Pharmaciana
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Risk factors of adverse drug reactions of first-line antiretroviral therapy in HIV patients at RSUD Dr. Moewardi
Get PDFAcquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is an infection caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The antiretrovirals (ARVs) combination is the basis for the management of therapy in HIV/AIDS patients, but it often raises problems like adverse drug reactions (ADRs). This study was conducted to determine the risk factors for the occurrence of ADRs in the use of first-line ARVs. It employed a cross-sectional design with retrospective data collection in patients visiting the Voluntary Cell Counting (VCT) room of RSUD Dr. Moewardi in November-December 2018. The data collected were sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics, laboratory test results, and ARV profiles. Findings show that the risk factors for ADRs in the use of first-line ARVs are CD4 of <200 and 0-24 months of taking ARVs
Identification of the molecular mechanism of christinin compounds from Arabian bidara leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) on microorganisms that cause female genital problems through computational approaches
No full textArabian bidara leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi, L.) are known to have strong antimicrobial activity against microorganisms that cause infection in the female genital area, namely Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans fungi. They contain main secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Christinin is a saponin glycoside derivative compound which consists of four types, namely christinin-A, B, C, and D. The role of computational studies in the discovery of new drugs is crucial and interesting nowadays because it is relatively cheap, effective, fast, and precise with a reliable level of accuracy. This computational study result will later be used to confirm in vitro test results which are carried out using experimental microbiological testing methods in the laboratory. This study identified, evaluated, and explored the interactions between christinin-A, B, C, and D compounds with Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP) from Staphylococcus aureus and Dihydrofolate Reductase from the fungus Candida albicans using computational study were carried out using the molecular docking. The christinin-A, B, C, and D compounds were modeled into 3D conformation using GaussView 5.0.8 and Gaussian09 software. The best conformation was selected for molecular interaction studies on Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP) from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Dihydrofolate Reductase from Candida albicans using MGLTools 1.5.6 software with AutoDock 4.2. The molecular interactions that occurred were further observed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2020 software. Based on the molecular docking results, the christinin-B compound had the highest affinity for Penicillin Binding Protein (PBP) from Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, with a binding-free energy value of −7.67 kcal/mol. Meanwhile, the christinin-A compound has the highest affinity for Dihydrofolate Reductase from the fungus Candida albicans, with a binding-free energy value of −8.38 kcal/mol. Thus, it is predicted that christinin compounds can be chosen as the main component in feminine hygiene preparations to maintain the female genital area's health.Â
Antioxidant activity and sun protection factor evaluation for cream formulation of purified roasted corn silk extracts (Zea Mays L. Saccharata)
No full textFree radicals might cause harmful effects on the skin, such as skin irritation, change of skin color, and worst effect. Phenolics play a role as effective sunscreen and antioxidants to prevent UV radiation effects. Corn silk contains flavonoids, which are antioxidants that are potential as sunscreen. Phenolic compounds can be identified by phytochemical screening using the tube method. The study aims to know the antioxidant activity of purified extract of roasted corn silks (Zea Mays L. saccharata) and know the SPF level of the cream preparation. The study was conducted by collecting samples of roasted corn silks waste to make dried simplicial, then extracting it with 70% ethanol as solvent, evaporated till condensed extract is gotten. The obtained extract was then purified with n-hexane solvent. The antioxidant activity test was conducted by using the DPPH method. The cream of the purified extract was made in three formulations: 1%, 5%, and 10% concentration. Its SPF levels were then evaluated. The results showed the purified corn silks extract had an IC50 value of 256.66 µg/mL better compared to corn silks ethanol extract having an IC50 value of 356.17 µg/mL including the weak antioxidant category. Meanwhile, the SPF level test results for concentration of 1%, 5%, and 10%  are 1.27 ; 2.41; and 5.94 respectively
UV protection test of the ethanol fraction of papaya cream (Carica papaya L.) added with titanium dioxide
