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The cholesterol-lowering activity of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves ethyl acetate fraction in hypercholesterolemic model
Get PDFAverrhoa bilimbi L. is used widely as spices and traditional medicine, which contained several chemical compounds such as alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin. The aim of this study is to discover the best dose of ethyl acetate fraction from A.bilimbi leaves, which have pharmacology activity on total cholesterol and triglycerides in the hypercholesterolemic model. Thirty adult male white mice were divided into six groups; each group was containing five animals. Five groups were given high-fat diet foods and PTU induced the animals to obtain hypercholesterolemia with a frequency of 1 time a day orally for 14 days, while the normal group was given vehicle (Na CMC 5%) and standard feed. On the 15th day the normal group was given vehicle (Na CMC 5%), negative control group was given high-fat feed, positive control group was given atorvastatin dose 0.26 mg/kg BW, and another group was given ethyl acetate fraction of A.bilimbi leaves dose 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW orally. All animal were treated until the 28th day. On day 29, the bloods were taken to determine the total cholesterol and trygliceride levels using clinical photometer 5010 v5+. The data was statistically analyzed using a one-way ANOVA followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test.. This study indicates that administration of ethyl acetate fraction from A.bilimbi leaves can affect the total cholesterol levels and triglycerides in hypercholesterolemic mice (P<0.05). Ethyl acetate fraction dose 200 mg/kg BW shows the best activity in decreasing total cholesterol levels and triglycerides on mice hypercholesterolemic model (P<0.05)
Molecular docking study and molecular dynamics simulation of spice metabolites against main protease enzymes and NSP3 macrodomain SARS CoV-2
Get PDFCOVID-19 is still a global pandemic. The transmission is very fast and wide. Its prevalence continues to increase. There is no specific antiviral drug for SARS CoV 2 yet. This study aims to find lead compounds from compounds derived from spices that can work as multitarget SARS CoV-2 antivirals. The target of drug action chosen in this study is the main protease enzyme and non-structural protein 3 (NSP3) macrodomain. Antiviral compounds that work on both targets are expected to be more potent. This antivirus will work to inhibit virus replication through main protease inhibition and increase innate immunity through NSP3 macrodomain inhibition. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were chosen as the methods in this study. Based on the results of molecular docking, it was found that the compound of dauricine, tomentin A, daurisoline, xhantoangelol, rutin and myricetin gave good affinity to both targets. These compounds provide an inhibition constant below 10000 nM or 10 micromolar. Meanwhile, in the molecular dynamics simulation test, it was found that dauricine, rutin, myricetin, and xhantoangelol have good interaction stability with both targets. So from this study, it can be concluded that dauricine, rutin, myricetin and xhantoangelol are potential compounds as lead compounds for SARS CoV-2 antivirals that act on the main protease and the NSP3 macrodomain
Burn wound healing activity of ethanol extract gel of Green Algae (Ulva lactuca L) in mice
Get PDFRecently, burn injuries have become a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low-middle-income countries. Burn injuries are tissue loss caused by contact with heat sources such as hot water, fire, chemicals, electricity, and radiation. According to the WHO Global Burden Disease, in 2017 an estimated 180.000 people died from burn injuries. Ethanol extract of green algae (EEGA) contains compounds that potentially heal burn injuries. The research was conducted to obtain a gel formulation from EEGA and test its burn wound healing properties in mice (Mus musculus). Forty-five mice were divided into five groups: I (negative control), II (treated with gel base), III (positive control, Bioplacenton gel), IV (5% EEGA gel), and V (10% EEGA gel). Wound diameters and description scores were observed every fourth, seventh, and fourteenth day, and the derived data were analyzed in the SPSS program with the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and least significance difference (LSD) test. The results indicate that EEGA can be formulated into gels with physical properties compliant with the requirements of the dosage form. Further, it was found that Groups IV and V showed significant reductions in wound description scores and diameters (p<0.05). In conclusion, gels containing 5% and 10% EEGA possess burn wound healing properties
Standardization of Cassia spectabilis DC leaves and antimalarial activities of ethyl acetate extract
