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The Relationship between Uterine Torsion Pathology and Maternal Prognosis in Dairy Cattle
Get PDFjournal article乳牛における子宮捻転の病態と母体予後との関係を明らかにするため，乳牛139例の子宮捻転を対象に調査を行った．子宮捻転の病態を産次数，捻転度数及び捻転方向に分類し，各々の母体予後を比較すると同時に，捻転整復方法の違いによる母体の予後との関係も比較した．この結果，未経産牛と比較して経産牛で死亡率が高い傾向が明らかとなり，死亡牛の方が治癒牛と比較して有意に産次数が高かった．さらに捻転度数が360°以上で有意に死亡率は高くなり，捻転方向や整復方法では死亡率に有意差は認められなかった．To elucidate the relationship between uterine torsion pathology and the prognosis of the dam in dairy cattle, we examined uterine torsion in 139 dairy cattle. Uterine torsion pathology was classified according to parity, degree of torsion, and torsion direction. We compared dam prognosis for each state while also comparing the relationship with dam prognosis based on the torsion correction method. As a result, we found that the mortality rate was higher in cows than in heifers, and the parity was significantly higher in cattle that died than in cattle that were recovered. Furthermore, when the degree of torsion was 360° or greater, the mortality rate was significantly higher. There was no significant difference observed in the mortality rate according to torsion direction or correction method.journal articl
Development of a Model for Estimating the Optimal Age for Classical Swine Fever Vaccination
Get PDFjournal article2018年9月，岐阜県の養豚場で国内26年ぶりの豚熱が発生し，翌年10月から発生予防のためのワクチン接種と抗体検査による免疫状況確認が開始された．免疫状況の評価から，母豚群の免疫抗体価の条件により農場群ごとに接種日齢を調整する必要性が指摘された．そこで母豚とその産子の抗体調査を実施し，移行抗体とワクチンテイクの関係を解析することで，農場ごとのワクチン接種適齢期を推定するシミュレーションモデルを構築した．モデルは母豚のELISA S/P値を用いた産子への移行抗体付与，移行抗体減少，ワクチン免疫付与の予測から構成した．実際の農場のデータを用いて本モデルの予測精度を検証したところ，接種適齢期の推定に利用可能な精度であると考えられた．本手法はワクチン接種適齢期を簡便に推定できるモデルで，豚熱の発生防止に役立つと期待される．A classical swine fever (CSF) outbreak was confirmed at a pig farm in Gifu Prefecture in September 2018, after 26 years without an outbreak in Japan. Vaccination of domestic pigs and antibody testing to confirm the immune status started in October the following year. Based on an assessment of the immune status, the need to adjust the inoculation age for each farm depending on the immune status of sows in the herds was suggested. Therefore, a simulation model for estimating the optimal age for vaccination for each farm was developed by analyzing the relationship between maternally derived antibodies (MDA) and the immune response to vaccines using data from a survey of antibodies of sows and their litters. The model predicted the transfer of MDA to the litters using the Sample to Positive ratios (S/P) of the results of ELISA tests of sows, the decline in MDA, and the immune response to vaccination. The predictive accuracy of this model was evaluated using actual farm data and was considered sufficiently accurate to be used for estimating the appropriate age for vaccination. This method might be useful in preventing CSF outbreaks as the model can easily estimate the optimal age for vaccination.journal articl
Selection of Appropriate Dogs to Be Therapy Dogs Using the C-BARQ
Get PDFjournal articleIn recent years, therapy dogs in medical and assisted living facilities have become popular in Japan, and the demand for such dogs has increased. However, some owners have their dogs take this test, which evaluates the dog’s talent, without understanding what is required of the test. The system needs to teach owners in an understandable way whether their dog is suitable to become a therapy dog so that the owners can determine if their dog is ready to be tested. Therefore, we suggest that easy at-home testing is likely to encourage dog owners to apply for their dog to take the aptitude test. If more dogs take the test, more therapy dogs can be born. The purpose of this study was to identify the personality traits of therapy dogs that pass the aptitude test by using the Canine Behavior Assessment and Research Questionnaire (C-BARQ). The C-BARQ was administered to dogs that previously passed the aptitude test for therapy training at the Hokkaido Volunteer Dog Association, assessing their behavioural displays. A factor analysis was conducted for each questionnaire item, and a total of 98 items were analyzed. Data were collected from the results of 110 dogs encompassing 30 dog breeds, with the most common breeds including Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and Toy Poodles. Factor analysis revealed that 14 extracted factors should be evaluated. Given these personality traits and the fact that breed and age did not influence aptitude, we believe that a variety of dogs have the potential to become therapy dogs.journal articl
