Repository of the Department of Marine Studies at the University of Split
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Overview of invasive species of algae in the Adriatic sea
No full textU radu je napravljen pregled alohtonih i invazivnih vrsta algi iz odjeljka Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta i Chlorophyta u Jadranu tijekom razdoblja od 2014. do 2020. godine. Natječući se s autohtonim vrstama za hranu i prostor, invazivne vrste mogu doprinijeti drastičnom smanjenju biološke raznolikosti te potencijalno utjecati na gospodarstvo i zdravlje ljudi. U radu su obrađeni utjecaji invazivnih vrsta algi na autohtone organizme i metode kontroliranja širenja stranih i invazivnih vrsta koje je donijela Europska unija kako bi se spriječio njihov unos, međutim rano otkrivanje alohtonih vrsta uz edukaciju građana o invazivnim vrstama u ekosustavu zapravo jedino pomaže prilikom primjene istih.The paper reviewed allochthonous and invasive algae species from the Rhodophyta, Ochrophyta and Chlorophyta sections in the Adriatic during the period from 2014 to 2020. By competing with indigenous species for food and space, invasive species can contribute to a drastic reduction in biodiversity and potentially affect the economy and human health. The paper addresses the impacts of invasive algae species on indigenous organisms and the methods of controlling the spread of foreign and invasive species adopted by the European Union to prevent their intoduction, however, the early detection of allochthonous species while educating citizens about invasive species in the ecosystem actually only helps in their application
Application of microalgae in the food industry and the manufacture of nutraceuticals
No full textU ovom radu dan je pregled primjene mikroalgi u prehrambenoj industriji i proizvodnji
nutraceutika. Mikroalge su mikroskopski fotosintetski organizmi koji se mogu uzgajati u
otvorenim ili zatvorenim bioreaktorima. Zatvoreni su pogodniji jer štite uzgajani soj od
varijabilnih atmosferskih prilika i kontaminacije. Za rast im je potrebno osigurati dovoljnu
količinu svjetla i nutrijenata. Mikroalge obiluju velikom količinom visoko vrijednih spojeva
kao što su proteini, masne kiseline, pigmenti, vitamini i minerali zbog čega su sve popularnije
u prehrambenoj industriji. Njihova biomasa može se koristiti u proizvodnji gotovih proizvoda
i za direktnu konzumaciju. Potrošači zapadnih zemalja nisu navikli na morski okus mikroalgi
te ih preferiraju konzumirati kao dodatake prehrani koji se na tržište plasiraju u obliku kapsula,
tableta, praha i sirupa. Visoko vrijedni spojevi, plasirani na tržište kao nutraceutici, preveniraju
različite kronične bolesti te pomažu u njihovom liječenju. Mikroalge su manipulativni
organizmi, koji mogu povećati proizvodnja željenog visoko vrijednog spoja promjenom
uzgojnih uvjeta, što ih čini održivim resursom molekula koje doprinose zdravlju.This paper gives an overview of the application of microalgae in the food industry and in the
production of nutraceuticals. Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that can be
grown in open or closed bioreactors. Closed systems is more suitable because it protects the
cultivated strains from variable weather conditions and contamination. In order to grow, they
need to be provided with sufficient light and nutrients. Microalgae are rich in high-value
compounds such as proteins, fatty acids, pigments, vitamins and minerals, which makes them
increasing for food industry. Their biomass can be used for the production of ready-to-eat
products and for direct consumption. Consumers in western countries are not used to the taste
of algae and prefer to consume them as a food supplements, marketed in the form of capsules,
tablets, powders and syrups. High-value compounds, marketed as nutraceuticals prevent and
help treat various chronic diseases. Microalgae are manipulative organisms, which can increase
the production of the desired high-value compound by changing the growth conditions, making
them a new sustainableresource of health molecules
Diversity and spatial and temporal distribution of Cladocerans (Arthropoda, Branchiopoda) in plankton of Transitional waters
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu su predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja ekologije račića škrgonožaca
u vodama istočnog Jadrana pod znatnijim utjecajem slatkovodnih dotoka. Uzorci
zooplanktona su sakupljeni na pet postaja na područjima estuarija rijeka Krke, Zrmanje i u
delti Neretve te na postaji u otvorenom sjevernom Jadranu, tijekom svih sezona (zima,
proljeće, ljeto i jesen). Ukupna abundancija kladocera varirala je u širokom rasponu od 0,1
jed. m-3
(estuarij Zrmanje) do 1346 jed. m-3
u sjevernom Jadranu. Najveći rasponi abundancija
zabilježeni su u travnju, a najmanji u studenom. Zabilježene su marinske vrste Penilia
avirostris, Pseudevadne tergestina, Evadne spinifera, Evadne nordmanni, Podon intermedius
i Pleopis polyphemoides. Pojava slatkovodnih kladocera, Bosmina longirostris i Daphnia sp.
