemical (pH) and  stability.The  results showed  that all of the formulas have a brown color and soft textured gel. All of the formulas were homogeneous. In viscosity, a test showed that F1, F2, F3 (18.466; 22.533; 28.133cps), drying time test (29.1; 26.29; 24.64 minutes), and pH (5.5I; 4.71; 4.59). There was no significant difference in viscosity, pH, drying time and spreadability test. The result of a stability test and freeze-thaw showed that all of the formulas were stable and there were no significant changes in organoleptic and pH. Marigold extract until 6 % can be formulated in peel off mask using PVA and PEG 6000 base. All of the formulas showed good stability and good physical characteristic
Standardization of durian fruit peels (Durio zibethinus Murr.) extract and antioxidant activity using DPPH method
Get PDFDurian fruit peels (Durio zibethinus Murr.) has been studied previously and reported to have pharmacological activity that has the potential to be antioxidant and antihypercholesterol. The ethanolic extracts of Durian fruit peels contained secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenes, and saponins. The purpose of this study to determine the non-specific parameters and specific parameters of the ethanol extract of durian fruit peels and to evaluate the antioxidant activity with the DPPH method. Standardization of herbal ingredients is an important thing to do so that the safety and quality of herbal medicines can be maintained. Two different cultivars of durian fruit peels are used, there are Medan and Monthong. The results of non-specific parameters between Medan and Monthong cultivars showed different moisture content (9.71 ± 0.96; 12.06 ± 0.34%, respectively), ash values (1.03 ± 0.20; 1.78 ± 0.07%, respectively), and water content (6.12 ± 0.29; 7.16 ± 0.25% respectively). Medan and Monthong cultivar extracts showed specific parameters showed different organoleptic information such as odor, color, and physical appearance, the content of water soluble compounds (36.39 ± 1.90%), the value of ethanol soluble compounds (40.20 ± 0.19; 45.27 ± 1.02%, respectively), and flavonoid value (472 ± 49.00; 310 ± 13.45 mg/g sample), phenolic value (245 ± 5.15; 148 ± 8.54 mg/g sample). Antioxidant activity was indicated by IC50 values of each extract, namely Medan of 78.83 ± 1.67 µg/mL and Monthong of 72.77 ± 6.60 µg/mL. Statistical tests showed the value of non-specific parameters and specific parameters of the two cultivars not differed significantly.Â
Effect of different preparation techniques of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) extracts on normal human fibroblast viability
Get PDFRed dragon fruit is one of the popular fruits that have been widely used both for consumption and food coloring. The red dragon fruit peel and flesh contain various antioxidant compounds that can be used as pharmaceutics and nutraceuticals. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of various extract preparations of the peel and the flesh of red dragon fruit on the viability of normal human fibroblasts. Seven conditions of peel and flesh extracts were prepared as follows, i.e. dried peel ethanolic extract, fresh blended peel ethanolic extract, dried flesh, fresh blended flesh ethanolic extract, blended fresh flesh, filtrate of pressed flesh, and pomace of pressed flesh. Each sample preparation was tested for its effect on the viability of normal human fibroblasts using MTT assay. Results showed that dried peel ethanolic extract reduce cell viability. Red dragon fruit flesh extracts caused no significant effect on the fibroblast viability. In conclusion, the fruit flesh extracts are relatively safer to normal cells than the peel extracts. IC50 value of the ethanolic extract of dried peel was 55.38±3.85 µg/mL, while the IC50 value of various types of flesh extract were more than 500 µg/mL
Effect of sugar cane molasses and tofu waste on the inhibitory activity of cell free fermentation broth of streptomyces antibioticus K-6
Get PDFThe use of waste as source of nutrition for human, animals, plants, and microorganism has been reported. The aim of this study was to observe the influence of sugar cane molasses (SCM) and tofu waste (TW) in various concentrations on the inhibitory effect of cell free fermentation broth (CFFB) of Streptomyces antibioticus K-6 isolated from plantation soil compare to International Streptomyces Project (ISP) standard media. The fermentation was performed in 150 rpm rotary shaker at 37ºC for five days. The inhibitory activity was investigated using diffusion agar on the nutrient agar media to determine ratio of  SCM and TW by which the largest growth inhibitory zone achieved. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 was used as a test microorganism. 10% of Streptomyces antibioticus K-6 starter was inoculated into nine compositions  of  SCM, TW and its combination containing media. The result indicated that SCM and TWmight be used as the component of fermentation medium of Streptomyces antibioticus K-6 for producing active metabolites. The activity of  CFFB was exhibited as a diameter of growth  inhibitory zone  against the  test  bacteria; in which the largest value (24.4 mm) was detected in the combination of 0.5% SCM and 0.5% TW containig medium after  two days  incubation
Effect of Spirulina platensis suspension on quality and quantity of sperm and expression of caspase-3 of testis in diabetic wistar rats induced by streptozotocin
Get PDFDiabetes is metabolic disorders caused by oxidative stress that has always been linked to male reproductive dysfunction. Spirulina platensis has been used for therapeutic supplements for diabetes and repairing reproduction organs based on its antioxidant effects. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Spirulina platensis suspension (SP) on quality and quantity of sperm also the expression of caspase-3 on testis in male Wistar rats induced by streptozotocin (STZ). This study used 30 adult male Wistar rats that divided into 6 groups of K1 (normal), K2 (single injection of STZ 45 mg/kg BW), K3 (normal rats treated with SP 36/kg BW/day) and treatment group K4, K5 and K6 were diabetic rats given with SP 36 mg/kgBW, 72 mg/kgBW and 144 mg/kg BW. The treatment was given orally for 28 days. Blood glucose level levels were measured using the biochemical analyzer. Quality and quantity of sperm were analyzed using Neubauer slide under the microscope. Apoptosis of Leydig cells was detected by immunohistochemical staining using Caspase-3 polyclonal antibodies. The result showed that there were significant differences between groups (p < 0.05) in final blood glucose level, quality, and quantity of spermatozoa and expression of caspase-3. Our findings clearly highlight the role of Spirulina platensis as an antidiabetes and protective agent for reproducton organs of STZ-induced in diabetic male Wistar rats that improves quality and quantity of sperm cells and reproductive organs