Intermittent antibiotic treatment of bacterial biofilms favors the rapid evolution of resistance
Get PDFjournal articleBacterial antibiotic resistance is a global health concern of increasing importance and intensive study. Although biofilms are a common source of infections in clinical settings, little is known about the development of antibiotic resistance within biofilms. Here, we use experimental evolution to compare selection of resistance mutations in planktonic and biofilm Escherichia coli populations exposed to clinically relevant cycles of lethal treatment with the aminoglycoside amikacin. Consistently, mutations in sbmA, encoding an inner membrane peptide transporter, and fusA, encoding the essential elongation factor G, are rapidly selected in biofilms, but not in planktonic cells. This is due to a combination of enhanced mutation rate, increased adhesion capacity and protective biofilm-associated tolerance. These results show that the biofilm environment favors rapid evolution of resistance and provide new insights into the dynamic evolution of antibiotic resistance in biofilms.journal articl
Effectiveness of 2-dimensional shear wave elastography for noninvasive and reliable estimation of right atrial pressure in dogs with induced volume overload
Get PDFjournal article[Background] Two-dimensional shear wave elastography (2D-SWE) provides information on hepatic elastic modulus as shear wave velocity (SWV). [Hypothesis/Objectives] To assess SWV using 2D-SWE in dogs with induced volume overload, investigate the relationship between this information and right atrial pressure (RAP) measured by invasive right heart catheterization, and also evaluate the difference in SWV before and after diuretic administration. [Animals] Six healthy beagles. [Methods] Prospective experimental study. Right heart catheterization and 2D-SWE were performed in 6 anesthetized beagles at baseline and after the induction of volume overload. Volume overload was induced by IV hydroxyethyl starch 70/0.5 infusion (100 mL/kg/h). Furosemide (4-6 mg/kg, IV) was administered, and the SWVs were measured. [Results] Shear wave velocity showed a significant gradual increase during acute volume overload compared to baseline. SWV was significantly positively correlated with RAP (P 10, >15, and >20 mm Hg was 0.9896 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.9690-1.000), 0.9907 (95% CI, 0.9701-1.000), and 0.9722 (95% CI, 0.9280-1.000), respectively. The SWV after diuretic use decreased significantly. [Conclusions and Clinical Importance] Two-dimensional shear wave elastography might be useful for noninvasive and reliable estimation of RAP in dogs with acute volume overload and has potential as a quantitative biomarker for evaluating therapeutic response in dogs with right sided congestive heart failure.journal articl
Investigation of the therapeutic effects, predictors, and complications of long-term immunosuppressive therapy in dogs with precursor-targeted immune-mediated anemia
Get PDFjournal articleDogs with precursor-targeted immune-mediated anemia (PIMA) are commonly treated with immunosuppressive therapy, but information on predictors of treatment response and response time is limited. Therefore, we retrospectively investigated predictive factors that influenced the treatment response and duration required to observe a response in dogs with PIMA receiving continuous immunosuppressive therapies for more than 105 days. Of 50 client-owned dogs that developed PIMA, 27 were included in this study, of which 18 were responders and 9 were non-responders to immunosuppressive therapies. Sixteen of the 18 responders responded to treatment within 60 days and the remaining 2 responded at 93 and 126 days, respectively. We found that an erythroid-maturation ratio of <0.17 may be a useful predictor for treatment response. In addition, complications of immunosuppressive therapies were investigated further in 50 dogs. Pancreatitis (n=4) and pneumonia (3) occurred over the entire treatment period, and infections such as abscesses (3) tended to be more common in dogs on an extended period of immunosuppressive therapy. These findings may be helpful when planning for the initial treatment and may provide evidence for informed consent about potential comorbidities throughout the treatment course.journal articl