Pharmaciana
Not a member yet
486 research outputs found
Sort by
Green tea extract-mediated augmentation of imipenem antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates
Get PDFThe emergence of pathogenic bacteria with β-lactam antibiotics-resistant profile has threatened the continued use of such antibiotics in the future. This research was conducted to investigate the antimicrobial activity of green tea ethanol extract (GTE) and its ability to improve the antibacterial action of several β-lactam antibiotics against Enterobacter cloacae clinical isolates. The simplicia of green tea was extracted by sonication for 30 minutes using 50% ethanol solvent, and the total phenolic content of the GTE was subsequently determined. Next, the GTE used in testing against two clinical isolates of E. cloacae was obtained from the Pathology Laboratory of Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Hospital in Makassar. The sensitivity of bacteria to GTE was confirmed using the agar diffusion method, the Vitek® rapid method, and the double-disk synergistic test. Antibacterial activity of antibiotics, GTE, and combination of antibiotics with GTE were then tested against clinical isolates of E. cloacae using the checkerboard microdilution assay. The results showed that GTE contained 51.64 ± 0.21 % measured as gallic acid equivalent and 37.95 + 5.17 % Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). The confirmatory test results indicated that one clinical isolate of E. cloacae (code 13/04) was resistant to amoxicillin-clavulanate but did not produce an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Another clinical E. cloacae isolate (code 275B/06) was indicated to produce ESBL and demonstrated to yield resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate and cefotaxime. The minimum inhibitory concentration of GTE against the two clinical isolates of E. cloacae was >8000 ppm (8 mg/ml). In conclusion, GTE could not increase the antibacterial activity of amoxicillin and cefotaxime, but it was sufficient to improve the activity of imipenem against the tested isolates of E. cloacae
Identification SNP rs5219 KCNJ11 gene and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Moewardi Hospital Surakarta
Get PDFDiabetes Mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease that developed due to the pancreas does not sufficient to produce insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Genetic factors have an essential role in the development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DMT2), which impaired insulin production by pancreatic β cells, insulin resistance, and action. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the KCNJ11 rs5219 affected the pancreatic β cell activity that can inhibit insulin release, thus causing a decrease in therapeutic effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to identify the SNP rs5219 of the KCNJ11 gene and measure patient blood sugar levels as the outcome of therapy. A cross-sectional study was conducted prospectively at Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, involving 10 patients with DMT2 who received sulfonylureas therapy. DNA was isolated from the whole blood sample of DMT2 patients. PCR amplification was performed to amplify the KCNJ11 gene, and followed by PCR sequencing. The 2-H PP, FPG, and HbA1c parameters were measured as therapeutic outcomes. The results showed that the genotype frequencies (AA-AG-GG) were 10%, 50%, and 40%, while the allele frequency (A-G) in the sample was 35% and 65%. The uncontrolled values for 2H-PP on genotype (AA and AG + GG) were 10% and 20%; uncontrolled FPG on genotypes AA and AG + GG were 10% and 40%; and uncontrolled HbA1c on genotype AA and AG + GG were 10% and 80%. This study conclusion is the presence of the SNP rs5219 KCNJ11 gene with A>G base change in DMT2 patients who received sulfonylurea therapy
Optimization transdermal patch of polymer combination of chitosan and HPMC-loaded ibuprofen using factorial designs
Get PDFIbuprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has a disadvantage in its oral use, such as gastrointestinal disorders, nausea, vomiting and gastric ulcers. Transdermal patch dosage forms are an alternative in overcoming this weakness. The transdermal patch is formulated using a special membrane that can control drug release in a matrix system. Therefore, this study optimizes chitosan and HPMC as polymers using a factorial design approach. The parameters tested included weight uniformity, patch thickness, swelling index, in vitro release rate, folding resistance, ibuprofen uniformity, surface pH, and moisture content. The interactions between the components were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR). The optimum concentration of chitosan was 0.5% and HPMC 6% with CV values for weight uniformity of 0.003 ± 1.202%; humidity 0.543 ± 5.595%; swelling index 4.611 ± 23,657%; thickness 0.052 ± 2.428%; surface pH 5; durability is less than 300 times and the uniformity of ibuprofen levels is 1.52 ± 2.99%. The design approach using the FFD22 obtained an effective and efficient mathematical-statistical model to determine the optimal polymer combination in the formula. As an additional instrument in design evaluation, the chemometric approach is constructive in modeling and optimization
The development of Moringa leaves effervescent granules with effervescent agent of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate
Get PDFMoringa leaves are part of Moringa Oleifera, which have a high antioxidant content, therefore, it is beneficial for overcoming free radicals in the body. Furthermore, the leaves contents have the potential to be developed into a functional drink in the form of effervescent granules. The important aspects influencing the physical characteristics, stability, and acceptability of granule is the type and ratio of the effervescent agent. In this study, citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were used as effervescent agents because they both provide acceptable texture and mouthfeel. This study aimed to develop an effervescent granule formula of Moringa leaves and to optimize the molar ratio of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate as the effervescent agent. Three molar ratios of citric acid and sodium bicarbonate were optimized, namely 1:3.11 (Formulation 1), 1:3 (Formulation 2), and 1:2.93 (Formulation 3). These formulations were developed using the wet granulation method. The results showed effervescent granules of the three formulations exhibited good flowability and uniform particle size distribution. Furthermore, formulation 3 showed better granule flow characteristics than the others. The results after reconstitution showed the granules were quickly dispersed within 207-234 secs, the pH of the preparation ranged between 5.74-5.92 (neutral pH), the viscosity was between 326-333 cps, and exhibited dilatant flow characteristics. Also, the organoleptic and sensory evaluation results showed formulation 3 was the most acceptable in terms of color, taste, aroma, and texture. Based on these findings, it was concluded that formulation 3 which used (citric acid ratio, sodium bicarbonate 1:2.93) was the optimal formulation
Cost-effectiveness analysis of antiemetics therapy in breast cancer patients with moderate emetogenic chemotherapy in Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Hospital, Indonesia
Get PDFChemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) significantly reduce the life quality of cancer patients. A 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, corticosteroid, and H2-blocker have been used to control moderate nausea and vomit in cancer patients. The exploration of the cost-effectiveness of several antiemetic combinations in breast cancer patients in Prof. Dr. Margono Soekardjo Hospital, Purwokerto, Indonesia was the aim of this research. Seventy-four Breast cancer patients who have prescribed moderate-emetogenic chemotherapy during the year 2017-1019 were included in this research. There were fifteen patients treated with the combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone (OD). Fourteen patients were treated with the combination of ondansetron and ranitidine (OR). Thirty-five patients were treated using ondansetron, dexamethasone, and ranitidine (ODR) combination. The effectiveness was represented by the absence of acute nausea and vomiting after receiving chemotherapy. The ODR combinations showed the highest effectivity on diminishing nausea and vomiting among breast cancer patients (0.400), followed by the OD combination (0.267) and the OR combination (0.214). However, the ODR combination generates the highest cost (4.6 million rupiahs) compared to other antiemetics combinations. Compared to the combination of ondansetron and dexamethasone, the combination of ODR provides higher ICER (ICER of 13 Million Rupiahs per case prevented) than the combination of OR (ICER of 8.5 million Rupiahs per case prevented). In conclusion, the combination of ondansetron, dexamethasone, and ranitidine generates the highest cost. It also provides the highest effectiveness in preventing nausea and vomiting
Incision wound healing activity of free-range chicken (Gallus domesticus) egg white gel in mice
Get PDFEgg whites reportedly exhibit wound healing activities by forming new cell tissues and accelerating damaged cell tissue recovery. This study aimed to determine whether and how egg whites prepared in gel dosage forms healed incision wounds in mice (Mus musculus). The method began with formulating gels by mixing egg whites with Carbopol 940, methylparaben, propylparaben, propylene glycol, triethanolamine, and distilled water. Sixteen mice were divided evenly into four groups, and each was subjected to a 1 cm long midline dorsal incision. Group I was given 10% povidone-iodine ointment, group II was gel base, group III was 10% egg white gel, and group IV was 20% egg white gel. Based on the test parameters measured during macroscopic observation, namely wound length and healing time, the gel preparations were found to fulfill the physical properties requirements, and incision wounds treated with 10% and 20% egg white gels healed in 9 and 12.5 days, respectively. The statistical test revealed a significant difference in wound size on Day 10 and in healing time between wound treatments with 10% gel and base gel (p < 0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the 10% egg white gel is effective in healing cuts in mice as it speeds wound healing and decreases wound size
Identification of Phyllanthus niruri by FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics
Get PDFPhyllanthus niruri (Indonesian: meniran) is a crude drug used in scientific jamu for hyperuricemia, mild hypertension, osteoarthritis, hemorrhoids, and hypercholesterolemia. This plant contains various bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenes, coumarins, lignans, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, etc. Phyllanthus niruri is a wild plant growing in the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia, America, and China. This herb grows well from the lowlands to the highlands, such as bushes, terrain, yards, roadsides, gardens, and rivers. The levels of active compounds in a plant can vary depending on many factors, such as growing location, temperature, humidity, rainfall, and others. This research aimed to evaluate and differentiate P. niruri herbs according to their geographical location using FTIR fingerprint coupled with chemometrics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results of this study showed that 14 samples of P. niruri are classified into two groups. The first group consists of P. niruri powder originating from Tawangmangu, Kediri, Surabaya, Bangkalan, Gresik, Mojokerto, Kertosono, Krian, Blitar, Nganjuk, unknown 1, unknown 2, and unknown 3, whereas the second group consists of only one sample from Pasuruan. In conclusion, FTIR fingerprint analyzed with chemometrics is adequate to differentiate the powder of P. niruri collected from different locations. FTIR fingerprints combined with chemometrics can be further considered as a method in the quality control process of P. niruri
In-vitro diffusion study of caffeine from microemulsion gel system containing grape seed oil
Get PDFCellulite was identified by the orange-peel appearance of skin surface that presents in 80-90% of post-pubertal women. Caffeine and grape seed oil were known can be used as an anti-cellulite agent. Microemulsion systems are known could enhance the diffusion rate of drugs through the skin. This study was conducted to develop a microemulsion gel containing caffeine and grape seed oil and determine the effect of caffeine's in vitro diffusion profile. Microemulsion gel was prepared using tween 80 as a surfactant, glycerin as cosurfactant, viscolam mac 10 as a gelling agent. The preparations were evaluated by organoleptic, pH, viscosity, rheology, spreadability, globule size, and thermodynamic stability tests. In vitro diffusion tests were performed by Franz diffusion cell. The result showed that microemulsion containing 1 % of caffeine and 5% of grapeseed oil has good physical characteristics and stability with an average globule size 126 ±17 nm. Microemulsion gel system could enhance the cumulative release amount of caffeine through synthetic membrane compared with gel system. Drug release kinetics of caffeine from microemulsion gel system follows the Higuchi model
Antioxidant-phenolic content correlation of phenolics rich fractions from Dillenia suffruticosa wood bark
Get PDFDillenia suffruticosa is one of the tropical medicinal plants that has been used traditionally for treating several tropical diseases. However, phytochemical and pharmacological investigations of D. suffruticosa wood bark have not been well-investigated. This research aimed to investigate the correlation between antioxidant properties and total phenolic content of phenolics rich extract and fractions from D. suffruticosa wood bark. The phytochemical investigation revealed the existence of phenolics and alkaloids in methanolic crude wood bark extract and all fractions. Meanwhile, the presence of flavonoids was shown in chloroform and methanol fractions. The highest total phenolic content was demonstrated by methanol fraction with 254.34 ± 16.86 mg GAE/g extract. Meanwhile, the highest total flavonoid content was interestingly displayed in chloroform fraction with 15.33 ± 0.26 mg RE/g extract. The crude extract and methanol fraction had a profound antioxidant activity with IC50 values of less than 15.63 ppm and 8.83 ppm, respectively. A strong correlation was shown between the antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents through correlation analysis. Thus, the D. suffruticosa wood bark could be considered a potential natural source of antioxidants
The effectiveness and cost of lansoprazole and pantoprazole for stress ulcer prophylaxis in intensive care unit
Get PDFThe incidence of bleeding is increased in high risk patients with critical conditions in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Appropriate prophylaxis medicine is necessary to reduce the incidence of stress ulcer bleeding during hospitalization in ICU which further can minimize the cost of patient care in the ICU. Currently, lansoprazole and pantoprazole are used as a stress ulcers prophylaxis. Nevertheless, there has not been sufficient evidence proving their effectiveness. This study was aimed to compare the effectiveness and cost between iv lansoprazole and iv pantoprazole as a stress ulcer prophylaxis in ICU. In this retrospective observational study, the data were obtained from medical records of all patients admitted to ICU in a District Hospital in Yogyakarta from January 2014 until December 2016. Effectiveness of therapy were obtained from objective data in the medical record by looking at the incidence of major (clinically signiï¬cant) and minor (overt gastrointestinal) bleeding. Chi-square analysis was performed to analyze the difference of bleeding incidence. The average cost was presented as Expected Monetary Value (EMV), which consisted of the cost of prophylaxis and treatment of bleeding. The difference in average cost was analyzed using independent t-test. A total of 119 patients were included in this study. There were 62 patients in the lansoprazole group and 47 patients in the pantoprazole group. Forty eight patients (77,4%) from lansoprazole group and 35 patients (61,4%) from pantoprazole group did not experience any GI bleeding. There was no statistical difference in the incidence of GI bleeding between the two groups (CI 95%, P-value = 0.057). The EMV of lansoprazole group was higher than pantoprazole group IDR 645.122,57 and IDR 511.629,39 respectively. In conclusion, there was no significant difference regarding the effectiveness between iv lansoprazole and iv pantoprazole as stress ulcer prophylaxis. Costs for the prophylaxis of stress ulcers is lower on the use of pantoprazole compared to lansoprazole