Get PDFCassia spectabilis is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants traditionally used to treat different diseases, including malaria. Quality of a drug derived from plants is also influenced by the quality of its raw materials. Thus, in order to assure the quality of products made from plants, it is necessary to standardize the raw materials and following with the antimalarial activity test. The aim of this study was to standardize the quality of C. spectabilis leaves and to evaluate its antimalarial activities of ethyl acetate extract. The fresh material of C. spectabilis leaves were observed its specific and non-specific parameters. In vitro test was done by using Plasmodium falciparum 3D7. In vivo test was done using 4-day suppressive test method against mice infected with P. berghei for four consecutive days. Heme detoxification inhibitory activity test was carried out using the modified Basilico method. The leaves of C. spectabilis meet the quality requirement for raw material of traditional medicine. The ethyl acetate extract showed in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum 3D7 and in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei infection with IC50 value of 27.28 μg/mL and ED50 value of 1.74 mg/kg, respectively. The extract also showed heme detoxification inhibitory activity with IC50 value of 0.33±0.01 mg/mL. The leaves of C. spectabilis leaves meet the quality requirement and the ethyl acetate extract from standardized C. spectabilis leaves possessed a potential an antimalarial activity which deserves to be further developed
DNA identification of kayu kuning (yellow-fruited moonseed) from East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Get PDFKalimantan is an island with an abundance of kayu Kuning (yellow-fruited moonseed). Kayu kuning is used for three different plant species, namely Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr., Fibraurea tinctoria Lour., and Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr. Therefore, it creates confusion and may cause improper use. It has properties such as anti-diabetic, antiplasmodial, antidiarrheal, hepatitis, and antidote. The study uses the DNA barcode technique to identify kayu kuning (yellow-fruited moonseed) from East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The genomic DNA of kayu kuning (yellow-fruited moonseed) was extracted, and ITS primers were used for identification using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It was compared with Arcangelisia flava, Fibraurea tinctoria, and Coscinium fenestratum as a phylogenetic tree. DNA sequence alignment of ITS and phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that kayu kuning (yellow-fruited moonseed) from East Kalimantan was closely related to A. flava. The kayu kuning (yellow-fruited moonseed) had 94.16% of sequence similarity with A. flava according to the ITS1 barcode
Formulation optimization and wound healing activity of Vitex trifolia L leaf extract loaded chitosan hydrogel film on hyperglycemic rats
Get PDFDecreased blood supply, high blood sugar level, and a possibility of bacterial infection in diabetic wounds pose risk for limb loss and mortality. Therefore, proper wound care is needed to improve the quality of life of diabetic patients. Vitex trifolia L (Legundi) extract is reported to have antibacterial and antioxidant activity that enhances cell proliferation and migration. The antimicrobial and hemostatic properties of chitosan film are viewed as an ideal material for enhancing wound healing. The film should retain its integrity and flexibility while used on the skin, therefore chitosan was combined with PVA and PVP K30 to improve its quality. The objectives of this study were to optimize the concentration of chitosan, PVP K30, and PVA towards the Legundi extract film properties, and to evaluate its wound healing activity on hyperglycemic mice using an incision wound model. In this study, the film’s compositions were optimized using a simplex lattice design, and the effects of its components on their characteristics, such as thickness, weight, folding endurance, swelling rate, and swelling index, were evaluated. BALB/c Mice were divided into three groups (Group I, Group II, Group III) which were treated with normal saline, placebo film, and Legundi film respectively once daily for 8 days. The result suggested that chitosan and PVA were responsible for affecting the film’s thickness, weight, and folding endurance, whilst PVP K30 was the dominant factor in increasing the swelling index and rate of the film. The optimum formula of Legundi extract films consists of 1.15 %(b/v) chitosan, 1.25 %(b/v) PVP K30, and 1.6 %(b/v) PVA. The animal treated with Legundi extract film have higher wound closure compared to the control and placebo group four days after wound incision (p<0.05). Thus, Legundi extract film was a potential dressing to treat a diabetic wound
The effect of surfactant on the solubility of kencur rhizome ethanol extract in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
No full textKencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) rhizome ethanol extract contains a lipophilic compound of ethyl p-methoxycinnamate. Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) formulation can increase the solubility of the extract in water. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of surfactant combination on the kencur rhizome extract in the SNEDDS system. The SNEDDS formulations were carried out by selecting the surfactant ratio of Tween 80:Span 80 and Tween 80:Chremophor RH 40, followed by selecting the ratio of surfactant mixtures to polyethylene glycol 400 as co-surfactant, and to virgin coconut oil as the oil phase. The clarity, transmittance, emulsification time, particle size, and polydispersity index were evaluated. The stability test was carried out in aquadest, artificial gastric fluid, and artificial intestinal fluid for 4 hours at 37°C. The results showed that the combination of Tween 80: Chremophor RH 40 produced better SNEDDS than Tween 80:Span 80. The combination of surfactant-cosurfactant of Tween 80:Chremophor RH 40:PEG 400 at ratio 3:1 and 1:1 could produce homogenous dispersed SNEDDS showing droplet size of 23,0 and 21,8 nm; transmittance of 95.63% and 93.83%, and SNEDDS preconcentrate emulsified less than 35 seconds. The single surfactant Tween 80:PEG 400 at the ratio 3:1 produce better dispersed SNEDDS than the combined surfactant with droplet size 16.3 nm, transmittance 97.85%, and SNEDDS preconcentrate emulsified less than 45 seconds. The SNEDDS system could produce a smaller droplet size than the extract in aquadest
