Tropical Medicine Journal
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The Kinetics of White Blood Cells in Acute Dengue Infection
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Dengue is a mosquito borne viral febrile illness with a high incidence rate of approximately 50 million cases of infection world wide every year. Dengue virus can infect many cells, e.g. monocytes, dendritic cells, Kuppfer cells, B cells including bone marrow and lung. Leukocytes plays an important roles in eliminating dengue virus especially monocytes. However, dengue virus sometimes attack the monocytes and uses them for replication causing monocyte to unde go apoptosis in order to prevent spreading by certain mechanisms.Objectives: To explore the difference in white blood cells count in acute dengue patients from day 2 to day 6.Methods: This research is conducted in a cross sectional observational study method by recording the WBC count, Lymphocytes count, Neutrophils Count, Relative Monocytes Count, and Absolute Monocytes Count from NS-1 positive dengue infection patient using the hematology analyzer. The data was taken from day 2 to day 6 of the fever. One-way ANOVA test was used and a p value <0.05 was considered as significant.Results: In this study, there is a significant difference of leukocyte count, relative and absolute lymphocytes count, relative and absolute neutrophils count, and relative and absolute monocytes count from day 2 to day 6 of dengue infection (p value less than 0.05).Conclusion: Dengue patient have leucopenia on day 2 until day 6 of dengue fever. Lymphocytosis occurs on day 6 of dengue fever. Neutrophils decrease in early infection. Monocytes count is normal in dengue fever, but decrease in DHFKeywords: dengue in fection, leukocyte, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocyte
Validity of p-LDH/HRP2-Based Rapid Diagnostic Test for the Diagnosis of Malaria on Pregnant Women in Maluku
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Pregnant women are one of the groups at risk for infection by the malaria parasites in endemic areas. The dangerous impacts of malaria in pregnancy are anemia and severe malaria that can cause death for mother, fetus and newborn. Clinical symptoms that are likely to be not typical until asymptomatic in pregnancy are one of the obstacles on diagnosing malaria in pregnancy in endemic areas. p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) is one of the WHO recommended RDT product on round 1-4 and has been used in Maluku. This tool is able to detect antigens of the Plasmodium metabolism results in peripheral blood so that it is regarded to be more sensitive than microscopic examination. The use of p-LDH and HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) for the detection of P. falciparum HRP-2 antigen and P. vivax, P.malariae, P.ovale p-LDH antigen have not been previously evaluated in the Province of Maluku.Objectives: To evaluate the validity of p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) compared with microscopic examination and nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) as the gold standard for the diagnosis of malaria in pregnancy in Maluku.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using a diagnostic test of malaria in pregnant women. The study was conducted in Ambon City health center, Savana Jaya Buru Island health center and Haulussy Ambon Local Hospital. Sample data, the data of pregnancy, RDT results and microscopic results on the field were recorded in the questionnaire. Nested PCR examination was conducted at the Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada as well as second reading for microscopic examinationResults: The results showed that p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) had the same sensitivity with micoscopic of 11%, a specificity of 100% higher than microscopic 96% compared with nested PCR as the gold standard, p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) had PPV and NPV of 100% and 98% compared with nested PCR as the gold standard. p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) sensitivity was 80% compared to the microscopic examination.Conclusion: diagnostic malaria in pregnancy in Maluku with p-LDH/HRP2-RDT (Pf/Pan) was less sensitive than nested PCR and microscopic.Keywords: Malaria, pregnant woman, diagnostic test, validity, p-LDH/HRP2 Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) (Pf/Pan
The Effect of Pandanus conoideus Lamk Extract to the Serum Level of TNF-α, IL-10 and Parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei Infected in Mice
Get PDFABSTRACT Introduction: Study on the effects of red fruit (Pandanusconoideus Lamk) has been conducted with various result.Objectives: In this study, the effect of red fruit extract on the level of cytokines TNF-α, IL-10 and the parasitemia of Plasmodium berghei infected Swiss mice were evaluated.Methods: Quasi-experimental design with pre and post test only control group was applied. Sixty male Swiss mice of 8 weeks old and weighs 20-30 g, was simply randomized into four treatment groups. Group I (K1) was stimulated with the extract for 2 weeks before and 2 weeks after infection with P.berghei. K2 was stimulated with the extract for 2 weeks before infection, K3 was stimulated with the extract for 2 weeks after infection and K4, negative control, was given 0.6% tween 40. The dose of the extract was 7.8 mg/30g mice BW, intra gastric once a day. Serum level of TNF-α and IL-10 was measured by ELISA Sandwich methods and the number of parasitemia