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Inulin determination of yam bean tuber (Pacyrrhizus erosus l.) water extract from different altitude areas using TLC- Densitometry
Get PDFInulin is a polysaccharide with a lot of potential in the field of food and pharmaceuticals. Inulin can be found in yam bean tuber. Chemical constituents of yam bean tuber are inulin, pachyrion, and rotenone. The levels of inulin could be influenced by differences in the altitude of the cultivation area. The objective of this study was to determine the inulin of yam bean tuber extract from several areas in East Java based on the altitude difference, they are low (Gresik), middle (Kediri), and high (Malang), using validated TLC Densitometry method. The samples were extracted by the infusion method. The samples were put to silica gel TLC plates and developed using ascending chromatography with a mobile phase of 0.5:7:2 glacial acetic acid: methanol:  deionized water.  Densitometry at 380 nm was used to assess the intensity of inulin spots dipped in Aniline: diphenylamine: phosphoric acid (5:5:1), and winCATS software version 1.3.0 was used to quantify the results. A standard curve  meets the requirement of linearity (r=0.997; Vxo=3.847%), sensitivity (LOD=71.030 ng/spot, and LOQ=236.766 ng/spot), selectivity and specificity, Precision (RSD≤2.754 %), and accurate (% recovery ± RSD = 100.161 ± 1.839%). The results showed that the inulin content in yam tubers produced by areas with different altitudes had different inulin levels. The levels of inulin derived from the low altitude (Gresik) was 9.066 ± 1.218 %, middle (Kediri) was 7.776 ± 0.420 %, and high (Malang) was 6.796 ± 2.045 %. One-Way ANOVA test showed the significant difference between the levels of inulin from different altitude areas (p < 0.01), the highest inulin level comes from yam bean tuber from low altitude.Â
Phytochemicals and toxicity of ketapang fruit flesh (Terminalia catappa. Linn) using the BSLT method
Get PDFKetapang is widely used in traditional medicine. Parts of ketapang plant, such as roots, leaves, and bark, are known to have biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer. However, no biological activity has been reported on the flesh of the ketapang fruit. This research was conducted to obtain phytochemicals and toxicity information of ketapang fruit flesh as an anticancer medicine. Toxicity indicates the potential for a chemical compound to cause damage to living organisms, while phytochemicals indicate a group of compounds that have biological activity. Extraction of ketapang fruit flesh was carried out using various solvents, both polar and non-polar solvents, methanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. The toxicity test used the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) method, while phytochemicals tests used the thin layer chromatography (TLC), in which identification of bioactive compounds of ketapang pulp extract used UV-Visible and FTIR spectroscopy. The results showed that the ketapang fruit flesh extract was toxic to Artemia salina Leach shrimp larvae. The most toxic was ethyl acetate extract, with an LC50 value was 17,171 ppm. The phytochemicals screening showed that ethyl acetate extract of the ketapang fruit flesh contained flavonoid, alkaloid, phenolic, terpenoid, and saponin compounds. Tracing using UV-Vis shows the presence of conjugated double bonds which refer to flavonoid compounds, as well as the IR spectrum which indicates the presence of a typical functional group of flavonoid compounds
Development and optimization of Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin non-aqueous gel for transdermal delivery
Get PDFA long-term oral administration of NSAID and DMARD on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatment may cause gastritis, kidney, and cardiovascular disorder. One of the alternative therapies that have been investigated is by using herbal medicine such as Curcuma longa Linn. which contains curcumin and essential oils. Even though both compounds are quite effective in treating RA, poor aqueous solubility and low intestinal absorption limit their oral bioavailability. To overcome these drawbacks, transdermal delivery was chosen as an alternative route of administration. This study was aimed to formulate the Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin into a transdermal non-aqueous gel system using Carbopol 934 and low substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose (4.25:0.75 %) as the gelling agent. In this study, multiple solvents (PEG 400, PG, glycerin, ethanol, and tween 20) were used in the system. The solvents were chosen based on their ability to dissolve the gelling agents. Optimization was done using a simplex lattice design based on the physical characteristics (viscosity, pH, spreadability, and adhesivity) of the prepared gel. The system with the optimum concentration of PEG 400 and PG was then observed for its stability and in vitro transport through snakeskin membrane using Franz diffusion cell with PBS pH 7.4 as acceptor medium. The optimal formula was comprised of 75% PEG and 25% PG which has a viscosity of 6.34+0.19 dPa.s, adhesivity of 6.05+0.11 seconds, pH of 5.16+0.09, spreadability of 6.94+0.06 cm, and quite stable after freeze-thaw cycling test, whilst around 26.85% curcumin was diffused through the membrane (flux = 0.084 mg.cm-2) after 2 hours. It can be concluded that the Curcuma longa Linn. oleoresin can be formulated into a non-aqueous gel system, which showed a fair gel physical characteristic with good stability and ability to permeate across the skin membrane, and is promising to be further developed as an alternative for RA treatment