Get PDFCream containing papaya fruit (10% of the 70% ethanol fraction) has been reported to effectively protect skins from ultraviolet (UV) light, though with a minimum protection ability. This study was aimed to determine the effects of adding titanium dioxide to sunscreen composed of 70% ethanol fraction of papaya flesh on the cream effectiveness, as measured by SPF values and physical properties. The ethanol fraction was obtained by fractionating the 70% ethanol extract of papaya fruit using n-hexane and ethyl acetate. Then, it was added with three different concentrations of titanium dioxide, namely, 1% (FI), 3% (FII), and 5% (FIII), to form cream preparations. These sunscreens were tested for their effectiveness in UV protection by in vitro spectrophotometry and based on the resultant SPFs. Based on the results of the study, the cream prepared with no titanium dioxide had SPF= 1.1283, while the SPFs of cream preparations added with 1%, 3%, and 5% titanium dioxide were 2.0572, 2.5708, and 2.8832, respectively. At these three concentrations, titanium dioxide increased the SPFs by 45%, 56%, and 61%, respectively. The cream preparations were found to have excellent physical properties. Based on the results of the statistical Kruskal-Wallis test, there are significant differences (p<0.05) between FI, FII, and FIII
Combination of cisplatin, Hedyotis corymbosa L. and Tinospora crispa extracts as a new therapy for breast cancer cells 4T1 through in vitro induction and cell cycle modulation
Get PDFCisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent with varying side effects. Berberine compounds in Tinospora crispa and ursolic acids in Hedyotis corymbosa L are known to have high cytotoxic activities. This study was aimed to examine the effects of the combination of cisplatin, the ethanolic extract of Hedyotis corymbosa L.(EEHC), and the ethanolic extract of Tinospora crispa roots (EETC) on enhanced breast cancer cell sensitivity by apoptotic induction and cell cycle modulation. Cytotoxic effects were tested using the MTT assay in breast cancer cells, 4T1. The combination test of cisplatin and the extracts yielded combination index (CI) and cell viability, and its effects on the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle modulation were observed by the flow cytometry method. The results of the cytotoxic test showed CI of less than one for 1 mg/mL EEHC, 6 mg/mL EETC, and 1.68 mg/mL cisplatin. The EEHC-EETC-cisplatin combination accumulated cells in the S phase (29.98%) and induced apoptosis in 4T1 cells. It proves that EEHC and EETC can be developed as co-agents with cisplatin to improve the effectiveness of breast cancer chemotherapeutic treatment
The effects of fresh leaf-to-water ratio and heating time on the antifungal and antioxidant activities of betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract
Get PDFMore than half of the Indonesian people use herbal medicines to maintain their health, including ones that are served immediately after preparation or also known as jamu gendong. This plant-based medicine is prepared traditionally by boiling using different ratios of leaves to water and heating time. The study was designed to determine the heating time and the fresh leaf-to-water ratio that exhibited the highest antioxidant and antifungal activities against Candida albicans. Fresh betel leaves were extracted by boiling and infusion methods, with the ratio of 1:5 and 1:10 and the heating time of 5 and 10 minutes for boiling and 15 minutes for infusion. The excess water in the resulting extract was removed using a freeze dryer, then the total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometry. Meanwhile, the antioxidant and antifungal activities were tested by the DPPH method and microdilution, respectively. The results showed that betel leaf extract with the highest yield and polyphenol content was obtained by infusion with the sample-to-water ratio of 1:10, and this was positively correlated with antioxidant activity against DPPH (IC50= 17.4 ppm) and antifungal effect against Candida albicans (MIC= 0.5%).Â
Antioxidant activity assay of white Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) extracts using DPPH radical scavenging method
Get PDFTuri (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) is a type of plant belonging to the Fabaceae family that is widespread in Indonesian territory and has the potential as a natural free radical scavenger. The study aims to compare the antioxidant activity from white Turi (Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers.) leaf extracts in various extraction solvents. The determination of antioxidant activity was carried out using the DPPH method with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The turi plants used were originated from Mojosari, Mojokerto, East Java, Indonesia. Simplicia turi leaves were macerated in various extraction solvents: ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane for 24 hours. The extraction results are then subjected to phytochemical and antioxidant activity tests. The obtained result shows that the white turi extract has antioxidant activity with strong activity against DPPH radicals; with n-hexane > ethyl acetate extract > ethanol extract. The IC50 values of ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate extracts of white turi leaves were 33.09 ppm; 26.99 ppm; and 25.33 ppm. Based on these results, the white turi plant (leaves) can be one of the natural sources of antioxidants to prevent diseases caused by free radicals
