Tropical Medicine Journal
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Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (dRTA) Among Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) Patients in Malaria Endemic Area of Sekotong, Lombok Island
Get PDFIntroduction: Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) is caused by 27 bp deletion of the band 3 protein gene in erythrocyte membrane and characterized by oval erythrocyte. The erythroid band 3 (AE1) gene isexpressed not only in erythrocyte membranes but also in the cell membrane of α-collecting renal tubular functions in the secretion of acid in renal tubules and HCO3 -/Cl- anion exchange. An alteration of the band 3 (AE1) gene functions in cell of α-collecting renal tubules reduces HCO3-/Cl- ion exchange resulting in decreased secretion of H+ ions and disturbances in the process of pickling urine as an indicator of distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA).Objectives: To determine the occurrence of dRTA among Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) patients in malaria endemic area of Sekotong, Lombok Island by analyzing expression of erythroid band 3 (AE1) gene.Methods: Ovalocytosis degree determined by oval erythrocytes morphology of 20%-100% in blood film. The 27 bp deletion of band 3 (AE1) gene was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). An indicators of the dRTA was determined the pH of urine, levels of bicarbonate (HCO3-), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) in the blood.Results: The degree of ovalocytosis more than 50% was found in 35,7% individuals and below 50% was found in 64,3% individuals. Percentage of 27 bp deletion of band 3 (AE1) gene among subject of ovalocytosispatients was 35,7% (n = 28) and frequency of the dRTA among SAO patients was 20% (n = 10). Individuals with SAO do not generally have dRTA. The presence of the two conditions in the same individuals suggests that there may be a common underlying molecular defect or genetic basis for SAO and dRTA.Conclusion: There is a relationship between the 27 bp deletion protein band 3 (AE1) gene with distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) among Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis (SAO) patients in Sekotong, Lombok Island, even the percentage is low.Keywords: distal renal tubular acidosis, Southeast Asian Ovalocytosis, Sekotong, (Lombok Island
THE KINETIC OF ACTIVATED MONOCYTES IN ACUTE PHASE DENGUE INFECTION
Get PDFIntroductions: Nowadays dengue infection is at present one of the most common mosquito-borne viral diseases of humans worldwide. Initially, Dengue infections were primarily recorded when they occurred as epidemics in tropical and subtropical countries. Monocyte/macrophage infection is central to the pathogenesis of dengue fever and to the origin of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Increased activation of monocytes and greater numbers of DEN-infected cells were associated with more severe Dengue, implicating a role for monocyte activation in dengue immunopathogenesis. Thus, more knowledge about the relation between numbers of activated monocyte with dengue severities is essential for better understanding regarding this subject.Objectives: Studying the relation between numbers of activated monocyte, marked by HLA-DR marker intensity with Dengue Fever severity throughout the disease course, from day 2 until day 6 of acute dengue fever.Methods: This research is cross sectional observational study. The location in done at Dr. Sardjito Hospital in 6 months time.Results: There is a negative correlation between median number of activated monocyte with dengue severity, on day 3 of acute dengue fever.Conclusion: There was a negative correlation between numbers of activated monocyte marked by HLADR intensity with disease severity on day 3 of acute dengue infection.Keywords: Activated Monocyte; Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-DR intensity; Percentage of Activated Monocyte; Dengue Fever Severity
The Relationship Between The Prevalence of Head Lice Infestation with Hygiene and Knowledge Among The Rural School Children In Yogyakarta
Get PDFIntroduction: Pediculosis capitis causes considerable social distress. Rural children are in great risk because they live in conditions where poor knowledge and hygiene are related to this matter. However, the prevalence of pediculosis capitis among school age children in rural area in Yogyakarta have not known yet.Objectives: The objective of this study is to find the prevalence of head lice infestation among the rural school children and associating it with hygiene and knowledge.Methods: This was a cross sectional study done in February 2011 in 2 primary public schools in the rural areas of Yogyakarta with 158 subjects age ranging from 8 to 16 years old. Questionnaires inclusive of hygiene and knowledge aspect were given prior to the gross visual head lice examination by trained personnel.Results: The prevalence of head lice infestation among the rural school children is 19.6%. There is no significant relationship between this with knowledge and hygiene.Conclusion: The prevalence of head lice infestation in rural school areas in Yogyakarta is 19.6%. There is no significant relationship between the prevalence of head lice infestation with hygiene and knowledge among the rural school children in Yogyakarta.Keywords: Pediculosis capitis, head lice infestation, hygiene, knowledg
