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Protecting women : new domestic violence countermeasures for COVID-19 in Japan
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Salivary Chromogranin A (CgA) Response to the Noradrenaline Transporter Blocker Atomoxetine in Dogs
Get PDFArticleSince salivary chromogranin A (CgA) is one of the known sympathetic adrenomedullar system (SAM) stress markers in humans and pigs, this study aimed to investigate whether salivary CgA in dogs reflects SAM activation. Our hypothesis was that salivary CgA would increase when central noradrenaline was pharmacologically induced. A selective noradrenaline transporter blocker, atomoxetine, was orally administered without causing any aversive responses in nine laboratory dogs to see if it would increase salivary CgA. Three treatment groups (i.e., atomoxetine, placebo, and pre-administration of a selective alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonist (dexmedetomidine) followed by atomoxetine) were prepared with a randomized crossover design. Saliva sample collection, heart rate measurement and behavior observation were performed at Time 0 (baseline) and at 30, 60, 90 and 150 min after each treatment administration. The results demonstrated that salivary CgA significantly increased at 90 min in the atomoxetine treatment (p < 0.05), whereas it was not observed in the other two treatments. The present study showed that salivary CgA was increased by atomoxetine-induced SAM activation. However, this increase was blocked if dexmedetomidine was pre-administered. Overall, the results indicate that salivary CgA is a potential candidate for SAM-mediated stress markers in dogs. Further study to determine the dynamics of salivary CgA will be helpful in its practical use.journal articl
Investigating the persistence of accuracy of genomic predictions over time in broilers
Get PDFArticleAccuracy of genomic predictions is an important component of the selection response. The objectives of this research were: 1) to investigate trends for prediction accuracies over time in a broiler population of accumulated phenotypes, genotypes, and pedigrees and 2) to test if data from distant generations are useful to maintain prediction accuracies in selection candidates. The data contained 820K phenotypes for a growth trait (GT), 200K for two feed efficiency traits (FE1 and FE2), and 42K for a carcass yield trait (CY). The pedigree included 1,252,619 birds hatched over 7 years, of which 154,318 from the last 4 years were genotyped. Training populations were constructed adding 1 year of data sequentially, persistency of accuracy over time was evaluated using predictions from birds hatched in the three generations following or in the years after the training populations. In the first generation, before genotypes became available for the training populations (first 3 years of data), accuracies remained almost stable with successive additions of phenotypes and pedigree to the accumulated dataset. The inclusion of 1 year of genotypes in addition to 4 years of phenotypes and pedigree in the training population led to increases in accuracy of 54% for GT, 76% for FE1, 110% for CY, and 38% for FE2; on average, 74% of the increase was due to genomics. Prediction accuracies declined faster without than with genomic information in the training populations. When genotypes were unavailable, the average decline in prediction accuracy across traits was 41% from the first to the second generation of validation, and 51% from the second to the third generation of validation. When genotypes were available, the average decline across traits was 14% from the first to the second generation of validation, and 3% from the second to the third generation of validation. Prediction accuracies in the last three generations were the same when the training population included 5 or 2 years of data, and a decrease of ~7% was observed when the training population included only 1 year of data. Training sets including genomic information provided an increase in accuracy and persistence of genomic predictions compared with training sets without genomic data. The two most recent years of pedigree, phenotypic, and genomic data were sufficient to maintain prediction accuracies in selection candidates. Similar conclusions were obtained using validation populations per year.journal articl
Zika Virus Potential Vectors among Aedes Mosquitoes from Hokkaido, Northern Japan: Implications for Potential Emergence of Zika Disease