Active antimicrobial substances of cherry leaf extracts (Muntingia calabura L.) against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) based on GC-MS analysis
Get PDFMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the bacteria that triggers nosocomial diseases. Bacterial resistance requires continuous exploration of active antimicrobial substances from various sources, including medicinal plants. Leaves of cherry (Muntingia calabura L.) reportedly contain three classes of compounds, namely, tannins, flavonoids, and saponins. This research was designed to identify active antimicrobial substances in cherry leaves that could inhibit the growth of MRSA. It employed the Kirby-Bauer test to examine the antimicrobial activities of the leaf extracts of Muntingia calabura L. (EMC) against MRSA. Through GC-MS, active substances were detected from the presence of active spots on TLC plates, as determined by direct-contact bioautography. The TLC used silica gel F254 as the stationary phase and chloroform:ethyl acetate (9:1) as the mobile phase. The antimicrobial activity test results showed that the zone of inhibition of 10% w/v EMC was 10.91±0.75 mm in diameter. At 5% w/v and 2.5% w/v, EMC created zones of inhibition with diameters of 8.5±0.25 mm and 7.25±0.25 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, at 1.25% w/v, it showed no inhibitory activities. Based on the TLC-Bioautography profile, the active spot that produced zones of inhibition was located at Rf 0.04 mm. The GC-MS analysis of this spot detected the presence of two compounds: the first compound had a similarity index of 35% with 3,11,13-triacetycynaratriol, and the second one had a similarity index of 80% with hexaborane-12. Cynaratriol is known to posses antimicrobial activity, whereas hexaborane is the opposite. In conclusion, the minimum inhibitory concentration of EMC for MRSA is 2.5% w/v. Also, the active compounds of EMC bear 35% similarities to 3,11,13-triacetycynaratriol
Camellia sinensis extract phytosomes inhibit body weight gain in Sprague-Dawley rats
Get PDFA phytosome is a kind of nanovesicle lipids to increase the absorption of active substances. Green tea extract was formulated into phytosome to find out its ability to inhibit weight gain. There were three formulas with thin layer hydration. Furthermore, phytosome complex formation, morphology, particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index, and absorption efficiency test were characterized. Phytosomes and green tea extracts were tested for absorption in vitro. A total of 25 rats were divided into five test groups, which were the normal group, placebo group, orlistat group, green tea extract group, and phytosome group. For 8 weeks they were orally induced using 10% of fructose + 2% of cholesterol, and test treatment. The best characteristics of FIII were formed complex, spherical morphology, Dv90 782.67 ± 39.7 nm, polydispersity index of 56 ± 0.11, zeta potential of -70.83 ± 1.67 mV, and adsorption efficiency of 97.77 ± 2.66 %. The test on the animals at week 8 resulted in percentage of weight gain in normal treatment of 46.47 ± 17.48%, placebo of 101.17 ± 10.37%, orlistat of 42.51 ± 25.13%, green tea extract of 92.73 ± 36.43%, and phytosomes of 45.09 ± 15.56%. Green tea extract flux was 2316.2 ± 1309.8 μg/cm2/hour, while phytosome flux was 3125.3 ± 2071.8 μg /cm2/hour. To sum up, phytosomes can inhibit weight gain and are better than to green tea extracts (p < 0.05)
Comparative effectiveness of the ethanol extract and infusion of green tea leaves (Camellia Sinensis L.) as a diuretic in male swiss mice
Get PDFGreen tea (Camellia sinensis L.) contains flavonoid compounds and methylxanthine and has proven efficacy as a diuretic. The dosage form is among the factors determining the biological effects of a drug. This experimental study set out to determine the effectiveness of the ethanol extract and infusion of green tea leaves as a diuretic in male Swiss mice. A total of 20 male Swiss mice were divided into four groups receiving different daily treatments: group I (given 1% Na-CMC), group II (furosemide at a dose of 5.2 mg/kg BW), group III (ethanol extract of green tea leaves at a dose 70 mg/kg BW), and group IV (green tea leaf infusion at a dose of 70mg/kg BW). Before the treatment, all groups were given warm water orally (0.4 ml/20g BW), then the effects of diuretics were measured from urine volume for six hours. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by LSD comparison tests, with p<0.05 indicating any significantly different means. Based on the phytochemical screening results, the ethanol extract and infusion of green tea leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. The mean cumulative urine volume in group I was 0.260±0.185 ml, group II 0.869±0.162 ml, group III 0.866±0.197 ml, and group IV 0.642±0.187ml. Compared to furosemide, the diuretic activity of the ethanol extract of green tea leaves (0.997±0.182) was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that of the green tea leaf infusion (0.739±0.182). In conclusion, green tea leaves can be used as diuretics in two dosage forms, namely extract and infusion