Study on Chloroquine Resistance Transporter (pfcrt) Gene Polymorphism of Plasmodium falciparum in Malaria Patients in Lampung
Get PDFIntroduction: The prevalence of malaria in Lampung Province was increased in the last few years. One of the factors contributes to the increased rate is the widespread of the Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs. Mutation on the gene encoding Pfcrt protein has been reported to be correlated with this resistance.Objectives: To fi nd out the frequency and distribution of the pfcrt gene polymorphism among Plasmodium falciparum in malaria patients in endemic area at Bandar Lampung and Lampung Selatan, LampungProvince.Methods: Blood samples were collected from malaria falciparum patients in Bandar Lampung and Lampung Selatan by active and passive case detections. Two to three mL of venous blood were collected in tubes with EDTA, and kept in the temperature of -200C before DNA extraction. DNA from each sample was extracted using Guanidine isothiocyanate and Chelex 100 methods. Genes encoding Pfcrt protein were amplifi ed by Nested PCR using TCRP and TCRD primers. The polymorphism of the pfcrt gene was identified by cutting the PCR product using Apo1 restriction enzymes to produce 100bp and 34bp fragments.Results: Forty six samples from P. falciparum-infected patients were collected from the two areas. The genes encoding the Pfcrt protein were succesfully amplifi ed, all 46 PCR products showed 100bp and 34bpfragments after incubation with Apo1 restriction enzyme. It indicated that pfcrt polymorphism was 100%.Conclusion: The frequency of pfcrt gene polymorphisms in patients with malaria falciparum in Bandar Lampung and Lampung Selatan was 100%.Keywords: malaria falciparum, pfcrt, chloroquine, polymorphis
Mosquito Larval Density, Incidence Rate, CFR, and Domestic Water Storage System During Transmission of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, 2012
Get PDFIntroduction: The number of dengue cases in the city of Kupang was quite high when compared to previous years. Number of deaths due to dengue fever was also considered high. When compared between the months of January, February and March 2012 with January, February and March of 2011, there was an epidemiologically significant increase in cases (the increase was higher than 2-fold). In epidemiological sense, this situation was considered as dengue outbreak or extraordinary event.Objectives: To calculate and investigate mosquito larval density (density rate), incidence rate, case fatality rate (CFR), and water storage system in community.Methods: This research was a descriptive survey study using a cross sectional design.The size of samples to be studied was 300 samples allocated evenly to the 10 kelurahan (urban villages), including Bakunase, Kuanino, Bonipoi, Nunhila, Oetete, Sikumana, TDM, Pasir Panjang, Penfui, and Kelapa Lima.Results: The mosquito larval density in Kupang consisting of CI = 39.80%, HI = 67%, BI = 1.97 and LFI (larva free index) = 33%. Incidence Rate (IR) =0.3% and Case Fatality Rate (CFR)= 1.2%. Types of containers used here were Drum, water tanks, Jars/buckets/pot, and others (kettles, jerrycans, cooking pots). The majority of containers used were drums. Water storage duration was on average 3-7 days.Conclusion: The density of larvae in the city is quite high based on CI, HI, BI, and LFI. Themortality rate (CFR) is far in excess of the national standard, where it is directly proportional to the density of Aedes larvae. The drumis themost commonly container used. Water distribution systemfromthe PDAMof the Kupang city constitutes amajor factor causing people to store water for a long time.Keywords: larval density, Incidence Rate, CFR, water storage syste
The New Endemic Area of Schistosoma japonicum in Bada Highland Western Lore Subdistrict, District of Poso, Central Sulawesi Province
