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    Multiscroll attractors by switching systems

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    "In this paper, we present a class of three-dimensional dynamical systems having multiscrolls which we call unstable dissipative systems (UDSs). The UDSs are dissipative in one of its components but unstable in the other two. This class of systems is constructed with a switching law to display various multiscroll strange attractors. The multiscroll strange attractors result from the combination of several unstable "one-spiral" trajectories by means of switching. Each of these trajectories lies around a saddle hyperbolic stationary point. Thus, we describe how a piecewise-linear switching system yields multiscroll attractors, symmetric or asymmetric, with chaotic behavior.

    Sincronización generalizada entre sistemas Rössler y Lorenz con dinámica Interna

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    "Se investiga la sincronización generalizada (SG) entre los osciladores caóticos Rössler y Lorenz en una configuración maestro-esclavo. Para lograr la sincronización se diseña un controlador escalar por retroalimentación obtenido a partir de una transformación de coordenadas basada enAlgebra de Lie. La SG se logra en términos de los cambios de coordenadas al estabilizar el error de sincronización en las variables transformadas. En particular, se muestra la existencia de una SG parcial entre Rössler y Lorenz cuando el grado relativo de los sistemas es menor a su dimensión.

    Estudio teórico de los agregados de AgNCo usando la teoría de la funcional de la densidad

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    Tesis (Maestría en Ciencia de Materiales)"El presente trabajo es un estudio de la interrelación entre las propiedades estructurales y magnéticas de agregados de plata dopados con una impureza de cobalto. Estos sistemas muestran a nivel experimental interesantes efectos de estabilidad asociados a la presencia de capas electrónicas cerradas, en los cuales se sugiere que la impureza de cobalto pierde completamente su grado de libertad magnético [1]. Para clarificar el papel que juega la impureza de cobalto en las propiedades de estos agregados, hemos llevado a cabo un estudio de la estabilidad de agregados AgNCo en el marco de la teoría de primeros principios de la funcional de la densidad (DFT). Por lo tanto, para identificar las estructuras mas estables se llevo a cabo una optimización global de la geometría con un conjunto de estructuras de partida generadas con ayuda de la teoría de grafos. Para tomar en cuenta la posibilidad de tener distintos acoplamientos magnéticos entre la impureza de cobalto y los átomos de plata, la relajación estructural se llevó a cabo en valores representativos de espín total Los resultados muestran que para tamaños muy pequeños (N≤6) la impureza de cobalto preserva su grado de libertad magnético completamente saturado, favoreciendo las configuraciones magnéticas en los agregados AgNCo pero manteniendo distintos acoplamientos magnéticos con los átomos de plata dependiendo de la pariedad del número de electrones de valencia totales.""This thesis is a study of the interplay between structural and magnetic properties of silver clusters doped with a cobalt impurity. These systems exhibit interesting stability effects at experimental level related to the presence of closed electron shells, in which it is suggested that the cobalt impurity completely loses his magnetic degree of freedom [1]. To clarify the role of cobalt impurity in the properties of these aggregates, we made a study of the stability of the CoAgN-1 clusters in the first principles framework of the density functional theory (DFT). Therefore, to identify the most stable structures, it was carried out a global optimization of the geometry with a set of starting structures generated using graph theory. To take into account the possibility of different magnetic couplings between the impurity of cobalt and the silver atoms, the structural relaxation was carried out in different total spin states. The results have shown that for very small sizes ((N≤6)) in the CoAgN-1 clusters, the cobalt impurity preserves a saturated magnetic degree of freedom, favoring the magnetic behavior as well as keeping different magnetic couplings with the silver atoms depending on the parity of the total number of valence electrons.

