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In vitro study of antioxidant and antibacterial properties of Phyllanthaceae and Rubiaceae plant families from Simeuleu Island, Aceh, Indonesia
Get PDFPlants are still the preferred solution to solve several of the main problems the world is facing today, such as antibiotic resistance and free radicals. The plant chemical compounds have the potential as antibacterial and antioxidant agents. Therefore, four plants representing Phyllantaceae family (Glochidion varians Miq., Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A.Juss) and two plants from Rubiaceae family (Uncaria lanosa var. glabrata, and Uncaria cordata (Lour.) Merr.)Â were collected from Simeulue island, Aceh. We obtained 32 extracts from several plants with various solvents, such as hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The methods applied to investigate antibacterial activities were Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Meanwhile, TLC and Microdilution Assay were utilized to analyze antioxidant capacity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The result of antibacterial activity shows 32 extracts displayed very strong to weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Among all extracts, methanol extracts of G. varians (stem and leaf), methanol extracts of G. zeylanicum (stem and leaf), methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of U. cordata (leaf), and ethyl acetate extract of G. varians (leaf) indicate potent antioxidant activity with the range of antioxidant activity index (AAI) values of 2.16 -11.73. Furthermore, all extracts exhibit moderate to weak antibacterial evaluation. The methanol extract of G. varians stem has the highest MIC value of 128 µg/ml against S. aureus. The methanol extracts of G. varians stem and leaf and methanol extract of G. zeylanicum leaf against E. coli have MIC value of 256 µg/ml, whereas other extracts have >256 µg/ml MIC value. To sum up, four plants from Phylantaceae and Rubiaceae families have the potential to be expanded as antioxidant agents rather than antibacterial agents
The effectiveness of avocado (Persea americana M.) leaves infusion as urinary stones dissolving in rats
Get PDFUrolithiasis is a pathological condition marked by the formation of urinary stones (calculi) in the urinary tract. Avocado leaf (Persea americana M.) contains substances that play crucial roles in the solubility of calcium in urinary stones, such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and magnesium. Empirically, avocado leaves are used to make urinating easier and break stones in the urinary tract. This study aims to determine the effect of avocado leaf infusion to dissolve urinary stones in white male rats. According to the experiment, 24 male white rats were divided into four groups; the negative control group (not given infusion), the 1 g/kg BW dose group, the 2 g/kg BW dose group, and the 3 g/kg BW dose group of avocado leaves infusion. The infusion was administered orally for seven consecutive days after 28 days of planting black silk thread as the stone core in the urinary tract. Then, the stone formed is taken. The weight and volume are measured. The urinary stones were tested qualitatively in terms of calcium and oxalate. The results showed that there were significant differences among treatment groups in weight and volume of urinary stones. The effect of bladder stone dissolving was best in the 3 g/kg BW group. The qualitative test also shows that urinary stones contain the same calcium and oxalate as urinary stones that form in humans. Avocado leaves infusion can have a urinary stone dissolving effect on white male rats. Increasing the dose of avocado leaves infusion increases its effectiveness as a urinary stone dissolution
Booklet handout to improve glycemic control in type-2-DM patients and comparison with other models
Get PDFNon-adherence is still a major issue in the management of diabetes in Indonesia which leads to complication problems. Medication adherence in diabetes mellitus is related to better glycemic control, better control of risk factors, lower risk of hospitalization, lower health care cost, and lower risk of mortality. Many educational models are applied to achieve the patient's glycemic control. There were two research purposes in this study. The first one was to determine the booklet handout's effectiveness in improving glycemic control in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in Malaka Jaya Primary Healthcare Centre, Jakarta. The second aim was to compare two different educational models, which were done simultaneously at Pondok Kelapa Primary Healthcare Centre and Duren Sawit Primary Healthcare Centre. A quasi-experimental study design was applied in these prospective studies. A total of 30 patients met the inclusion criteria. The intervention was a booklet handout that was given and presented to the respondent once every month for three months. The parameter used was the A1C (glycated hemoglobin). For patients exposed to booklet handout, 20.0% of them had the A1C level <6.5% initially, then the A1C level <6.5% significantly increased to 73.34% (p=0.005). For patients who were given public counseling, the number of respondents who had the A1C level <6.5% was 16.7%, then the A1C percentage rose to 76.7% (p=0.005). Meanwhile, for patients who were educated with video, the A1C level <6.5% was 6.67% initially, then the A1C level <6.5% increased significantly to 90.0% (p=0.005) in 12 weeks after the intervention. Either booklet handout, public counseling, or video are effective to improve glycemic control in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients.   Â
Effect of carboxymethylcellulose sodium addition as stabilizer for physicochemical characteristic of purple sweet potato fortified yogurt (Ipomoea batatas L.)
