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書籍紹介 : 『哺乳類学』小池伸介・佐藤淳・佐々木基樹・江成広斗著 : 2022年7月 東京大学出版会 発行 416頁 定価 4,400円 (本体4,400円+税)
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ユーラシア東部・南部地域における牧畜民・遊牧民の家畜由来の産物利用
Get PDFBulletinFor a long time, I investigated domestic animals and a meals in Mongolia, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, Yakut, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Bhutan. Historically, humans that lived in areas unsuitable for agriculture have raised livestock. However, there are many areas in the world where both agriculture and livelihood have been carried out. In the areas where grasses are unsuitable to eat by humans those are eaten by livestock and human have lived by using livestock. Livestock breeders who have lived on the Eurasian continent effectively have using not only milk and meat but also bones, skin, wool, leg tendons, and even the livestock feces. The uses of livestock-derived products are numerous and unique for each livestock breeding area. Livestock-derived products comprise most of the gel (a mobile tentrelated house) which is a house with a product derived from a domestic animal. Livestock-derived products do not have a direct influence on everday life as tools but they are used to make musical instruments, there by enriching peopleʼs lives. Products derived from livestock are time-consuming to make. However, unlike todayʼs chemical products, livestock-derived products have less impact on the environment because they are made of biodegradable ingredients and could be returned to nature. We need to think about how livestock-derived products can be used because our lives today are surrounded by mostly chemical products that burden the environment.departmental bulletin pape
Diagnostic value of transpulmonary thermodilution measurements for acute respiratory distress syndrome in a pig model of septic shock
Get PDFjournal article[Background] No direct approach assessing pulmonary vascular permeability exists in the current therapeutic strategy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Transpulmonary thermodilution measures hemodynamic parameters such as pulmonary vascular permeability index and extravascular lung water, enabling clinicians to assess ARDS severity. The aim of this study is to explore a precise transpulmonary thermodilution-based criteria for quantifying the severity of lung injury using a clinically relevant septic-ARDS pig model. [Methods] Thirteen female pigs (weight: 31 ± 2 kg) were intubated, mechanically ventilated under anesthesia, and either assigned to septic shock-induced ARDS or control group. To confirm the development of ARDS, we performed computed tomography (CT) imaging in randomly selected animals. The pulmonary vascular permeability index, extravascular lung water, and other hemodynamic parameters were consecutively measured during the development of septic lung injury. Lung status was categorized as normal (partial pressure of oxygen/fraction of inspired oxygen ≥ 400), or injured at different degrees: pre-ARDS (300–400), mild-to-moderate ARDS (100–300), or severe ARDS (< 100). We also measured serum inflammatory cytokines and high mobility group box 1 levels during the experiment to explore the relationship of the pulmonary vascular permeability index with these inflammatory markers. [Results] Using CT image, we verified that animals subjected to ARDS presented an extent of consolidation in bilateral gravitationally dependent gradient that expands over time, with diffuse ground-glass opacification. Further, the post-mortem histopathological analysis for lung tissue identified the key features of diffuse alveolar damage in all animals subjected to ARDS. Both pulmonary vascular permeability index and extravascular lung water increased significantly, according to disease severity. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated that a cut-off value of 3.9 for the permeability index provided optimal sensitivity and specificity for predicting severe ARDS (area under the curve: 0.99, 95% confidence interval, 0.98–1.00; sensitivity = 100%, and specificity = 92.5%). The pulmonary vascular permeability index was superior in its diagnostic value than extravascular lung water. Furthermore, the pulmonary vascular permeability index was significantly associated with multiple parameters reflecting clinicopathological changes in animals with ARDS. [Conclusion] The pulmonary vascular permeability index is an effective indicator to measure septic ARDS severity.journal articl
A survey of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli prevalence in wild mammals in Japan using antimicrobial-containing media
Get PDFjournal articleThe emergence and spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and resistance genes pose serious human and animal health concerns. Therefore, to control antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the environment, the status of antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in a variety of wild mammals and their prevalence were examined using antimicrobial-containing media. In total, 750 isolates were obtained from 274/366 (74.9%) wild mammals, and antimicrobial-resistant E. coli was detected in 37/750 isolates (4.9%) from 7 animal species (26/366 [7.1%] individuals). Using antimicrobial-containing media, 14 cefotaxime (CTX)- and 35 nalidixic acid-resistant isolates were obtained from 5 (1.4%) and 17 (4.6%) individuals, respectively. CTX-resistant isolates carried blaCTX-M-27, blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-1, and blaCMY-2, with multiple resistance genes. Fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates had multiple mutations in the quinolone-resistance determining regions of gyrA and parC or qnrB19. Most resistant isolates exhibited resistance to multiple antimicrobials. The prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria observed in wild mammals was low; however, it is essential to elucidate the causative factors related to the low prevalence and transmission route of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria/resistance genes released from human activities to wild animals and prevent an increase in their frequency.journal articl
Local cerebral blood flow assessment using transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in a dog with brain infarction in the right middle cerebral artery territory
Get PDFjournal articleA 12-year-old neutered male Chihuahua was diagnosed with acute brain infarction in the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) territory. Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) was performed to assess the local cerebral blood flow at the time of diagnosis and after 4 and 31 hr. Initially, the right MCA retained blood flow but with a lower cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV; 14.9 cm/sec) than the left MCA (27.9 cm/sec). The TCD vascular resistance variables were higher in the right than in the left MCA. An increase in the CBFV and a decrease in TCD vascular resistance variables were observed, consistent with improvements in neurological symptoms. TCD can be a non-invasive, and easy-to-use modality for bedside monitoring of cerebral edema and infarction.journal articl