Comparative analysis of the stability features of human alpha-defensins as candidates for the future COVID-19 therapy through molecular dynamics
Get PDFCoronavirus 19 (COVID-19) is still a global health issue to date, SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that is responsible for this sickness. The receptor-binding domain of the SARS-CoV-2 virus associates with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and allows the virus to enter human cells. Natural peptides such alpha-defensin are thought to attach to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD and prohibit it from engaging with ACE-2. Molecular dynamics simulations using a computational approach are utilized to understand the stability of six alpha-defensin macromolecules using the Gromacs 2016 software. The trajectories formed are then analyzed using VMD 1.9.4 and BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2020 software. Finally, the free energy is estimated using the MM/PBSA method. The alpha-defensins 2 macromolecules were found to have the best stability based on numerous study results (trajectory visualization, RMSD, RMSF, and free energy calculations). As a result, these macromolecules could be used to build new antiviral treatments for COVID-19 infectious disease candidates
The effect of partially pregelatinized cassava starch as disintegrant for paracetamol tablet
Get PDFThe use of partially pregelatinized starch in tablet formulations is entirely various; one of them is disintegrant. Present pregelatinized starch is imported from another country, which is relatively expensive. In contrast, many plants can be used as starch sources, including cassava which is relatively abundant in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effect of using partially pregelatinized starch from cassava as a disintegrant in paracetamol tablets. In this study, seven formulas were used with different disintegrants, three formulas using partially pregelatinized starch from cassava with concentrations of F1 5%, F2 10%, and F3 15%, three formulas using Starch 1500 with the same concentration as partially pregelatinized starch from cassava and one control formula without disintegrant. The tablet was made using the wet granulation method. The tablets produced were tested for physical properties (hardness, disintegration, and dissolution). In addition, compact ability of partially pregelatinized starch from cassava was compared with Avicel, Starch 1500, and cassava starch. Based on the results of the study showed that partially pregelatinized starch from cassava produced tablets that tended to be capping with less hardness than tablets with Starch 1500 and control tablets. The compact ability test results showed that the compact ability of partially pregelatinized starch from cassava was better than Starch 1500 and cassava starch. The disintegration test results showed that tablets with partially pregelatinized starch from cassava had faster disintegration than tablets with Starch 1500 and control tablets. The dissolution profile of tablets with partially pregelatinized starch from cassava is also better than other formulas.
Antibacterial activity of mexican sunflower leaf Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray Aqueous extract against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Get PDFThe research of antibacterial activity of Mexican sunflower leaf Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray aqueous extract against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was carried out. The research aimed to observe the antibacterial activity of Mexican sunflower leaves aqueous extract to inhibit the growth of MRSA with concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%. The extracts were obtained by the maceration method, and the antibacterial activity was tested using the agar well diffusion method. Characterization of Mexican sunflower leaves simplicia were obtained with water level 9%, water-soluble level 21,6%, ethanol-soluble level 10,3%, and total ash level 14,36%. Characterization of Mexican sunflower leaves aqueous extracts were obtained with water level 26,36%, water-soluble level 53,13%, ethanol-soluble level 26,36%, and total ash level 19,98%. Phytochemical screening revealed that aqueous extract of Mexican sunflower leaves contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins. The largest inhibitory zone was shown at a 50% extract concentration with a diameter of 12,40 mm. The aqueous extract of Mexican sunflower leaves was capable to form the inhibition zone on the MRSA growth
The antioxidant activity of Zingiber officinale, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Caesalpinia sappan combination