zabilježena je u zimsko-proljetnom periodu, kada su donesene u morski okoliš obilnijim
riječnim dotocima nakon kišnog razdoblja i topljenja snijega u zaleđu. Vrste P. intermedius,
P. polyphemoides i E. nordmanni dominantno su bile prisutne u zimsko-proljetnom razdoblju,
dok su se preostale vrste karakteristično javljale s većim abundancijama u toplijem dijelu
godine (P. tergestina, E. spinifera i P. avirostris). Analiza strukture populacija pojedinih vrsta
po spolu i stadijima ukazala je na kvantitativnu dominaciju partenogenetskih ženki;
nereproduktivne ženke nađene su samo kod vrste P. avirostris krajem ljeta, mužjaci vrsta P.
tergestina i E. nordmanni tijekom travnja i rujna, a gamogenetske ženke samo kod vrste E.
nordmanni. Kod jadranskih primjeraka nisu uočene veće razlike u dimenzijama i građi
taksonomski bitnih dijelova u usporedbi s ranije publiciranim opisima.This thesis presents the results of an ecological study of cladocerans in Eastern Adriatic
waters under significant freshwater influence. Zooplankton samples were collected at five
stations in the estuaries of the Krka and Zrmanja rivers and in the Neretva Delta, and at one
station in the open North Adriatic during all seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn).
The total abundance of cladocerans varied in a wide range from 0.1 ind. m-3
(Zrmanja River
estuary) to 1346 ind. m-3
in the northern Adriatic. The greatest variation in abundance was
observed in April and the least in November. Marine species Penilia avirostris, Pseudevadne
tergestina, Evadne spinifera, Evadne nordmanni, Podon intermedius and Pleopis
polyphemoides were found in the samples. The occurrence of freshwater cladocerans Bosmina
longirostris and Daphnia sp. was noted in the winter/spring period when they were brought
into the marine environment with abundant river water after the rainy season and snowmelt in
the hinterland. Species P. intermedius, P. polyphemoides, and E. nordmani were
predominantly present in the winter/spring, while the remaining species (P. tergestina, E.
spinifera, and P. avirostris) were more abundant in the warmer season. The analysis of the
population structure of each species by sex and stage showed the quantitative dominance of
parthenogenetic females; non-reproductive females were found only in the population of P.
avirostris at the end of summer, males of P. tergestina and E. nordmanni in April and
September, and gamogenetic females only in E. nordmanni. No major differences in
dimensions and morphology of taxonomically relevant body parts were found in Adriatic
individuals compared to previously published descriptions
Potential and safety of the application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in aquaculture
No full textCRISPR/Cas9 je tehnologija genetičkog uređivanja (GE) koja se temelji na istoimenom sustavu
imunosne obrane protiv strane DNA koja se nalazi kod arheja i bakterija. CRISPR (engl.
clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) predstavlja genetičke lokuse koji su
građeni od grupiranih pravilno razmaknutih kratkih ponavljajućih palindromskih sljedova
između kojih se nalaze tzv. razmaknice (engl. spacers) koje su ostaci genoma virusa ili
plazmida. Neposredno uz CRISPR lokus nalazi se Cas (engl. CRISPR-associated proteins)
operon koji kodira za različite enzime, nukleaze, i prilikom ponovnog susreta s
virusnom/plazmidnom DNA čije su sekvence sačuvane kao razmaknice, one služe za navođenje
nukleaza prema invadirajućoj DNA preko svoje RNA kopije. Ovo predstavlja najprecizniju
metodu genetičkog uređivanja do sada s velikim potencijalom primjene u biomedicini,
farmaceutskoj industriji, temeljnim istraživanjima, kao i agrikulturi, te akvakulturi.
