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Petroneis sp. found in a sandy tidal flat of northern Kyushu, Japan
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スマートな統治と統治の正統性 : 『ナッジ化する』環境法という視点から
Get PDFBulletinキャス・サンスティンとリチャード・セイラーは，個人の選択環境を構成する「選択アーキテクチャ」の設計を提唱し，「ナッジ」は特定の選択肢を排除したり，経済的インセンティブを大きく変えないで，当人の利益にかなうよう個人の選択に影響を与えるもので，「ナッジ」を政策に活用することは，個人の選択の自由を尊重しつつその福利を改善するような介入を認める「リバタリアン・パターナリズム」により基礎づけられると主張した。本稿は，現代の環境法においては，ナッジ的規制は既に取り込まれており，ナッジ論は制度設計の視点を持ち込んだ点に意義があることを指摘した。一方，「リバタリアン・パターナリズム」については，個人の自由・自律との矛盾・抵触や，民主的正統性を具備しない場合があるが，この点に関する著者らの反論は十分とはいえず，公共政策の妥当根拠としては未だ未成熟であること，また，ナッジの有効性は市民の政府への信頼に依拠するが，日本においては政府への信頼が低く，この点も障壁となり得ることを指摘した。Cass R. Sunstein and Richard H. Thaler advocate “Choice Architecture”, which configurates individual choice environment, arguing that the “Nudge” would improve individual welfare, with respecting individual freedom of choice, without eliminating certain options or bringing substantial changes of economic incentive. They also argue that while the Nudge would affect individual choices to serve his/her interests, to utilize the Nudges a policy measure shall be based on the concept of “Libertarian- Paternalism”. This article articulates that Nudge like regulations has already been embedded in modern environmental law, and in this context, discussion on Nudge may be of strategic significance for environmental law, for introducing a perspective of institutional design. On the other hand, the concept of “Libertarian- Paternalism” may conflict with the individual freedom and autonomy, the fundamental values in modern society, and may lack the democratic legitimacy. This article also pointed out that the authorsʼ argument may not be sufficient and immature as a justification as a theory for public policy. Also pointed out that while the effectiveness of the Nudge would be dependent on the public trust in government, the relatively low trust in government in Japan may be a bottleneck for effective utilization of the Nudge.departmental bulletin pape
脊椎動物のグレリン；分布，受容体，放出調節機構および消化管運動に与える影響
Get PDFBulletinGhrelin is a 28 amino acids peptide hormone produced in the gastric mucosal X/A-like cells. This peptide has a characteristic structure in which serine at position 3 is modified by fatty acid, such as n-octanoyl acid. Ghrelin acts on a G-protein coupled ghrelin receptor, previously called growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) and regulates endocrine and exocrine functions, food intake, drinking water, glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, cardiovascular function and gastrointestinal (GI) function (motility, secretion and mucosa proliferation). The multifunction of ghrelin is due to widespread distribution of ghrelin receptor in the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Ghrelin has been found mainly in the gastric mucosa and its sequence has been identified in the various vertebrates from fish to mammals. In vertebrate ghrelin, N-terminal sequence (1-7) including the fatty acid modification of 3rd serine is well conserved and this sequence is essential for its biological activity. Therefore, ghrelin is thought to be a multifunctional peptide conserved in the evolution process of vertebrates. In this review although ghrelin is a multifunctional peptide, its GI motility stimulating action has been focused because structures of ghrelin and its receptor are similar with those of motilin and motilin receptor, which are involved in the regulation of migrating motor complex (MMC) in the humans, dogs and house musk shrews (suncus). We summarized the effects of ghrelin on GI motility from fish to mammals (in vivo and in vitro studies) to determine universal function of ghrelin for regulation of GI motility. In mammals, ghrelin shows the GI motility stimulating actions through activation of ghrelin receptor on enteric neurons and primary afferent neurons of vagus nerve in rodentia (mice, rats and guinea-pigs). Enhancement of MMC by ghrelin and decrease of MMC by ghrelin receptor antagonist suggest that ghrelin mediates the phase III of the gastric MMC in mice and rats. However, ghrelin inhibits the gastric MMC in dogs by reduction of motilin release, suggesting that ghrelin depresses the motilin function in dogs. Suncus is a unique experimental animal in which both ghrelin and motilin cause gastric contractions, and ghrelin enhances the motilin action and motilin enhances the ghrelin action. Ghrelin cooperates with motilin for regulation of the gastric MMC in the case of suncus. In humans, ghrelin causes phase III-like contraction of MMC in the stomach at high dose but plasma ghrelin concentration is low and stable during MMC, indicating that ghrelin does not regulate the MMC in the human. In non-mammals, although motilin causes the contraction of bird, amphibian and fish GI tract, there are conspicuous species-related difference in the ghrelininduced actions on GI motility, i.e., ghrelin is effective causing contraction of crop and stomach in the chicken, but it is ineffective in the GI tract of quail and pheasant. In amphibians, ghrelin causes contraction of GI tract in the Xenopus but not in the bullfrogs, black spotted pond frogs and Japanese fire belly newts. In fish, ghrelin contracts zebrafish intestine but fails to cause contraction of goldfish and rainbow trout GI tract. Therefore, the physiological roles of ghrelin in the regulation of GI motility is not clear at present except for rodentia (mice and rats) and suncus. Further comparative biological studies for ghrelin using wide animal species might be necessary in future.departmental bulletin pape