Get PDFThe yoghurt consisted of low-fat milk, three bacterial strains starter, which included: L. bulgaricus ATCC 11842, L. plantarum ATCC 8014, and B. longum (1:1:1); purple sweet potato puree (Ipomoea batatas, L.) and carboxymethylcellulose sodium with the concentration of 0.6%, 1.2%, and 1.8%. Purple sweet potato fortification in yogurt can prevent hypercholesterolemic conditions because it inhibits lipid and sugar absorption in the intestine. Unfortunately, there is one shortcoming in the production of yogurt which affects the final product quality. This shortcoming is in the decrease in the air holding capacity (whey off) during the production due to the pH level within the isoelectric point of casein. This causes precipitation and phase separation. This study will add a stabilizer to the formula to overcome it. The stabilizer used is carboxymethylcellulose sodium, which is semi-synthetic water-soluble ester polymer cellulose. This study aimed to determine the optimal concentration of carboxymethylcellulose sodium and its effect on purple sweet potato yogurt's physicochemical and organoleptic properties. The product quality evaluations were on organoleptic evaluation, density, viscosity, and pH level. Centrifugation and freeze-thaw tests were also performed to evaluate product stability. The results showed that carboxymethylcellulose sodium could maintain the stability of purple sweet potato yogurt by binding the air content, increasing consistency, and smoothing the texture even though it did not affect the freezing point of the product. This study gave the best results for purple sweet potato yogurt with 1.2% carboxymethylcellulose sodium concentration
Distribution of cytochrome P450*4 (CYP2A6*4) allele gene among Javanese Indonesian T2DM patients
Get PDFSmoking had been increasing the risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), both active and passive smokers, which is caused by nicotine contained in cigarettes. Nicotine has metabolized by cytochrome p450 2a6 (CYP2A6) enzyme coded by the CYP2A6 gene. This gene was a high polymorphism that is the CYP2A6*4 allele gene was inactive. Thus, our objective was to describe the CYP2A6*4 allele gene among active and passive Javanese smokers with T2DM. From this cross-sectional study, we identified this allele gene among 46 of the adults with T2DM, which were consist of 23 active smokers and 23 passive smokers. The CYP2A6*4 allele gene identification has done using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. The CYP2A6*4 allele frequency was analyzed to describe the distribution of this allele among the participants. This study supports the hypothesis that smoking, including cigarette smoke, was an environmentally modifiable risk factor for developing T2DM. Based on our result, the allele frequency among the participants was 42.39%. A high frequency of the CYP2A4 allele gene among the participants was indicating that the CYP2A4 allele gene was also the other risk factor in developing T2DM
Formulations of liposomal vaccine containing AdhO36 antigen and β-glucan as immunoadjuvant
Get PDFHumans are the most crucial host of Salmonella Typhi as it has limited ability to reproduce outside the human body. Salmonella Typhi infections caused Typhoid fever which can be prevented with vaccines. This study aims to develop an effective typhoid fever oral vaccine using a liposomal delivery system.  Several studies showed that the immunization of AdhO36 protein from Salmonella Typhi orally provides significant protection in inhibiting the Salmonella Typhi to the mice intestine. β-Glucan is a potent immunostimulant for macrophages activations. Meanwhile, the method used to produce Liposome formulations was using thin-film hydration. The liposomal products had good characteristics based on their particle size. The particle size results met the requirement for optimum intestinal absorption 399.220+28.095 nm Liposome+AdhO36 and 383.360+8.594 nm Liposome+β-glucan. Based on the zeta potential measurement, the electrical charges of the three formulations were positive, meaning that the liposome is cationic because of the DDAB (Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide) component. The positive charge will facilitate the internalization of antigen to the immunity cells
Prevalence of diabetes distress and associated factors among patients with diabetes using antihypertensive medications in community health centres in Bandung City, Indonesia
Get PDFDiabetes distress is common among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which remains unrecognized in primary care settings. A higher level of diabetes distress was found among T2DM patients with comorbidities. The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence rate of diabetes distress and its association with sociodemographic factors among T2DM patients using antihypertensive medication in Bandung City, Indonesia. An observational cross-sectional survey was performed in six community health centres in Bandung City, Indonesia, among T2DM patients aged at least 18 years who were using antihypertensive medications. Diabetes distress subscales (emotional, regimen, interpersonal, and physician-related distress) were evaluated using the validated Diabetes Distress Scale. Pearson χ2 and Mann–Whitney tests were performed to assess the associations of patients’ sociodemographic factors (age, gender, insurance type, education, and duration since diagnosed with diabetes and hypertension) with diabetes distress. Of 105 patients who participated and completed the survey (response rate 93.8%), most of them were female and were aged 60-69 years. A total of 38 patients (36.2%) had moderate-high diabetes distress with emotional (56.2%) and regimen (53.3%) distress as the most commonly reported distress. Moderate-high emotional and regimen diabetes distress were significantly higher among the elderly (p 0.014) and patients who could not afford to pay the health insurance premium (p 0.012). Emotional and regimen distress as dominant forms of diabetes distress was observed among T2DM patients using antihypertensive medications. A routine diabetes distress assessment is needed in T2DM patients with comorbidity in primary care settings