Get PDFMedicinal plants have been used in traditional treatment since a long time ago by local people in Indonesia. Nowadays, the trend in the consumption of medicinal plants, especially herbal drinks, is increasing. Zingiber officinale, Hibiscus sabdariffa, and Caesalpinia sappan are their main materials of medicinal plants. They were chosen because of their high antioxidant contents. Nevertheless, there is no scientific research on the antioxidant activity of the combination of the three extracts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity, as well as to compare the antioxidant enhancement pattern of the combination. Samples were extracted by successive maceration with hexane and ethyl acetate as solvents. Total flavonoids contents were determined through colorimetric analysis and antioxidant activity was determined based on the DPPH method with the IC50 value as a parameter. Total flavonoids of ethyl acetate extract from Z. officinale, H. sabdariffa, and C. sappan were 30.28±0.04; 24.81±0.03; and 24.01±0.04 mg QE/ gram extract, and the IC50 value were 51.36±0.05; 83.37±0.06; and 35±0.04 ppm. Total flavonoid contents of their combination were 22.48±0.05 (0:1:1); 23.88±0.05 (1:1:1); 23.68±0.05 (1:4:1); 22.81±0.05; 28.81±0.04 (4:1:1); 27.55±0.03 (1:1:0); 24.41±0.04 mg QE/ gram extract (1:0:1). Antioxidant activities obtained from the combination were 57.50±0.05 (0:1:1); 52.25±0.06 (1:1:1); 71.50±0.06 (1:4:1); 45.74±0.05 (1:1:4); 54.36±0.05 (4:1:1); 68.97±0.06 (1:1:0); 40.52±0.05 ppm (1:0:1). The strongest antioxidant activity was C. sappan.Â
Extraction and characterization of pectin from the fruit peel of Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) cogn
Get PDFPectin is a polysaccharide and a major component of most plant cell walls and the functions as an adsorbent, emulsifying agent, gelling agent, stabilizer, and gelling agent. one of which is by utilizing the skin of Bligo fruit (Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn). This study aims to determine the presence of pectin contained in the skin of Bligo fruit using a completely randomized design (CRD) using 4 variations. concentration of citric acid solvent (5%,7%,9% and 11%) with extraction time consisting of 4 levels (30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes). The characteristics of the pectin produced were determined including water content, ash content, equivalent weight, methoxyl content, galacturonic acid content, and degree of esterification. This type of research is experimental research in the laboratory. The results showed that the highest yield was obtained from 7% citric acid concentration with an extraction time of 60 minutes, the yield value was 9.8%. The characteristics of the pectin obtained included water content of 11.6% and 9.2%; ash content of 8.8% and 8.7%; equivalent weight of 797,448 mg and 761,035 mg; methoxyl content 2.561% and 2.466%; galacturonic acid content 117.088% and 112.281%; esterification degree of 12,417 and 12,469%. FTIR spectroscopy which was used to compare the results of the spectra of extracted pectin and standard pectin showed the similarity of each absorption functional group
The association between knowledge and cardiovascular risk in high school students in Bali Indonesia
Get PDFCardiovascular disease is one of the health problems that cause significant health, economic, and social burdens. Generally, cardiovascular disease starts to appear clinically at the age of 40 years and over. Currently, diabetes can appear early because of an unhealthy lifestyle since childhood. Senior high school students, the nation's next generation, are essential assets for the country. The school-age intervention is expected to increase student awareness for anticipating cardiovascular disease. This study focused on evaluating the relationship between the level of knowledge related to cardiovascular disease and the risk of cardiovascular disease in high school students. This study is an analytic observational with a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. The instruments used in this study to measure the level of knowledge and cardiovascular risk are a closed-ended questionnaire, digital sphygmomanometer, scale, height meter, body measuring tape, and blood glucose self-test device. The total study population was 207 students from two senior high schools in Bali. Almost one-third of the subjects have high blood pressure. Nearly a quarter of the subjects are overweight-obese and have waist circumference above normal. The result showed no significant difference relationship between the level of knowledge and cardiovascular risk (P >0.05). Therefore, further education is needed to instil healthy behaviors to control cardiovascular risk factors as early as possible. In conclusion, there is no relationship between the level of knowledge on cardiovascular risk in two senior high schools in Bali
Free fatty acids regulating action of Capparis decidua fruit on dyslipidemia in rats
Get PDFCapparis decidua belongs to family Capparidaceae in wastelands of India. The study aim was to determine the role of C. decidua fruits on the free fatty acids (FFA) profile in fat-rich diet (FRD) dyslipidemic rats. The methanolic extract of edible fruit of C. decidua (CD) was given orally to obese dyslipidemic rats at the dose of 125 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg for consecutive 28 days. CD treatment in FRD rats significantly restricts the body weight gains. Blood lipid profile was altered dose dependently and significantly after 4-week treatment with CD to FRD. rats. It significantly (p<0.05) enhanced serum FFA especially, g-linolinate, a-linolinate, arachidonate, ecosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate and docosahexaenoate. Moreover, w3-PUFA content was also enhanced (50.3% and 78.8%) in the serum of CD treated animals, whereas MUFA was lowered (31.1% and 40%). Therefore, Capparis decidua fruit has a promising role on dyslipidemia and obesity and has the capabilities to regulate beneficial free fatty acids.