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Investigating genetic redundancy as a source of genetic diversity and adaptability in the U.S. Holstein breed
Get PDFjournal articleThe continuous increase in inbreeding in the U.S. Holstein is a threat to genetic diversity. Loss of genetic diversity can hinder adaptation to changing environments and consumer demands. K-means clustering on the genomic relationship matrix was used to stratify 20,099 selected candidates into five clusters. These clusters were shown to be different through expected inbreeding within- and across cluster, the fixation index (Fst), and genetic correlations for stature between clusters. Expected inbreeding within cluster was mostly higher than across-cluster. The average Fst across cluster was 0.03. Genetic correlations ranged from 0.90. Families were formed by tracing pedigrees of each cluster back for 10 generations. Allele frequency changes over generations were evaluated. Polygenic shifts, selective sweeps, hitch-hiking, and epistasis were observed. The Replicate Frequency Spectrum was used to measure genetic redundancy. Results show that sub-populations within the breed have developed differently over time.journal articl
Variation in soil chemical properties in relation to vegetation characteristics in a serpentine area of Hokkaido, Japan
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Strategies for mastitis control to reduce antimicrobial use
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