Get PDFArticleThe Zika virus (ZIKV) is a rapidly expanding mosquito-borne virus that causes febrile illness in humans. Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus are the primary ZIKV vectors; however, the potential vector competence of other Aedes mosquitoes distributed in northern Japan (Palearctic ecozone) are not yet known. In this study, the susceptibility to Zika virus infection of three Aedes mosquitoes distributed in the main city of the northern Japan and their capacities as vectors for ZIKV were evaluated. Field-collected mosquitoes were fed ad libitum an infectious blood meal containing the ZIKV PRVABC59. The Zika virus was detected in the abdomen of Ae. galloisi and Ae. japonicus at 2–10 days post infection (PI), and from the thorax and head of Ae. galloisi at 10 days PI, resulting in 17.6% and 5.9% infection rates, respectively. The Zika virus was not detected from Ae. punctor at any time. Some northern Japanese Aedes could be suspected as vectors of ZIKV but the risk may be low when compared with major ZIKV vectors.journal articl
Complete Genome Sequence of an mcr-9-Possessing Enterobacter asburiae Strain Isolated from a Cat in Japan
Get PDFArticleWe report the complete genome sequence of the mcr-9-possessing strain Enterobacter asburiae En30, isolated from a cat in Japan. The genome sequence was obtained by using long- and short-read sequencing.journal articl
Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile of healthy cats and its association with biliary morphology
Get PDFArticle[Background] In human medicine, congenital maljunction of the common bile duct (CBD) and main pancreatic duct (MPD), or pancreatobiliary maljunction (PBM), is a known cause of cholecystitis. [Objective] Pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile (a diagnostic marker for PBM) of healthy cats was measured to determine normal values and evaluate its relationship with biliary morphology. [Animals] Fifty-two healthy cats. [Methods] Cross-sectional study of the biliary tracts of healthy cats during laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy and measurement of pancreatic enzyme activity in bile. The cats were divided into groups A and B based on the ratio of the diameter of the cystic duct (CD) to the CBD. The normal ratio was 3.4. Pancreatic enzyme activity in bile was compared between the groups. [Results] The CBDs were straight in all cases, whereas the CDs were variably tortuous or dilated. Amylase activity in the bile (median, 3.4, had significantly higher amylase activity (median, 109 U/L; range, <100-591 U/L) in the bile than did group A (median, <100 U/L; range, <100-238 U/L), which had a CD/CBD ratio <3.4 (P = .0009). [Conclusions and Clinical Importance] The results suggest that a dilated CD is associated with reflux of pancreatic juice. In the future, it will be necessary to examine the clinical usefulness of these findings by measuring pancreatic enzyme activity in the bile of cats with cholangitis.journal articl
地域住民における中食の利用頻度と食品群別摂取量・栄養素等摂取量の関連
Get PDFArticle【目的】地域住民を対象として，中食の利用頻度と食品群別摂取量及び栄養素等摂取量の関連を明らかにすることを目的とした。【方法】2018年7月～8月に，北海道江別市に在住する20～74歳の成人を対象として，自記式質問紙調査を行った。食品群別摂取量及び栄養素等摂取量は，簡易型自記式食事歴法質問票（BDHQ）により評価した。最終的な解析対象者は1,469名（男性：625名，女性：844名）であった。中食の利用頻度と食品群別摂取量及び栄養素等摂取量との関連は，共分散分析を用いて検討した。【結果】男性では，中食の利用頻度が週1回未満の群と比較して，週2回以上の群で，緑黄色野菜類，その他の野菜類，食物繊維，カリウム，カルシウム，マグネシウム，葉酸，ビタミンCの摂取量が有意に低く，女性では，これらの食品群と栄養素等に加えて，豆類，卵類，動物性たんぱく質，動物性脂質，鉄，亜鉛，銅，ビタミンA，ビタミンB1，ビタミンB2，ナイアシン，ビタミンB6 の摂取量が有意に低かった。男女ともに中食の利用頻度が週2回以上の群では，ナトリウム・カリウム比（Na/K比）が有意に高かった。【結論】中食の利用頻度が週2回以上の群では，野菜類摂取量が低く，それに伴って食物繊維及び複数のビタミンなどの摂取量が低値を示し，Na/K比が高まる可能性を認めた。中食の利用頻度が高い場合には，Na/K比を低くするために野菜類摂取量の増加に留意する必要性が考えられた。Objective: This study aimed to clarify an association between the frequency of using ready-made meals (RMM) and intake of food groups and nutrients among community-dwelling adults. Methods: The study participants were community-dwelling residents aged 20–74 years in Ebetsu city, Hokkaido, Japan. The survey data were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire from July to August 2018. Intake of food group and nutrients was assessed using a validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. A total of 1,469 participants (625 men and 844 women) were eligible for the present analysis. To clarify an association between the frequency of using RMM and intake of food group and nutrients, we conducted an analysis of covariance. Results: Compared to participants using RMM less than once a week, male participants using RMM twice or more a week showed significantly lower intake of green and yellow vegetables, other vegetables, total dietary fiber, potassium, calcium, magnesium, folate, and Vitamin C. Women using RMM twice or more a week showed significantly lower intake of the above food groups and nutrients, beans, eggs, animal protein and fats, iron, zinc, copper, Vitamin (A, B1, B2, and B6), and niacin. Participants using RMM twice or more a week had a higher sodium-potassium ratio than those using RMM less than once a week. Conclusions: This study indicated that using RMM twice or more a week leads to a lower intake of food groups and nutrients and a higher sodium-potassium ratio. People who frequently use RMM should pay attention to increasing vegetable intake to decrease the sodium-potassium ratio.journal articl