Description of antibiotic therapy of hospitalized-community-acquired pneumonia in PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping hospital
Get PDFLong-term administration of IV antibiotics risks increasing treatment costs and patient morbidity, but until now, intravenous (IV) antibiotics are still the most comprehensive choice in treating community pneumonia inpatients in hospitals. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of antibiotics and duration of AB replacement from IV administration to oral administration (P.O) in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital (PMGH). This study used a cross-sectional design. Data were collected prospectively by purposive sampling. Inclusion criteria were hospitalized patients with CAP who received AB IV therapy for 24-72 hours. Patients with lung cancer or sepsis were excluded. Data were collected from medical records, laboratory examination records, and drug administration. Data were analyzed univariately. The number of 38 patients according to the criteria with a mean age of 59.8 ± 12.7 years; most were male (55.3%) and comorbid with heart failure (13.2%). The mean length of hospitalization was 4.9 ± 1.6 days. Most of the patients received Cephalosporins antibiotic group, either given IV (89.5%) or P.O. (78.1%); the rest received the quinolone group. The mean time of changing AB from IV to oral administration was 134.25 ± 15.98 hours. Most inpatient CAP patients at PMGH received a cephalosporins group, either IV or orally
In vitro antimicrobial activity and formulation of herbal anti-acne gel containing Rhizophora stylosa fruits extract
Get PDFMangrove fruits have a variety of bioactive metabolites that may control microbial growth. The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the antibacterial activities of Rhizophora stylosa fruit extract. The antibacterial activity of R. stylosa crude extract was investigated against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes by disc diffusion method. The herbal gel formulations were developed using different concentrations of kappa carrageenan and Carbomer 940 as the gelling agent. The physicochemical characteristics and in vitro antibacterial activity of the gel were evaluated. The results revealed that the extract had a minimum inhibitory concentration value of 0.05 mg/ml against S. aureus and P. acne, and 0.1 mg/mL against S. epidermidis. All herbal gel formulations with 0.5% w/w of the extract showed a strong inhibitory activity against P. acnes. The herbal gel showed a good homogeneity, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and physical stability in an accelerated condition. Among all formulation studied, F1 was considered as the optimized formulation which contains 0.5% of the R. stylosa fruit extract with 0.25% kappa carrageenan and 0.5% Carbomer 940. It can be concluded that the developed gel formulation has potential against Acne vulgaris. Further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy so R. stylosa can be developed as an alternative natural anti-acne agent
The antioxidant activity of several antidiabetic herbal products
Get PDFThe oxidative stress mechanism in the body involves the balance between increased ROS and decreased antioxidant agents. ROS can damage DNA, proteins, and lipids, leading to pathology and impaired insulin secretion by dysregulation of several genes expression. High concentrations of ROS are often followed by a low activity of antioxidants from endogenous sources. As a result, exogenous antioxidants are required to neutralize ROS. As reported, medicinal plants, which have had various traditional applications, contain large amounts of secondary metabolites, proven to be exogenous antioxidant agents. Jamu, a traditional medicine, also known as an alternative medication, can be widely and easily found in traditional markets. Antidiabetic herbal products are among the most popular of jamu. Antidiabetic mechanism has a strong relationship with antioxidant roles in many biological systems. The aim of this research was to figure out the potential antioxidant activity of antidiabetic herbal products. Eight antidiabetic jamu samples were analyzed for their antioxidant activity by measuring the DPPH radical scavenging activity, phosphomolybdenum antioxidant activity, and FRAP, as well as for their total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Good linearity was a general finding for the quantitative analysis, with an average correlation coefficient of 0.999 for the standards. The highest total flavonoid content found was 8.66 ± 0.11 mgQE/g, and the highest total phenolic content was 22.66 ± 0.15 mgGAE/g. With regard to antioxidant activity, all of the samples demonstrated weak DPPH radical scavenging activity, while phosphomolybdenum antioxidant activity and FRAP were the highest at 48.58 ± 0.45 mgQE/g extract and 226.98 ± 0.19 mgQE/g extract, respectively. These results indicated that the claimed antidiabetic herbal products could be prepared as exogenous antioxidant sources, irrespective of being with or without antioxidant activity, for diabetes treatment