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The determination of antioxidant and lead content of hemiparasite Dendrophthoe vitellina (F. Muell) Tiegh on Nutmeg
Get PDF Mistletoe, a parasitic plant growing on nutmeg trees, is conventionally perceived as a parasitic entity with limited regard for its potential medicinal value. On the other hand, mistletoe has a remarkable potential source of valuable medicinal compounds, particularly in traditional healthcare, due to its secondary metabolites such as flavonoid, phenolic, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity. Nevertheless, both the host tree and the environment, like Pb, influence the adaptive responses of secondary metabolites. This study aimed to determine the secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, phenolics, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and Pb content in the leaves of D. vitellina and nutmeg (M. fragrans). The samples were obtained via maceration using ethanol. The spectrophotometric analysis method was used to measure several parameters, using particular reagents for phenolic compounds using Folin-Ciocalteu, flavonoids using AlCl3, and ascorbic acid using sulfosalicylic acid), antioxidant activity using DPPH, and Pb using the AAS method. The results indicated that D. vitellina possesses a higher concentration of flavonoid and phenolic compounds, followed by 3.36 ± 1.92 % (w/w) and 18.45 ± 2.35 % (w/w) respectively. Conversely, nutmeg had a significant ascorbic acid concentration of 3.99 ± 4.38 % (w/w). The significant presence of phenolics and flavonoids had a crucial role in the antioxidant activity seen in D. vitellina, which exhibited exceptionally potent antioxidant properties. All samples contain Pb, ranging from 0.00001–0.00021 % (w/w), within the maximum allowable limits. Therefore, mistletoe is notable for being a reliable and encouraging plant species that can provide a natural supply of antioxidants and be safely used in traditional medicine
Anredera cordifolia leaves extract accelerates the wound healing of normal and hyperglycemic rats
Get PDFAnredera cordifolia ((Madeira vein (English) or Binahong (Indonesia language)) leaves contain ingredients that promote wound healing. This study aims to determine the effect of Madeira vein leaves ethanolic extract (MLE) on normal and hyperglycemic rat wounds. This is an experimental study using male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months, body weight between 250-300 grams induced by a single injection of streptozotocin dose 60 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally. Rats were divided into 8 groups namely normal without MLE, normal with MLE 2.5% w/v, normal with MLE 5% w/v, normal with MLE 10% w/v, hyperglycemia without MLE, hyperglycemia with MLE 2.5% w/v, hyperglycemia with MLE 5% w/v and hyperglycemia with MLE 10% w/v. Punch biopsy was used to create wounds on the skin of rats with a diameter of 8 mm after the blood glucose level measurement was higher than 200 mg/dL. MLE is applied 3 times a day for 14 days on the wounds. Wound contractions occurred in line with the length of treatment days. In normal skin, the area of the wound had decreased by 22% within three days and to 76% at 14 days after wound creation. On the 14th day of treatment, the wound area of hyperglycemic rats decreased > 60%. The largest wound contraction was found when using MLE 10% w/v. Increasing the MLE dose stimulated better wound contraction/healing than control wounds. Wound healing involves many types and products of cells. Starting with hemostasis, wound healing is followed by inflammatory and proliferative phases to form new tissue, angiogenesis, and matrix formation. The MLE content is beneficial for wound healing in normal and hyperglycemic rats. MLE plays a role in accelerating wound healing in normal and hyperglycemic rats. The MLE dose of 10% w/v provides faster wound healing than the 2.5% and 5% w/v doses
Fractionation of a phenolic compound from water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herbs as anti-dandruff against Malassezia sp.