Akvakultura predstavlja jedan od najbrže rastućih sektora proizvodnje hrane i smatra se da GE
tehnologija može pomoći u rješavanju problema kao što su otpornost na bolesti, sterilnost,
poboljšanje stope rasta, omega-3 metabolizam, međutim za preciznu primjenu ove tehnologije
potrebna su ulaganja u izradu kvalitetnih nacrta genoma vrsta, QTL studije, smanjenje
nespecifične stope GE uređivanja te F0 mozaicizam. Trenutno ne postoje specifični okviri i
smjernice za ocjenu rizika vezanog za GE organizme i proizvode razvijene pomoću GE
tehnologija, uključujući CRISPR/Cas9. Potrošači su skloniji prihvatiti GE tehnologiju ako se
koristi za poboljšanje zdravlja proizvodnih životinja i smanjenje ekološkog utjecaja industrije
proizvodnje proteina te ako pridonosi održivosti.CRISPR/Cas9 is a genetic editing (GE) technology based on the immune defense system
against foreign DNA found in archaea and bacteria. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced
short palindromic repeats) represents genetic loci built from grouped regularly spaced short
repeating sequences between interspersed with so-called spacers, which are the remains of the
virus or plasmid the host encountered. Cas (CRISPR-associated proteins) operon, next to
CRIPSR locus, codes for various nucleases, and upon re-encountering the viral/plasmid DNA,
encoded in spacers, they serve to guide nucleases towards the invading DNA via their RNA
copies. This represents the most precise method of genetic editing to date with great potential
for application in biomedicine, the pharmaceutical industry, basic research, as well as
agriculture and aquaculture. Aquaculture represents one of the fastest growing sectors of food
production and it is believed that GE technology can help solve problems such as disease
resistance, sterility, improvement of growth rate, omega-3 metabolism, however the precise
application of this technology requires investment in the production of good quality genome
drafts, QTL studies, reduction of off-target mutation rate in GE editing and F0 mosaicism.
Currently, there are no specific frameworks and guidelines for risk assessment related to GE
organisms and products developed using GE technologies, including CRISPR/Cas9.
Consumers are more likely to accept GE technology if it is used to improve the health and
welfare of production animals and reduce the environmental impact of the protein production
industry, and if it contributes to sustainability
Qualitative and quantitative composition of meiofauna sediment in the area of the city beach Bačvice in Split
No full textPrilikom izrade ovog diplomskog rada provedena su istraživanja kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog
sastava meiofaune u sedimentu na području plaže Bačvice u Splitu. Ručnim korerima su
prikupljeni uzorci na 2 postaje (P – picigin, T - tuš), u 2 različita razdoblja (studeni 2022. godine
i svibanj 2023. godine), te su sakupljena i obrađena ukupno 24 poduzorka. Nakon laboratorijske
obrade uzoraka pristupilo se prebrojavanju i identifikaciji organizama po skupinama te analizi
podataka, pri čemu je utvrđen ukupni broj skupina u sedimentu, gustoća organizama i struktura
zajednice na obje postaje, u oba razdoblja uzorkovanja. Na istraživanim postajama zabilježeno
je ukupno 8 taksonomskih skupina meiofaune: Nematoda, Copepoda, Turbellaria,
Gnathostomulida, Nemertina, Gastrotricha, Polychaeta, Tardigrada. Najzastupljenije skupine
na postajama, prilikom ovog istraživanja, su bile Nematoda i Copepoda, dok su ostale skupine
bile prisutne u manjem broju.During the preparation of this master's thesis, research on the qualitative and quantitative
composition of meiofauna of the sediment in the area of Bačvice Beach in Split was conducted.