were examined microscopically. The difference level of TNF-α, IL-10 and parasitemia of each treatment group were analyzed by t-test, one way anova, honestly significant different (HSD) and multivariate analysis (manova).Results: There were significan cedifferences of parasitemia in K3 group compared to others. Parasitemia on day-3 was 18.464% and reduced to 1.054% on day-9. Parasitemia of K2 group was 13.204% on day-3 and 32.455% on day-9. Parasitemia of negative control group was 27.304% on day-3 and 78.506% on day-9. The TNF-α level of K3 group decreased along with the infection, it was 26.985 pg/Ml on day-0 and 22.244 pg/mL on day-6. The IL-10 level increased at all groups and the highest level was on K3 group.Conclusion: Effect of red fruit extract on P.berghei infected mice was reduced both parasitemia and TNF-α level but increased of IL-10 level.Keywords : Pandanus conoideus Lamk, Malaria, Parasitemia, TNF-α, IL-
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-Alpha) And Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) Expression of Plasmodium Berghei Infected Swiss Mice Treated with Red Fruit (Pandanus Conoideus Lam) Ethanol Extract
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Malaria infection could activate T cell helper 2 CD4+ which release cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 was a kind of immunosuppressant cytokines and prevented a cerebral tissue damage from the expression intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) by TNF-α, ended with a cerebral malaria. The red fruit was proved as antioxidant but its effect to reduce TNF-α and expression of ICAM-1 in cerebral tissue endothelial cell remained unknown.Objectives: to know the effect of red fruit ethanol extract toward the change of TNF-α secretion number and ICAM-1 in Swiss male mice’s cerebral endothelial cell infected with P.berghei.Methods: Sixty Swiss male mice were divided in to 6 groups, group I was not given the red fruit (BM) ethanol extract and not infected P.berghei, Group II was given BM 260mg/kg BB but not infected P.berghei, group III, IV, V were given BM 130, 260, and 520 mg/kg respectively and infected with P.berghei. Red fruit extract or carrier substance was given for 4 weeks, P.berghei was given in the early of third week. TNF-α level check was done in third and ninth day after the injection, with TNF-α ELISA kit mouse. ICAM-1 cerebral endotel cell expression check was done in third and nine day with immunohistochemistry (IHC) coloring.Results: TNF-α level in third day after infected to the groups given red fruit extract (group III, IV, and V) showed no significant difference (p=0,839) compared to group which was not given red fruit but infected (group VI). TNF-α level in ninth day after infected to groups given red fruit ( group III,IV,V) lower (p<0,05) compared to groups which was not given red fruit but infected. ICAM-1 expression in third and ninth day after treatment to group given red fruit extract was lower (p<0,05) compared to groups given red fruit extract but infected. Conclusion: Red fruit ethanol extract ( P conoideus Lam) could decrease TNF-α level and ICAM-I expression in Swiss mice’ endothelial cerebral cells after infected by P.berghei.Key word: Pandanus conoideus Lam, TNF-α, ICAM-1 expression, Plasmodium berghei, Swiss mic
The Effects of Curcumin Against Dengue-2 Virus Based on Immunocytochemistry Technique
Get PDFABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne flavivirus disease. The number of Dengue cases in Indonesia in 2010 range from 150,000 cases with the deaths of around 1,317 people. Huge number of cases have made Indonesia was the first ranked as the state with the highest Dengue cases in the ASEAN region and the world's second ranking after Brazil. The drugs or antibiotics that can be administered effectively to cure this disease has not been found yet. Many study have been done and some that have been reported include viral RNA synthesis inhibitors, protein inhibitors of NS3 helicase and protease and inhibitors that inhibit Dengue virus maturation. Curcumin have preventive activity against several viruses: vasicular stomatis ( VSV ), HSV 1 and 2, parainfluenza - 3, reovirus - 1, feline corona virus, feline herpes virus . Curcumin also known have ubiquitin proteasome inhibition system was able to decrease the production of Japanese ensefalitis virus.Objectives: This study aims to determine safe concentrations of curcumin against vero cells (cytotoxic test results) and know the Dengue-2 antiviral potency of curcumin.Methods: Including quasi-experimental study. The anti viral potency of curcumin seen from the result of immunocytochemistry Streptavidin Biotin Peroxidase Complex (SBPC). Data were analyzed by ANOVA.Results: The results showed that secure concentrations from cytotoxic of curcumin against vero cells is 6.25 ppm. The calculation of positive rate from immunocytochemistry in vero cells infected by Dengue - 2 incubation 1 and 3 days were the result is significantly different than the control.Conclusion: The secure concentration of curcumin against vero cells was 6.25 ppm and curcumin was able to lower the positive rate due to Dengue-2 infection.Key Words : Dengue virus, Curcumin, Immunocytochemistry
Geographic Information System (GIS) for Dengue Research in Indonesia: A Review