Get PDF Dandruff is a scalp disorder caused by a fungus (Malassezia sp.). Water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) contains phenolic compounds which has antifungal activity. The purpose of this research is to know the active fraction of Ipomoea aquatica herb which has antidandruff activity to against Malassezia sp. The study used true experimental design to antidandruff activity test. Fractionation used column chromatography which stationary phase with silica gel 60 powder and mobile phase with chloroform/methanol/acetyl acetate (8/2/0,1 v/v/v). In vitro antidandruff activity based on minimum inhibitory consentration (MIC) and minimum antifungal consentration (MFC) against Malassezia sp. of human dandruff isolate. The average of MIC and MFC among groups compared used Friedman test test (p≤ 0,05). The fraction 7 of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herb have antidandruff activity against Malassezia sp. (MIC 125 µg/mL and MFC 250 µg/mL). Based on the results, fraction of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) herb have antidandruff activity against Malassezia sp. identified as phenolic compound
Cost-effectiveness analysis of empiric antibiotics in hospitalized community-acquired Pneumonia
Get PDFCommunity-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) remains an important infectious disease due to its impact on patient outcomes.  This study aimed to investigate the clinical outcome and especially costs of hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) concerning empirical antibiotics. This research was conducted to estimate the cost-effectiveness of levofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and a combination of ceftriaxone and azithromycin aiming to improve the clinical outcome of CAP. A retrospective observational study was conducted in secondary care, University Hospital in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. The study enrolled all CAP patients hospitalized in the period January until December 2018, with ages≥ 18 years old, and at least used antibiotic for three days. We compared cost-effectiveness, as measured by total cost and proportion of patients successfully treated, of 3 empirical antibiotics for inpatient CAP, involving ceftriaxone, levofloxacin, or combination ceftriaxone + azithromycin. Our analyses were conducted based on a healthcare perspective. In all groups were analyzed based on severity classification (Pneumonia Severity Index score). The use of levofloxacin instead of ceftriaxone improved clinical response, but it is more expensive. Levofloxacin was the most cost-effective based on ACER value. Treatment using a combination of ceftriaxone + azithromycin was more expensive without added benefit. Based on this study, the use of levofloxacin as the first-line therapy for CAP could be maintained because it was more cost-effective than other alternatives. Since the limitations, a study on a broader population is needed to confirm these findings
Chemical qualitative analysis and spf value stability of nutmeg seed oil in microemulsions with tween 80 and PEG 400 as surfactants and cosurfactants
Get PDFNutmeg oil contains α-pinene, which can be used as sunscreen. The combination of Tween 80 and PEG 400 can maintain the stability of nutmeg oil microemulsion. This research was a follow-up study that aims to determine the stability of the SPF value and qualitative chemical content of nutmeg seed oil microemulsions (NSM). NSM was made with a nutmeg seed oil concentration of 6.4% and tween 80 and PEG 400 as surfactants and cosurfactants with variations in the ratio of F1 (5: 4), F2 (6: 4), and F3 (7: 4). Nutmeg seed oil and NSM content was analyzed using GC-MS. NSM formula were tested for in vitro SPF value stability by storing NSM in a climatic chamber at 30 °C ± 2 °C with RH 65 % ± 5 % for 4 weeks. The SPF values were calculated every week. GC-MS data were analyzed descriptively and data of SPF value stability were analyzed statistically using one way ANOVA. The GC-MS results of nutmeg seed oil showed 35 components, including significant compounds, namely α-pinene, sabinene, β-phellandrene and also α-terpinolene. GC-MS results of NSM showed those significant compounds were still detected after being formulated in microemulsion. The results of the sunscreen activity test of NSM before storage were 10.31 ± 0.03 (F1); 10.47 ± 0.07 (F2); 10.45 ± 0.03 (F3) and did not show significant change after storage for 4 weeks (p > 0.05). The SPF values of NSM were categorized in maximum activity.Â
Causality assessment, severity and preventability of adverse drug reactions due to first-line antitubercular agents
Get PDFTB (Tuberculosis) is a common infectious disease affecting humans since very long time. Multidrug therapy with its associated adverse drug reactions is one of the major concerns for the management of TB. The current study has been conducted for identifying causality assessment, severity as well as preventability of first-line anti-tubercular agents. All the diagnosed patients of tuberculosis attending TB and chest department of tertiary care hospital of western India and received Anti-TB drugs over 6 months enrolled in the study. Demographic details, suspected drugs/groups, causality assessment, severity assessment, and preventability assessment were analyzed from reported suspected ADR (adverse drug reaction) forms. Throughout the research period of 6 months, 500 patients received Anti-TB drugs. Among them, (10%) 50 patients developed 121 adverse drug reactions. According to the WHO causality scale, 66 (54.54%) ADRs were classified as ‘probable’ and 53 (43.8%) ADR were ‘possible’. More than half of the reactions (31, 62%) were mild on the severity scale while most of the ADRs were definitely (34, 68%) preventable as per the preventability scale. Gastrointestinal system is the most common affected system (54, 47.62%) followed by dermatological disorders (26, 23.01%) and Liver and biliary system (20, 16.52%). Isoniazid (46, 38%) and Rifampicin (40, 33%) were the common cause of first-line antitubercular agents for ADRs. ADRs to antitubercular agents are a major concern for patient compliance. Patient education, intensive reporting, and management can be helpful to improve the outcome of antitubercular therapy.