Samples were collected using manual corers at 2 stations (P - picigin, T - tuš), during 2 different
periods (November 2022 and May 2023), resulting in a total of 24 sub-samples. After laboratory
processing of the samples, organisms were counted and identified by groups, and data analysis
were performed, including the determination of the total number of groups in the sediment,
density and community structure at both stations during both sampling periods. A total of 8
taxonomic groups of meiofauna were recorded at the surveyed stations: Nematoda, Copepoda,
Turbellaria, Gnathostomulida, Nemertina, Gastrotricha, Polychaeta, and Tardigrada. The most
represented groups at the stations were Nematoda and Copepoda, while the others were present
in smaller numbers
PRODUCTION AND REFINEMENT OF HIGH-QUALITY OIL FROM FISH BYPRODUCTS
No full textHrana morskog podrijetla je ukusna, hranjiva i zdrava zbog čega potražnja za njom raste na globalnoj razini. U tom pogledu riboprerađivačka industrija i akvakultura postaju jedni od najvažnijih sektora proizvodnje hrane. Trend prema proizvodnji gotovih visokokvalitetnih proizvoda zahtijeva više obrade pri čemu se stvaraju velike količine nusproizvoda, a umjesto njihovog bacanja, iskorištavanje nusproizvoda postaje važna industrijska zadaća. Nusproizvodi koji zaostaju u riboprerađivačkoj industriji sadrže mnoge visokovrijedne komponente poput višestruko nezasićenih masnih kiselina, bioaktivnih peptida, kolagena, enzima, minerala, vitamina i sl. Plavoperajna tuna (Thunnus thynnus), srdela (Sardina pilchardus), lubin (Dicentrarchus labrax) i komarča (Sparus aurata) važne su gospodarske vrste u preradi i uzgoju ribe u Republici Hrvatskoj, a njihovom preradom nastaju nusproizvodi koji su potencijalno kvalitetna sekundarna sirovina za proizvodnju ribljeg ulja. Cilj ovog rada bio je proizvesti i karakterizirati sirova ulja od nusproizvoda navedenih ribljih vrsta te ih pročistiti bez značajnijeg gubitka vrijednih komponenti. Najveći udio masti i najveći prinos ulja su zabilježeni za nusproizvode tune. U sirovim uljima i tijekom pojedinih faza rafinacije određeni su parametri kakvoće ulja i sastav masnih kiselina. Svi izmjereni parametri sirovih i rafiniranih ulja bili su unutar standardnih vrijednosti za kvalitetna riblja ulja. Kemijska rafinacija kroz četiri faze pokazala se učinkovita u smanjenju nečistoća u uljima, što je rezultiralo smanjenim vrijednostima sadržaja slobodnih masnih kiselina, peroksidnog broja, anisidin vrijednosti, malondialdehida i poboljšanjem oksidacijske stabilnosti ulja. Ulja su nakon rafinacije zadržala sadržaj visoko nezasićenih masnih kiselina i pogodan omjer n-6/n-3 te se poboljšao sastav hlapivih spojeva odgovornih za osjetni profil ulja. Korištenjem alternativnih sirovina za proizvodnju ribljeg ulja doprinosi se održivosti sektora ribarstva. Proizvodnja ulja iz nusproizvoda ribarske industrije može ponuditi rješenje koje će poboljšati gospodarenje otpadom i ekološki aspekt prerade ribe te dodati vrijednost otpadu.Fish and seafood is tasty, nutritious and healthy, increasing its demand on a global level. In this regard, the fish processing industry and aquaculture are becoming the most important sectors of food production. The trend towards the production of ready-to-eat high-quality products requires more processing, where large amounts of by-products are created, and instead of throwing them away, the use of by-products is becoming an important industry. By-products produced in the fish processing industry contain many high-value components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, bioactive peptides, collagen, enzymes, minerals, vitamins, etc. Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and sea bream (Sparus aurata) are important economic species of Croatian fish industry, and their processing produces by-products that are potentially high-quality secondary raw materials for the production of fish oil. The aim of this work was to produce and characterize crude oils from by-products of the mentioned species and to purify them without losing important components. The highest proportion of lipid and the highest yield of oil were recorded for tuna by-products. In crude oils and during individual stages of refining, oil quality parameters and fatty acid composition were determined. All measured parameters of crude and refined oils were within the standard values for high-quality fish oils. Chemical refining through four stages proved to be effective in reducing