    Competencia por sustrato durante el desarrollo de biomasa sulfatorreductora a partir de un lodo metanogénico en un reactor UASB

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    "En este trabajo se estudió la competencia entre microorganismos metanogénicos y sulfatorreductores utilizando un reactor anaerobio de lecho de lodo granular con flujo ascendente (UASB) a escala laboratorio, el cual fue usado para el enriquecimiento de biomasa sulfatorreductora a partir de un lodo granular de origen metanogénico. El reactor se alimentó con una mezcla de etanol y acetato, la carga orgánica se incrementó de 0.5 a 2 g de demanda química de oxígeno (DQO)/L–d a pH de 7.0. El consumo de DQO fue mayor a 90 % y la alcalinidad producida por la oxidación del sustrato incrementó el pH en el efluente hasta 8.0. A partir de los 50 días de operación, el reactor se alimentó con lactato y sulfato para promover la sulfatorreducción. La carga orgánica se aumentó de 1 a 3 g DQO/L–d con una relación DQO/Sulfato de 0.67 a un tiempo de retención hidráulico de un día. A los 194 días de operación del reactor el máximo consumo de DQO y sulfato obtenido fue de 94 y 22 %, respectivamente. La concentración total del sulfuro alcanzada fue de 310 mg S2–/L y la actividad sulfatorreductora de la biomasa fue de 0.29 g DQO–H2S/g SSV–d, lo que mostró el desarrollo de biomasa sulfatorreductora. La actividad metanogénica que se obtuvo fue de 0.35 g DQO–CH4/g SSV–d, estos resultados mostraron que los organismos metanogénicos no fueron desplazados por las bacterias sulfatorreductoras, coexistiendo ambos tipos de microorganismos en el lodo granular anaerobio al final de la operación del reactor.""In this work the competition between methanogenic and sulfate –reducing microorganisms was studied using a laboratory scale up–flow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASB), which was used for the enrichment of sulfate–reducing biomass from a methanogenic granular sludge. The reactor was fed with a mixture of ethanol and acetate and the organic loading rate was increased from 0.5 to 2 g chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L–d at pH of 7.0. The COD consumed was greater than 90 % and the alkalinity produced by the oxidation of the substrate increased the pH in the effluent up to 8.0. After 50 days of operation, the reactor was fed with lactate and sulfate to promote sulfate–reduction. The organic loading rate was increased from 1 to 3 g COD/L–d with a COD/sulfate ratio of 0.67 at a hydraulic retention time of one day. At 194 days of reactor operation, the maximum consumption of COD and sulfate obtained was 94 and 22%, respectively. Total sulfide concentration reached 310 mg S2–/L and the sulfate–reducing activity of the biomass was 0.29 g COD–H2S/g VSS–d, which demonstrated the development of sulfate reducing biomass. The methanogenic activity obtained was 0.35 g COD–CH4/g VSS–d, these results indicated that the methanogenic organisms were not displaced by the sulfate reducing bacteria, and both types of microorganisms coexisted in the anaerobic granular sludge at the end of reactor operation.

    Visualizing individual microtubules by bright field microscopy

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    "Microtubules are slender (similar to 25 nm diameter), filamentous polymers involved in cellular structure and organization. Individual microtubules have been visualized via fluorescence imaging of dye-labeled tubulin subunits and by video-enhanced, differential interference-contrast microscopy of unlabeled polymers using sensitive CCD cameras. We demonstrate the imaging of unstained microtubules using a microscope with conventional bright field optics in conjunction with a webcam-type camera and a light-emitting diode illuminator. The light scattered by microtubules is image-processed to remove the background, reduce noise, and enhance contrast. The setup is based on a commercial microscope with a minimal set of inexpensive components, suitable for implementation in a student laboratory. We show how this approach can be used in a demonstration motility assay, tracking the gliding motions of microtubules driven by the motor protein kinesin.