Implementation of pharmacy delivery services in the era of digital and pandemic Covid-19
Get PDFThe Covid-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on changes in people's behavior which currently prefer online ordering in order to implement social distancing and physical distancing. This study aims to see the behavior of pharmacy customers in using delivery services during the pandemic and strategies that can be used to attract customers to return to using delivery service. This study is an observational analytic study conducted at CV. Apotek Keluarga in the period October-December 2020. A total of 149 respondents were involved in this study. Customer behavior was observed by collecting information from customers as well as profiles of requests for delivery services from January to August 2020. Analysis of strategies to attract customer interest in shopping again at the pharmacy was carried out by looking at the correlation of the factors that influence the intention to return through distributing questionnaires. The demand profile for delivery services shows an increase in demand during pandemic in March 2020 from 22.92% to 94.35%. The results of the bivariate analysis show that there is a significant correlation on each variable score for trust, checkout satisfaction, after-delivery satisfaction, and price perception on the intention to return. The results of the multivariate analysis show that the variables, independently correlated with intention to return were trust variables with a weak positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.210), after-delivery satisfaction with sufficient positive correlation coefficient (r = 0.306), and price perception with sufficient positive correlation coefficient (0.434). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the application of delivery services at pharmacies has the opportunity to be applied during the Covid-19 pandemic period as well as after the pandemic. Pharmacies need to build trust, satisfaction, and good price perceptions for customers to attract customers to return to using home delivery at pharmacies
Diffusion rate of quercetin from chitosan-TPP nanoparticles dispersion of onion (Allium cepa L.) ethanol extract in medium phosphate buffer pH 7.4
Get PDFOnion extract contains quercetin, which has anti-inflammatory properties. The absorption of quercetin in the extract can be improved by using the ionic gelation method to composition the extract into a nanoparticle system. Chitosan is a polymer that is used to make nanoparticles that impact medicinal drug absorption. Although many studies of nanoparticle coatings with chitosan have been performed, the effect of the chitosan concentration used remains an intriguing research issue, especially as a natural compound carrier. The goal of this study was to examine how varying chitosan polymer concentrations affected the rate of quercetin diffusion from onion (Allium cepa L.) ethanol extract nanoparticles. With 0.1% tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker, the concentrations of chitosan used were 0.1% (F1), 0.2% (F2), 0.3% (F3), and 0.4% (F4). Organoleptic test, particle size measurement, zeta potential, polydisperse index, entrapment efficiency, density, and determination of quercetin diffusion rate using a phosphate buffer medium pH 7.4 were all used to analyze each composition. Transparent yellow nanoparticles with particle sizes ranging from 199.89 nm to 514.97 nm, a zeta potential of 47.73 mV to 51.36 mV, a polydispersity index of 0.57, an entrapment efficiency of 54.78 % to 59.06 %, and a density of 1.012 g/mL to 1.042 g/mL are the result of this system. In each composition, the rate of diffusion follows the Higuchi reaction kinetics. Increased chitosan concentration decreases the diffusion rate of onion ethanol extract nanoparticles (Allium cepa L). The fastest diffusion rate value with requirements-meeting physical properties was obtained in nanoparticle systems containing a 0.1 % chitosan solution.Â
Analysis of plasmid profiles of Escherichia coli bacteria and their resistance to several antibiotics
Get PDFEscherichia coli is a bacteria belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Escherichia coli is a harmful gram bacterium living in the digestive tract. These bacteria also live in water and soil, commonly referred to as coliform. This research aims to analyze the plasmid profile of Escherichia coli bacteria and its resistance to some antibiotics. To explore the plasmid profiles of Escherichia coli in a recent research electrophoresis gel, the antibiotic used in its resistance tests is the Amoxicillin, Tetracycline antibiotic, Ciprofloxacin, Sulfamethoxazole, and Streptomycin antibiotic. The electrophoresis results in a difference in the number of plasmid profiles with 1 to 2 ribbons of plasmid DNA different sizes from ˜1500 bp to ˜2300 bp. Antibiotic resistance tests have occurred in Amoxicillin, Ciprofloxacin, and some resistance samples to the Streptomycin antibioti
Correlation of antibiotics prescribing appropriateness based on the pharmaceutical care network europe (PCNE) method and clinical response in Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Get PDFThe use of antibiotics as the main standard of pneumonia treatment is usually prescribed in high quantities. Inappropriate selection of antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance, treatment failure, and the emergence of DRPs (Drug-Related Problems). This study aims to determine the suitability of antibiotic prescribing using the PCNE method and to determine the correlation between the suitability of antibiotic prescribing and clinical response. This study was analyzed using a retrospective analytic cohort study method with data collection of adult Community-Acquired Pneumonia patients medical record, who were hospitalized in private hospital in Yogyakarta from January to December 2019. In addition, this study also assessed antibiotic prescribing according to the PCNE V8.02 method toward patients’ clinical response (the number of leukocyte, temperature, and respiratory rate) after take the antibiotics. The correlation according to antibiotic prescribing analyzed according to chi-square method. The results showed that a total of 52 antibiotic regimens obtained in the evaluation of antibiotic prescribing according to the PCNE method were 21.5% suitable and 78.8% not suitable. Thus, the results of the correlation test for the accuracy of antibiotic prescribing and clinical response to the number of leukocytes showed a significant relationship (p<0.05). However in this study, none significant correlation was found in antibiotic prescription and clinical response in terms of temperature and respiratory rate (p<0.05)