impurities in oils, which resulted in reduced values of free fatty acids, peroxide number, anisidine value, malondialdehyde, and improved oxidation stability of the oil. After refining, the oils retained their content of highly unsaturated fatty acids and a favorable n-6/n-3 ratio, and the composition of volatile compounds responsible for the sensory profile of the oil improved. The use of alternative raw materials for the production of fish oil contributes to the sustainability of the fishing sector. The production of oil from the by-products of the fishing industry can offer a solution that will improve waste management and the ecological aspect of fish processing and add value to the waste
Categorization of the viral population of the Kaštela bay using neural networks
No full textOligotrofni uvjeti, koji su karakteristični za veći dio Jadranskog mora, podrazumijevaju niske koncentracije hranjivih tvari s većim udjelom otopljenog u odnosu na partikulirani ugljik što rezultira velikom brojnosti prokariotskih heterotrofa (heterotrofne bakterije). Mikrobna hranidbena mreža prevladava unutar oligotrofnog morskog okoliša i kontrolirana je miješanjem i stratifikacijom vodenog medija, što u kombinaciji s temperaturom kontrolira dinamiku hranjivih tvari. Virusna komponenta mikrobne hranidbene mreže često je zanemarivana, no u kontekstu dinamike mikrobnih zajednica kao i regeneracije hranjivih tvari, ključni je dionik. Ovo istraživanje procijenjuje sezonsku distribuciju virusa kao i ostalih komponenti mikrobne hrandibene mreže unutar područja Kaštelanskog zaljeva pomoću analize umjetne neuronske mreže. Podaci izmjereni na prostorno-vremenskoj ljestvici su ispravno testirani primjenom dviju metoda: samoorganizirajuće mape i grupiranje oko k sredina. Analiza prikupljenih podataka rezultirala je formiranjem klastera (K1-K4). Svaki klaster opisuje virusnu komponentu kroz interakciju promjenjivih abiotičkih i biotičkih parametara.Oligotrophic conditions, which are characteristic of most of the Adriatic Sea, imply low concentrations of nutrients with a higher proportion of dissolved than particulate carbon, which results in a large number of prokaryotic heterotrophs (heterotrophic bacteria). The microbial food web predominates within the oligotrophic marine environment and is controlled by mixing and stratification of the water medium, which in combination with temperature controls nutrient dynamics. The viral component of the microbial food web is often neglected, but in the context of microbial community dynamics as well as nutrient regeneration, it is a key stakeholder. This research assesses the seasonal distribution of viruses as well as other components of the microbial breeding network within the Kaštela Bay area using an artificial neural network analysis. The data measured on the spatio-temporal scale were correctly tested using two methods: Self-Organizing Maps and K-mean Clustering. The analysis of the collected data resulted in the formation of clusters (K1-K4). Each cluster describes a viral component through the interaction of variable abiotic and biotic parameters
Qualitative-quantitative analysis of waste on the seabed of the shallow foreshore of the city of Split
No full textUnatoč tome što je morski otpad prepoznat kao jedan od glavnih ekoloških problema u svijetu, njegova količina i razina utjecaja i dalje raste. Otpad dospijeva u more svjesnim i nesvjesnim radnjama čovjeka te donosi brojne negativne utjecaje na okoliš, ekonomiju i društvo. Iako su se do sada provela brojna istraživanja o nakupljanju otpada na morskom dnu, na plažama ili na otvorenom moru, te njegovom kvalitativno-kvantitativnom sastavu, informacije za područja poput marina i lučica su relativno rijetke. U ovom su radu prikazani rezultati analize kvalitativno-kvantitativnog sastava otpada prikupljenog na morskom dnu ACI marine Split i lučice Spinut u Splitu. Na dnu ACI marine Split je pronađen 201 komad otpada ukupne mase 87,51 kg, dok je na dnu lučice Spinut pronađeno 45 komada ukupne mase 31,61 kg. Izmjerena gustoća otpada na dnu ACI marine Split je bila 2,5 komada/m², dok je u lučici Spinut bila 0,6 komada/m². Uz navedeno su izvršene analize otpada za svaku glavnu kategoriju: plastika, staklo-keramika, tkanina, metal, guma, građevinski materijal, drvo, papir i ostalo.Despite the fact that marine litter is recognized as one of the main problems in the world, its quantity and level of influence continues to grow. It reaches the sea through the conscious and unconscious actions of man and brings numerous negative impacts on the environment, economy and society. Although numerous qualitative-quantitative studies have been conducted so far on the accumulation of the marine litter on the seabed, on beaches or in the open sea, information for the areas such as nautical marinas and harbours is rare. This paper presents the results of the analysis of the qualitative-quantitative composition of the marine litter collected on the seabed of the ACI marina Split and the port Spinut in Split. 