    Análisis molecular de la interacción microorganismo benéfico-planta en dos patosistemas: Trichoderma-arabidopsis y Trichoderma-tomate

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    Tesis (Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular)"Las plagas y las enfermedades de las plantas, se encuentran entre los principales factores que contribuyen a la pérdida de cultivos. El abuso en la utilización de compuestos químicos para el control de estas enfermedades, ha favorecido que los patógenos desarrollen resistencia a estos compuestos. Para reducir el impacto en el uso de los fungicidas, los microorganismos antagónicos de los fitopatógenos representan una alternativa viable para la supresión de las enfermedades. El presente trabajo de investigación se enfocó en estudiar el dialogo molecular entre plantas modelo y hongos promotores del crecimiento de las plantas. Utilizando cepas transformantes de Trichoderma atroviride que expresan a la proteína verde fluorescente demostramos que este hongo es capaz de penetrar y colonizar las raíces de Arabidopsis thaliana, cuyo efecto se vio reflejado en la promoción del crecimiento de la planta, así como en la inducción de la resistencia sistémica contra los fitopatógenos Pseudomonas syringae y Botrytis cinerea. Así mismo, demostramos que la colonización de Arabidopsis por T. atroviride indujo la expresión de genes relacionados con la resistencia sistémica adquirida (SAR), la resistencia sistémica inducida (SIR) y con la síntesis de camalexina. En un segundo capítulo, se analizó el papel de los genes sm-1 de T. atroviride y T. virens en la inducción de la respuesta sistémica en plantas de tomate. El gen sm-1 codifica para la proteína SM-1, una molécula inductora de la respuesta sistémica en plantas. En el presente trabajo demostramos que las cepas de T. atroviride y T. virens que sobreexpresan el gen sm-1 (OE) indujeron mayor resistencia sistémica en plantas de tomate contra Alternaria solani, B. cinerea y P. syringae comparadas con aquellas plantas inoculadas con las cepas silvestres (WT) o con las cepas mutantes nulas (KO). Así mismo, las plantas de tomate tratadas con las cepas OEs presentaron mayores niveles de inducción de genes relacionados con la SAR y la SIR, al compararlas con sus respectivas cepas WT o KO. En este trabajo demostramos por primera vez que Trichoderma spp. indujo un grupo de genes relacionados con la SIR y la SAR en plantas de tomate y Arabidopsis.""Plants pests and diseases are among the most important factors that produce economic lost on important crops. The intensive uses of pesticides to control diseases have provoked an increased resistance of microorganisms against such chemicals. To reduce the use of pesticides, the beneficial microorganisms show an alternative to control the plant diseases. This research was focused on the study of the molecular communication between model plants and plant growth promoting fungi. By means of a T. atroviride transformant that constitutively express the green fluorescent protein we demonstrated that this fungus is able to penetrate and colonize the Arabidopsis roots and that such effect on root colonization allow to an increased in plant growth. In addition, we showed that inoculated of plants with Trichoderma increased their resistance against the foliar pathogens Pseudomonas syringae and Botrytis cinerea. Furthermore, we showed that the Arabidopsis colonization by Trichoderma induced the level expression of a set genes related to the systemic acquired resistance, induced systemic resistance and camalexin synthesis. In a second chapter, we analyzed the role of the sm-1 genes of T. atroviride and T. virens on the induction of systemic resistance against phytopathogens during their interaction with tomato seedlings. The sm-1 gen encodes for the SM-1 protein, which has been classified as an elicitor of the systemic resistance in plants. Here, we showed that tomato plants inoculated with the T. atroviride and T. virens sm-1- overexpressing strains increased their resistance against the foliar pathogens Alternaria solani, B. cinerea y P. syringae when compared with the mocked plants or seedlings inoculated with the wild type (wt) or knockout strains (KO). Besides, we found that inoculated plants with the over-expressing strains showed higher transcription levels of the defense related genes to SAR and ISR pathways, when compared with respective WT or KO. This is the first report showing that Trichoderma induces SAR and ISR defense related genes in tomato and Arabidopsis plants and that SM-1 is an elicitor of such responses in tomato seedlings.