Get PDFIntroduction: A new endemic area of schistosomiasis was discovered in Bada highland in 2008. Its prevalence in humans in the same year was 0.8%, and so far there is no studies about prevalence and characteristics of focus and human behavior related to the transmission of schistosomiasis in that area have been conducted.Objectives: To identify the prevalence of the disease caused by Schistosoma japonicum in humans, rats, and infection rate in snails. This study also described characteristics and human behaviors related to these characteristics and the history of visits to the endemic areas of Napu/Lindu.Methods: This study was a cross sectional survey. The prevalence of schistosomiasis in humans was identifi ed through stool examination by Kato Katz method. The prevalence in mice was estimated throughexaminations in dissected mice, and the identifi cation of cercariae in snails was done with crushing methods. Behavioral data were collected using questionnaires and focus characteristics were documented throughobservations. This research was part of the comprehensive study on schistosomiasis in Bada highland by Research and Development Center for Eradication of Disease of Animal Origin, Donggala.Results: The prevalence rate of schistosomiasis in humans was 5.93%, in rats 0% and in snails 1%. Types of focus were springs, ponds, irrigation channels, especially those with debris such as grasses, leaves, sticks dropped on the water. Prevalence rate in human was related to bathing in the river (p=0,00), entering the focus without protective shoes (p=0.034), defecation on the river (p=0,016). History of visit to endemicarea of Napu/Lindu was not associated with infection in human (p=0.344) and washing in the river was not associated also with human schistosomiasis (p= 0.521).Conclusion: The transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in a new endemic area of Bada highland is occurring and related to bathing, defecation in the river, and visit to the endemic focus without protectiveshoes.Keywords: Schistosoma japonicum, Bada highland, focus, transmission, Oncomelani
The Profile of Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients
Get PDFIntroduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and becomes the main health problems in the world and in Indonesia, as well. The microorganism itself is an intracellular pathogen. The control of tuberculosis infection depends on cell-mediated immunity involving activated macrophages, T cells, and cytokines. The balance and dynamic changes between Th1 cytokine and Th2 cytokine refl ect the immune response of host and infl uence the clinical manifestation of the disease.Objectives: This research was designed to study the profi le and interaction of IFN-γ (Th1 cytokine) and IL-10 (Th2 cytokine) of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients in endemic area.Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 23 pulmonary TB patients and 16 healthy persons was cultured and stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) to investigate the ability to secrete IFN-γ and IL-10.Result: The result showed that there was a decreased of IFN-γ response to PHA in PTB patients, suggesting the defi ciency of general immune capacity in PTB. In contrast, IFN-γ secreted by specifi c antigen was higher in PTB patients which minimal lung lesion was higher than moderate-far advanced. It is related to IFN-γ roles as immunomodulator in cellular immunity and immunoprotectant through stimulated antimicrobial capacity in macrophage. In fact, IL-10 response to PHA and M.tuberculosis antigen in PTB patients was lower than that of in healthy persons; moderate-far advanced lung lesion was the lowest. It was probably refl ecting their poor general conditions. Paired distribution between IFN-γ and IL-10 pointed out the leaning of negative interaction. It refl ected the existence of counterpart/cross regulation between IFN-γ(Th1 cytokine) and IL-10 (Th2 cytokine).Conclusion: In conclusion that specifi c immune response of PTB is related to the degree of lung lesion. This study also provides the balance of Th1 cytokine and Th2 cytokine in relation to TB.Key words: tuberculosis, immune response, IFN-γ, IL-10, lung lesio
Head Lice Infestation and Its Relationship with Hygiene and Knowledge among Urban School Children in Yogyakarta
Get PDFIntroduction: Pediculosis capitis is a common infestation in school children and is a worldwide public health concern. Despite this worldwide spread, incidence studies remain few. There is also a misconceptionthat head lice infestation is rarely found in the urban environment.Objectives: The objective of this study is to determine the proportion of head lice infestation among urban school children in Yogyakarta and study its relationship with hygiene and knowledge.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted upon 2 schools in Yogyakarta on 154 pupils. Children range from ages 9 to 13 years. Data was collected from the schools by trained persons. A detailed questionnaire was fi lled for each pupil prior to hair examination.Results: In this research, we report the proportion of head lice infestation among urban school children in Yogyakarta and assess its risk factors. Nineteen pupils (12.3%) were infected with head lice, 5 boys(6.3%) and 14 girls (18.7%). There was a signifi cant relationship between head lice infestation and sex (P<0.05). However, no signifi cant relationship was found between head lice infestation with hygiene andknowledgeConclusion: The results show a total proportion of 12.3% among urban school children in Yogyakarta.Keywords: pediculosis capitis, urban, hygiene, knowledge, school children
Variations in Dilution of DSSE 10 Antibody in Immunocytochemistry Technique to Detect Dengue-3 Virus in Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