A 5 year retrospective analysis of adverse drug reactions associated with antimicrobials in a teaching hospital of Andaman and Nicobar islands
Get PDFAntimicrobials are used widely especially in developing countries, due to the high prevalence of various infectious diseases. Inappropriate use of antimicrobials are associated with adverse drug reactions. The present study was done to analyze the patterns of Adverse Drug Reactions (ADR) due to antimicrobials reported to Adverse Drug Reaction Monitoring Centre (AMC) during the last five years. This was a 5 year retrospective and cross-sectional study. After collecting demographic details of patients, ADR forms, and ADR associated with the antimicrobial class of drugs, data were analyzed for further details. A total of 877 ADRs, 360 ADRs belonged to the antimicrobial group. When data was analyzed data, it revealed that the majority of ADRs (73.05%) were reported in the adult group, 75.27% of reactions belonged to A category, Ceftriaxone (17.2%) was the most common drug-associated with ADRs, majority of ADRs were related to skin (56.66%), rash (27.5%) was the most common ADR encountered with antimicrobial use, 73.61% reactions were non-serious, 69.44% of ADRs recovered, and 77.77% of ADRs were probable category. Ceftriaxone was responsible for the maximum number of ADRs. The study results provide information regarding the pattern of ADRs associated with antimicrobials, and this might be helpful for improving the awareness of healthcare providers about PvPI and subsequently increase the spontaneous reporting of ADRs
Comparison between clinic and home measurements of blood pressure, total cholesterol, blood sugar to identify 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score
Get PDFThe clinical guideline recommends home monitoring for hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia maintenance therapy. The study aimed to compare the 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) risk calculated using systolic blood pressure, fasting total-cholesterol, and fasting blood sugar measured at the clinic and home. This analytical cross-sectional study was done in population from villages in Sleman District, Yogyakarta. The subjects were selected purposively with the criteria of 40-79 years old and signing the informed consent. The home-measured systolic blood pressure was monitored with a digital sphygmomanometer and peripheral finger-stick methods for cholesterol and blood sugar. On the same occasion, the clinic measurements were monitored with a mercury sphygmomanometer for systolic blood pressure, and with venous plasma analyzed in the laboratory for cholesterol and blood glucose. Measurements between methods were compared with paired T-tests. The subjects (n=171) had a mean age of 52.6 (8.1) years; 21.6% were male. The systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and blood glucose from clinic and home measurement were 130.0 (21.1) mmHg and 137.6 (22.4) mmHg (p<0.001); 202.8 (32.8) mg/dl and 205.2 (44.8) mg/dl (p= 0.44); and 98.5 (42.9) mg/dl and 91.9 (34.6) mg/dl (p<0.001) respectively. The average ASCVD risks of the clinic and home measurements were 6.4 (6.2)% and 7.1 (6.9)% (p<0.001); however, both methods had the same ASCVD risk category at borderline risk (5-<7.5%). Conclusion: The ASCVD risk scores calculated using clinic and home measurements were statistically different
Enhanced skin localization of doxycycline using microparticles and hydrogel: effect of oleic acid as penetration enhancer
Get PDFOne of the disadvantages of gel preparations is the poor ability to penetrate the skin. Herein we developed a sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC)-based gel containing microparticle of doxycycline hyclate (DOX). Oleic acid (OA) was added into the gel formulation specifically to increase the penetrability of DOX microparticles. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of varying concentration of OA on the physical characteristics, penetration and retention abilities of DOX. DOX microparticles were initially prepared using PLGA as a matrix and then incorporated into a NaCMC-based gel with various OA concentrations: 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% for F1, F2, F3, F4, and F5, respectively. The gel preparations were evaluated for their organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH measurement, viscosity, spreadability, as well as ex vivo penetration and retention abilities. The physical characteristics tests revealed a homogeneous yellow gel with a distinctive odor and pH values compatible with the pH requirements of human skin. The retention test showed the formulation retained 1236.46 µg of DOX in the skin. Finally, the skin retention of DOX from microparticles loaded gel was significantly higher compared to the free DOX loaded gel, indicating the microparticles can be extremely effective in retaining the DOX in the infected area