    Strain of Trichoderma harzianum with an antagonistic activity against plant pathogens, compositions containing the same and use thereof

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    "La presente invención describe y reclama una cepa novedosa del hongo Trichoderma harzianum NRRL-50453. La utilización de esta cepa disminuye considerablemente el uso abonos y de pesticidas químicos cuya fabricación y uso dañan el medio ambiente y la salud humana.""The present invention describes and claims a novel strain from the Trichoderma harzianum fungus NRRL-50453. The use of this strain reduces in a substantial manner the application of manures and chemical pesticides which manufacture and use damage the environment and human health.

    Estudio de la producción de hidrógeno en reactores UASB a partir de lodo granular

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    Tesis (Maestría en Ciencias Ambientales)"El hidrógeno (H2) es un gas con potencial para cubrir las necesidades energéticas principalmente del rubro de transporte ya que por cada kilogramo se obtienen 34x103 kcal y 9 kg de agua como único producto durante el proceso de combustión. Las celdas de combustible son capaces de usar directamente H2 para generar electricidad sin el deterioro de la calidad de aire y de los recursos naturales que ocasiona el uso de combustibles fósiles. Actualmente, el H2 proviene del procesamiento del gas natural e hidrocarburos. Sin embargo, el uso de fuentes renovables como la biomasa para la generación de H2 permite la utilización de materiales de desecho lo que la convierte en una fuente de energía limpia y sustentable. Entre las tecnologías utilizadas está la fermentación que permite la conversión de los carbohidratos en bio-hidrógeno (Bio-H2) y otros productos (ácidos y alcoholes). Los principales obstáculos para la aplicación práctica de esta tecnología se encuentran en los bajos rendimientos molar de hidrógeno (RMH) y velocidades volumétricas de producción de hidrógeno (VVPH). Procesos de fermentación continuos empleando bacterias inmovilizadas (gránulos) ofrecen altas VVPH y permiten el uso de reactores de menores dimensiones como el de lecho de lodo anaerobio de flujo ascendente (UASB). El tiempo de formación de gránulos con capacidad de producir Bio-H2 gránulos hidrogenogénicos: GH) en reactores UASB puede reducirse a través del uso de gránulos metanogénicos, formados en un reactor alterno, con tratamiento para su enriquecimiento en bacterias productoras de hidrógeno. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar el uso de gránulos metanogénicos para el desarrollo de GH. Experimentos en lote permitieron determinar que el tratamiento térmico inactiva la actividad metanogénica y obtener altas VVPH. El uso de la solución tampón de fosfatos de sodio y pH inicial 6 genera RMH (2.4 mol H2/mol glucosa) y contenido de H2 en el biogás (60 a 75%) superiores a los reportados en la literatura, así como VVPH (250 mL/L/h) comparables. En experimentos en continuo, llevados a cabo en reactores UASB, se evaluó el efecto que tiene la velocidad de carga orgánica (VCO), sobre el desempeño de los reactores. Inicialmente la VCO se aumento por medio de incrementos en la concentración de sustrato desde 5.3 hasta 17 g/L de glucosa. La máxima VVPH, 1650 mL H2/L/d y RMH de 0.6 mol H2/mol glucosa se obtuvieron a una VCO de 23.4 g DQO/L/d y TRH de 17 h.""Hydrogen (H2) has the potential to supply energy needed for transportation, given the fact that 34x103 kcal of energy is obtained and 9 kg of water as only residue per kg of gas is produced during the combustion process. Fuel cells are capable of use H2 directly to generate electricity without the deleterious effects on the air quality and natural resources due to the use of fossil fuels. Currently, H2 is produced from natural gas and hydrocarbon processing. However, the use of biomass for H2 production allows the reuse of organic waste materials making H2 production a source of clean and sustainable energy. Among the current technologies in use, fermentation allows to convert carbohydrates to bio-hydrogen (Bio-H2) and other products (acids and alcohols). Main obstacles for practical application of this technology are low hydrogen yields (HY) and low volumetric hydrogen production rate (VHPR). Continuous fermentation processes using immobilized bacteria (granular sludge) yield high VHPR and permit the use of smaller reactors such as the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. Time needed to form hydrogenogenic granules (hydrogen producing granules, H2PG) may be reduced through the use of methanogenic granular sludge treated for their enrichment in hydrogen producing bacteria. This work has the objective to evaluate the use of methanogenic granular sludge for the development of H2PG. Batch experiments showed that heat treating can suppress methanogenic activity of the methanogenic granular sludge obtaining high VHPR. The use of sodium phosphate buffer solution at initial pH of 6 generates higher values of HY, VHPR and H2 content in biogas than reported in literature. Continuous culture experiments, in UASB reactors, using the heat-treated methanogenic granular sludge were conducted. The effect of the organic loading rates (OLR) on the performance reactor was studied. OLR was changed by changing the substrate concentration and the HRT. Tested substrate concentrations were in the range of 5.3 to 17 g/L glucose. Maximum VHPR of 1650 mL H2/L/d and HY of 0.6 mol H2/mol glucose was obtained at an OLR of 23.4 g DQO/L/d and HRT of 17 h.