201 pieces of the marine litter with a total weight of 87.51 kg were found at the bottom of the ACI marina Split, while 45 pieces with a total weight of 31.61 kg were found at the bottom of the harbour Spinut. The density of marine litter at the bottom of ACI marina Split is 2.5 pieces/m², while at the port of the Spinut is 0.6 pieces/m². In addition to the above, marine litter analyses were made for each main category of the litter: plastic, glass-ceramic, fabric, metal, rubber, construction material, wood, paper and others
Unconventional fisheries products and their potential for industry
No full textSoljenje, mariniranje, sušenje i dimljenje tradicionalne su metode konzerviranja morskih
proizvoda od davnina, a danas se još uvijek uvelike upotrebljavaju u industrijskoj proizvodnji.
S napretkom tehnologije metode konzerviranja morskih proizvoda unaprijedile su se
ponajviše uvođenjem novih metoda pakiranja (pakiranje u modificiranoj atmosferi, aktivno
pakiranje, pametno pakiranje), inovacijama u procesima hlađenja i smrzavanja. To je
omogućilo da se procesima prerade podvrgnu i neke vrste koje nisu konvencionalne za
industrijsku preradu. U novije vrijeme plavi rak i morski trp sve su traženiji dio gastronomske
ponude. Obje su vrste cijenjene zbog svojega okusa, a u ovome radu opisani su i pojašnjeni
procesi njihova ulova, uzgoja i prerade te njihova prehrambena vrijednost. Nadalje,
analizirano je iskorištavanje morskog trpa i plavog raka u prehrambene svrhe kao
nekonvencionalnih proizvoda ribarstva te istaknute pozitivne strane njihove konzumacije.Throughout history, seafood preservation has relied on traditional methods such as salting,
marinating, drying, and smoking. These time-tested techniques continue to find extensive use
in today's industrial production of seafood. However, the evolution of technology has brought
about significant improvements in the preservation of marine products. These advancements
primarily involve novel packaging methods, including modified atmosphere packaging, active
packaging, and smart packaging, as well as innovations in cooling and freezing processes.
These innovations have expanded the possibilities of processing certain species that were
previously not considered for industrial production. In recent times, there has been a growing
demand for blue crab and sea cucumber in the gastronomic realm. Both of these species are
highly prized for their exceptional flavour profiles. This thesis aims to provide insights into
the capture, cultivation, and processing of these two species, shedding light on their
nutritional value. Furthermore, it delves into the utilization of sea cucumber and blue crab as
unconventional fishery products for culinary purposes, highlighting the numerous positive
aspects associated with their consumption
Marine organism stem cells
No full textU posljednje vrijeme sve veća pozornost
pridaje se istraživanju matičnih stanica Uz interes za
proučavanje bioloških fenomena vezanih za matične stanice, spoznalo se da iste mogu poslužiti
u prevenciji bolesti ili obnavljanju oštećenih organa. U radu je prikazan pregled kloniranja
(nespolnog razmnožavanja) kod morskih organizama te molekularni i evolucijski elementi
upotrebe somatskih matičnih stanica za nespolno kloniranje. Istraživanja karakterizacije tkiva
na molekularnoj razini i uloga različitih matičnih stanica uključenih u kloniranje su na početku
razvoja.Recently, a lot of attention has been focused on stem cell research. With an interest in studying biological phenomena related to stem cells, we realize that they can serve us in the prevention of disease or repair of damaged organs. This paper presents an overview of cloning (asexual reproduction) in marine organisms and molecular and evolutionary elements of the use of somatic stem cells in asexual cloning. Research on tissue characterizations at the molecular level and the role of the different stem cells involved in cloning are in early stage of development