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Geographic information system (GIS) can be very effective tool in combating dengue infection. However, there is only few study that apply GIS in dengue research in IndonesiaObjectives: The purpose of this literature review is to identify how geographic information system (GIS) applications have been used in dengue mapping in Indonesia and to critically examine the issues, strengths, weakness and challenges inherent to those approaches, especially from the spatial analysis and public health point of view.Methods: The research articles in English or Indonesian were taken by online only using Google Scholar search engine. Only articles that addressed GIS methodology or dengue–related GIS applications were selected for this review. These articles must contain the combination three words including Geographic Information System (GIS), dengue and Indonesia in its titles or abstracts.Results: Through the review process, conducted in October 2013, it is evident that the applications of GIS in dengue research can be generally categorized into four issues including dengue risk mapping and surveillance (n = 5), combined remote sensing-GIS (n = 4) web application (n = 2), and climatic and other associated factor with dengue (n = 3). This review explores how GIS approaches have been used to analyze the correlation of dengue incidences with environmental risk factor. GIS also used as a tool to improve dengue surveillance and outbreak management. This review also revealed the lack of GIS techniques using in Indonesian dengue research.Conclusion: GIS-related methodological techniques and tools can be meaning fully applied in dengue research and management.Keywords: Geographic Information System (GIS), dengue, Indonesi
Risk Factors of Pneumonia Among Under Five Children in Purbalingga District, Central Java Province
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children and burden of disease disproportionately high in South-East Asia Region. Pneumonia incidence in Indonesia is sixth rank in the world. Pneumonia were leading causeof infants mortality about 23.8% and among children, pneumonia contribute 15.5% of total mortality after diarrhea. Risk factors associated with pneumonia are: individual, environment, and social economic.Objectives: The aim of study to identify relationship between individual, environment, and social economic risk factors with pneumonia incidence among under five children in Purbalingga District.Methods: This research was an analytical and observational study using case control design. Subjects were 210 children aged 2-60 month which consists of 105 cases and 105 controls. This study conduct at 9 Public Health centers in Purbalingga District on April to June 2013. Cases were children with pneumonia diagnose by trained doctor or paramedic. Controls were children without diagnosed pneumonia who visited the same Public Health Centers as cases. Results fromunivariate, McNemar test was used to bivariate analysis and conditional logistic regression in multivariate analysis with 95% confidence interval.Results: In the multivariate analysis showednot exclusively breastfed (OR=3.99, 95% CI=1.851-8.596), househumidity (OR=3.13, 95% CI=1.382-7.096), house ventilation (OR=6.62, 95% CI=2.847-15.369), overcrowding (OR=2.74, 95% CI=1.230-6.121) and without kitchen smoke hole (OR=6.14, 95% CI=1.932-19.497) had significant association to pneumonia incidence. Ventilation showed the highest risk for pneumonia incidence among under five children.Conclusion: Factors such as not exclusively breastfed, live in house with high humidity, lack of ventilation, over crowding and without kitchen smoke holewere risk factors for pneumonia among under five children. Ventilation was dominant risk factor for developing pneumonia. Promote breastfeeding and improve house condition such as improve house ventilation and make kitchen smoke hole could lead to reduction of pneumonia under five children.Keyword: under five children, pneumonia, risk factors, Purbalingga Distric
Risk Factors Analysis of Typhoid Fever Occurence of Inpatient in Kebumen Public Hospital in 2013
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Typhoid fever is a disease caused by infection of Salmonella typhoid and paratyphoid bacteria. There are 350-810 people who get this disease per 100.000 people and the percentage of death is 0.6-5%. Typhoid fever in Kebumen Regency always belongs to the big five diseases. The criteria are the number of in-patient in the hospital and the extraordinary occurrence for 4 years (from 2007 to 2010). This disease is related to unhealthy sanitation and bad individual hygiene practice.Objective: To analyze the risk factors of typhoid fever occurrence of inpatient in Kebumen Public Hospital in 2013.Methods : This research is an analytical observational research with control case study design. The sample subject was taken by using consecutive sampling method and there were 148 respondents, consisting of 74 case respondents and 74 control respondents. The data were analyzed by using McNemar (bivariate) test and conditional logistic regression (multivariate).Results : Most respondents are in the age of 15-20 years old (32.43%), female (70.27%), the graduates of Senior/Vocational High School (29.05%) and student/university student (34.46%). The results of multivariable analysis are the risk factor of eating non-homemade snack habit is high (p=0.000; OR=5.586; CI 95% 2.142-14.571) followed by the habit of washing hands before eating (p=0.003;OR=2.835; CI 95% 1.433-5.609). Water clean sources, facility for defecation, defecation habit in latrine, and typhoid fever history in family are not the risk factors of typhoid fever occurrence of in-patient in Kebumen Public Hospital.Conclusion : The risk to get typhoid fever in Kebumen Regency is higher on those whose habits of eating non-homemade snacks and not washing hand by using soap before eating. Therefore, the health officer should improve individual hygiene promotion and give information to society and those who manage food processing public place.Key Words: Risk factors,Typhoid fever, Kebumen