    Molecular and biochemical characterization of extracellular tannin acyl hydrolase activity from a Mexican isolate of Aspergillus niger

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    "Microbial tannase, a hydrolysable tannin-degrading enzyme, is extensively used in manufacture of instant tea, beer, wine, and gallic acid. Aspergillus niger strain, obtained from a Mexican tannery wastewaters rich in gallic acid [Quebracho Phenolics-rich Tannery Wastewaters, (QPTW)], displayed a good growth and tannase activity in a minimal medium added with 1% (w/v) QPTW (Kr= 0.451 mm.h-1). Using PCR and RACE 3´ and 5´methodologies, a complete cDNA of a tannase was cloned from this isolate.Nucleotide sequence of complete cDNA was of 4690 bp with a complete ORF of 1833 bp encoding 611 amino acids. Transcriptionalinduction was observed in mineral medium added with carbon sources as tannic acid alone (1 and 10 g/l), as well as mix of glucose(1 and 10 g/l) and tannic acid (1 g/l) in the media. However, neither glucose (1 and 10 g/l) and sucrose (1 and 10 g/l) nor (+)-catechin(1 and 10 g/l) as sole carbon sources displayed gene induction in in vitro assays. A. niger-GTO is a new strain with interesting characteristics for industrial tannase production purposes.

    Electronic and magnetic properties of Co and Ni impurities in Cu wires: first-principles investigation of local moment formation in one dimension

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    "The local moment formation in one-dimensional (1D) systems is investigated in the framework of a generalized gradient approximation to density-functional theory (DFT). The electronic and magnetic properties of Co and Ni impurities in finite Cu wires are determined as a function of experimentally relevant parameters such as wire length, impurity-host distance, impurity position within the wire, and total spin polarization S-z. Results are given for the interatomic equilibrium distances, relative stability of different total spin configurations, local magnetic moments in both Wigner-Seitz and Bader cells, electronic density of states at the impurity, and induced magnetic moments in the 1D metal including their coupling with the impurity. The calculations show that the optimal total spin polarization is one above the minimal value. In fact, for chains having an even number of Cu atoms, the ground-state total spin is S-z = 1 for Ni-doped wires and S-z = 3/2 for Co-doped wires. Both Co and Ni impurities preserve their magnetic degree of freedom and develop large local magnetic moments in all low-lying spin configurations (S-z <= 5/2). These almost completely saturated impurity moments are largely dominated by the d-electron contributions. In the ground-state the magnetic coupling between the impurity and the induced moments at the host atoms is ferromagneticlike. Thus, the local exchange energy dominates over hybridization and spin-fluctuation effects, at least in the framework of the present approximation to DFT. The local density of electronic states (LDOS) at the impurity is found to have essentially d character in the whole valence-band range. Large exchange splittings consistent with saturated d moments are observed, which imply a full minority-spin polarization of the LDOS at the Fermi energy epsilon(F). A remarkable correlation is revealed between the rotational symmetry and the degree of delocalization of the impurity states close to epsilon(F). Trends as a function of the local atomic environment are discussed.

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