Get PDFIntroduction: Dengue viruses, globally the most prevalent arboviruses, are transmitted to humans by persistently infected Aedes mosquitoes. The most important vector of Dengue virus is the mosquito Ae. aegypti, which should be the main target of surveillance and control activities. Virologic surveillance for Dengue viruses in its vector has been used as an early warning system to predict outbreaks. Detection of Dengue virus antigen in mosquito head squash using immunocytochemical streptavidin biotin peroxidase complex (SBPC) assay is an alternative method for Dengue vector surveillance.Objectives: The study was aimed to compare several variations of MAb DDSE10 dilutions used in immunocytochemical SBPC assay to detect Dengue virus infection in head squash of Ae. aegypti.Methods: The study design was experimental. Artifi cially-infected adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes of DENV 3 were used as infectious samples and uninfected adult Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were used as normal ones. The immunocytochemical SBPC assay using monoclonal antibody DSSE10 with 4 variations of dilution (1:5, 1:10, 1:20, and 1:50) was applied on mosquito head squash to detect Dengue virus antigen. The results were analyzed descriptively.Results: All variants of MAb DSSE10 dilutions in immunocytochemical SBPC assay showed positive imunoreaction in infected mosquito head squash. All variants of MAb DSSE10 dilutions in immunocytochemicalSBPC assay showed negative immunoreaction in uninfected mosquito head squash.Conclusion: Monoclonal antibody DSSE10 could be used in immunochemistry technique to detect Dengue-3 virus antigen in Aedes aegypti infected intrathoracally, with 1:50 dilution.Keywords: Aedes aegypti, Dengue virus, Immunocytochemical, SPBC, Monoclonal Antibody DSSE-1
DYNAMICS OF DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER INCIDENCE WITH SPATIO-TEMPORAL APPROACH IN MARITENGNGAE SUBDISTRICT, SIDENRENG RAPPANG DISTRICT, SULAWESI SELATAN PROVINCE, IN 2008-2009
Get PDFIntroduction: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) causes 40% of world population at risk for infection, and 50 million people get infection with as many as 24,000 die every year. Incidence rate in Indonesia, particularly in Maritengngae Subdistrict, Sidenreng Rappang District, is increasing and needed to be controlled. Disease distribution has not been documented regionally. The dynamics of the incidence,that comprises the characteristics of the patient, environmental conditions, susceptibility of mosquitoes resulted from insecticide use, transovarial infectivity, and the incidence pattern were unknown.Objectives: To identify the dynamics of DHF incidence with spatio-temporal approach, includes gender, age, the habit of cleaning the water containers, house density, the density of water containers within the radius of 100 meters from the house of the patient, resistance of the mosquito, and transovarial transmission of Dengue virus.Methods: Subjects were DHF patients in Maritengngae Subdistrict. It was an epidemiological observational study with cross-sectional design and spatio-temporal approach to variables of the study, which included the patient characteristics (age, gender, habit of cleaning the water containers), environmental conditions (house density, water container density within 100 meter radius around the patient’s house), and vector conditions (resistance status to organophosphate insecticide, and transovarial transmission of Dengue virus).Results: Cases of DHF in Maritenggae Sub district, Sidenreng Rappang District, South Sulawesi decreased from 95 cases in 2008 to 38 cases in 2009, except in Kelurahan Majeling. Incidence distribution of DHF in 2008-2009 based on gender were not different (p=1.000), patients with age <15 years old were different from age ≥15 years (P=0.016 and p = 0.013), house density and density of water containers around the patient’s house were not different (p=0.829 and p = 0.538). The habit of cleaning water containers at the house was 43.84%. There were 1.94% of Aedes aegypti samples showed medium resistance (tolerance) status against organophosphat insecticide and 33.33% of samples showed transovarial transmission of Dengue virus. The highest of transovarial transmission occured in Kelurahan Majeling with transovarial transmission index of 100%.Conclusion: The transmission dynamic of DHF in Maritengngae sub district is not influenced by gender, house densities, water container densities, and the frequency of source reduction, but influenced by ages. Most of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are still susceptible against organophosphate insecticides. The highest of transovarial transmission of dengue virus in Ae. aegypti in Kelurahan Majeling with Transovarial transmission index of 100% may contribute in the increasing of DHF cases in the Kelurahan Majeling in 2009.Keywords: dynamics, dengue, spatio-temporal, Ae. aegypti, Maritengngae