The Effect of Anticoagulant in Blood Meal Source on the Aedes aegypti Reproductive Ability in Laboratory
Get PDFABSTRACTIntroduction: Aedes aegypti is one of the major vectors of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that can be reared in laboratory. Artificial membrane feeding (AMF) assay is used as a simulated host to blood feeding mosquitoes in laboratory.Objectives: The purpose of this study are to investigate the effect of heater and the most widely used anticoagulant of K3EDTA, heparin and sodium citrate on blood feeding sucsses, feeding rate, fecundity, hatchability, preadult development and survival rate of Aedes Aegypti colonies maintained by AMF system compared to direct human feeding.Methods: The system consisted of AMF with parafilm membrane which are warmed and not warmed by a waterbath. Human blood samples were used to feed Aedes aegypti using AMF. The number of eggs were counted seven days after feeding after mosquitoes laid the eggs. Every eggs were hatched in a 500 mL of rearing glass to evaluate the hatchability and preadult development. Survival rate is evaluated after blood feeding until 30 days. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and paired t-tests and a p value <0.05 considered as significantly difference.Results: Blood feeding success of Aedes aegypti was not significantly differ when offered blood meal using anticoagulant heparin with heater (82.22%) compare to that of control groups (81.67%) (p=0.917). There was a significant difference in feeding rate (p=0.000), fecundity (p=0.000), hatchability (p=0.000) between groups. All results were higher in heparin than K3EDTA and sodium citrate, but in pre adult development and survival rate K3EDTA showed better result than that of control, heparin and sodium citrate groups. So this anticoagulant was acceptable for maintenance of laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti.Conclusion: We conclude that heater can increase the blood feeding sucsses. The K3EDTA, heparin and sodium citrate can affect the feeding rate, fecundity, hatchability, and preadult development, but do not affect survival rate. Heparin can be used for routine colonization of laboratory strain of Aedes aegypti with AMF assay.Keywords: Anticoagulants, artificial membrane feeding, reproductive ability, survival rat
Transovarial Transmission Index of Dengue Virus on Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes in Malalayang District in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia
Get PDFIntroduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious vector-borne disease caused by Aedes sp mosquitoes still cause serious health problem in Indonesia. Based on Manado Health Office Report, Malalayang was identified as dengue-endemic areas. In 2010, number of DHF cases in Malalayang is 211 cases with Incidence Rate (IR) 328 per 100,000 populations. Dengue viruses (DENV) survive in nature by two mechanisms; by horizontal transmission through infected vertebrates and mosquitoes, and by vertical (transovarial) transmission in the mosquitoes. Transovarial transmission is assumed as an important aspect in the maintanance of DENV during inter epidemic, but this problem has not been studied in Malalayang District, Manado. An effort to prevent and control DHF requires knowledge of an Aedes sp Dengue virus transovarial infection.Objectives: To prove the existence of Dengue virus transmission in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes and its relationship with the incidence of DHF in Malalayang District in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.Methods: The method of this research was an observational analytic study with cross-sectional design. Study samples were unbloodfed Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes on the F1 generation from ovitrap placed in five selected villages based on the number of cases in the District Malalayang. The secondary data of DHF patients from Malalayang district was obtained from Health Office Manado and the Community Health Center in 2010. The presence of dengue antigen in head squashes preparation were detected using monoclonal antibody against dengue (DSSE10) based on immunohistochemical streptavidin biotin peroxidase complex (ISBPC) technique to confirm the presence of transovarial transmission of dengue virus both in Ae. Aegypti and Ae. Albopictus, and to obtain the data of transovarial transmission index. Fisher’s Exact test and Pearson correlation are used to analyze those data.Results: Transovarial transmission of Dengue virus in Aedes sp was found from 5 villages in Malalayang district with Transovarial Transmission Index (TTI) ranges 6.1%-17.1%. Statistic test showed significant differences in positive rate (p-value=0.000.05) between the Aedes sp. Dengue virus TTI and DHF IR in Malalayang district.Conclusion: This study demonstrates the existence of Dengue virus transovarial transmission in Aedes sp in Malalayang district. Ae. aegypti’s TTI is higher than that of Ae. Albopictus, and no significant correlation between TTI and DHF IR in Malalayang district.Keywords: DHF, transovarial transmission, Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictu