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Učinkovitost analitičkih modela na bazi umjetnih neuronskih mreža u praćenju jabukova savijača te moljca kružnih mina i njegovih šteta
No full textCurrent climate change situation is putting increasing pressure on agricultural systems, particularly on pest phenology. The frequent spread of invasive species, unexpected pest outbreaks, and the development of additional generations are some of the current problems. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies therefore need to be changed, as do current monitoring techniques, which are increasingly unreliable and outdated. The need for more sophisticated, accurate, and efficient monitoring techniques is particularly necessary for economically important crops grown on large areas, such as apples. Apple production is threatened by numerous pests, the most important of which are from the butterfly order (Lepidoptera). Recently, artificial neural networks (ANN) have been increasingly used as a tool to build analytical models for automatic pest monitoring.
In this dissertation, ANNs are used as a tool to build analytical models for monitoring the most important apple pests from the order Lepidoptera, codling moth (Cydia pomonella(Linnaeus, 1758)) and pear leaf blister moth (Leucoptera malifoliella(O. Costa, 1836)), as well as the damage caused by pear leaf blister moth on apple leaves.
To develop the analytical models, datasetsof adhesivepads from traps and vegetation photos were collected in three apple orchards. The photos were annotated, resulting in 8142 annotations of codling moths, 4700 annotations of pear leaf blister moths, and 1880 annotations of damage to apple leaf (mines) by pear leaf blister moth. The results were statistically analyzed using the confusion matrix (CM).
The main results of the dissertation are that the developed analytical models based on ANNs showed excellent detection results with 99.3% accuracy in detecting codling moth, 98.13% in detecting pear leaf blister moth and 94.6% in detecting damage to apple leaves caused by pear leaf blister moth. With an accuracy in detecting and counting individuals of codling moth, pear leaf blister moth and its damage higher than > 90% compared to an expert, the developed models proved to be effective and the established hypotheses were confirmed. These developed models contribute to the introduction of new technologies involving analytical models based on ANNs in the field of crop protection. The use of these models provides comprehensive insight into the orchard situation, reliable monitoring of pests and their damage in real time, leading to targeted pest control, reduction of pesticide residues, and a lower ecological footprint.Klimatske promjene uzrokuju probleme u svim aspektima poljoprivredne proizvodnje, pa tako i u praćenju i suzbijanju štetnika. Fenologija kukaca pod velikim je utjecajem klimatskih promjena. Promjene u temperaturi zraka izravno utječu na njihovu biologiju i ekologiju, dovode do povećanja reprodukcije, što uzrokuje pojavu dodatnih generacija kod brojnih štetnika, a time i posljedično većih šteta na usjevima. Osim sve većeg širenja invazivnih vrsta na nova područja, klimatske promjene imaju izravan utjecaj i na širenje neinvazivnih vrsta štetnika. S obzirom da se uvjeti pojave štetnika stalno mijenjaju, potrebno je prilagoditi metode njihovog praćenja. Metode integrirane zaštite bilja razvijene su kako bi se smanjili negativni utjecaji poljoprivrede na okoliš, a povećali prinosi i ekonomska isplativost proizvodnje. Međutim, ovakav pristup u posljednje vrijeme postaje sve manje praktičan i pouzdan, stoga se razvijaju prilagođene strategije za praćenje i suzbijanje štetnika, kako bi se odgovorilo na promjene klimatskih uvjeta. U posljednje vrijeme, sve više se primjenjuju umjetne neuronske mreže (eng. artificial neural network, ANN) kao alati za izradu modela za automatsko praćenje štetnika. Danas se neuronske mreže primjenjuju u mnogim segmentima života poput medicine, strojarstva i poljoprivrede. Većina modela dubokog učenja temelji se na umjetnim neuronskim mrežama, a korištenje dubokog učenja za automatsku detekciju štetnika putem fotografija sve se više primjenjuje u svrhu pravovremenog otkrivanja napada.
Potreba za korištenjem automatskih sustava za praćenje štetnika osobito se ističe kod kultura koje se uzgajaju na velikim površinama, poput jabuke. Najznačajniji štetnici jabuke su kukci iz reda Lepidoptera - jabukov savijač (Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758)) čije se gusjenice razvijaju u plodu i moljac kružnih mina (Leucoptera maifoliella (O. Costa, 1836)) čije se gusjenice razvijaju u listu jabuke. Populacija navedenih vrsta kukaca prati se pomoću feromona te se temeljem njihove brojnosti i pogodnosti klimatskih uvjeta za razvoj donose odluke o suzbijanju. U suzbijanju se najčešće koriste kemijske mjere što je dovelo do pojave rezistentnosti, stoga postoji opravdanost za razvojem i implementacijom automatskih sustava za praćenje navedenih štetnika jabuke.
Uzevši u obzir važnost ovih štetnika u proizvodnji jabuke, do sada je razvijeno nekoliko modela za praćenje jabukova savijača, međutim za razvoj učinkovitog analitičkog modela za praćenje štetnika potrebno je fotografije prikupljati na terenu, kako bi one predstavljale što pouzdaniji materijal za učenje i izradu modela. Kod svakog od do sada razvijenih modela za praćenje jabukova savijača potrebna su značajna poboljšanja u vidu točnosti, preciznosti i osjetljivosti, kao i u vidu manje potrošnje energije. Razvijeno je također i nekoliko modela za detekciju šteta od moljca kružnih mina. Da bi navedeni model bio potpuno učinkovit u pravovremenom otkrivanju napada, ključno je da uz štete na listovima, model prati i brojnost populacije odraslih jedinki moljca kružnih mina, jer se na taj način može ranije intervenirati i spriječiti nastanak oštećenja. Takav sustav za praćenje moljca kružnih mina do sada nije razvijen i ne postoji na tržištu. Nadalje, prema podacima iz literature, do sada razvijeni modeli za detekciju štetnika razvili su točnost detekcije veću od 90 % u odnosu na vizualni pregled stručnjaka, stoga se takvi modeli smatraju učinkovitima.
S obzirom na navedeno, postavljene su sljedeće hipoteze istraživanja : 1. Analitički model na bazi umjetnih neuronskih mreža u odnosu na vizualni pregled stručnjaka ima točnost prepoznavanja i prebrojavanja jedinki jabukova savijača i moljca kružnih mina višu od 90 %. 2. Analitički model na bazi umjetnih neuronskih mreža u odnosu na vizualni pregled stručnjaka ima točnost prepoznavanja i prebrojavanja šteta na listu od moljca kružnih mina višu od 90 %.
Stoga su ciljevi istraživanja u sklopu disertacije bili: 1. Izraditi analitički model za prepoznavanje i prebrojavanje jedinki jabukova savijača i moljca kružnih mina te utvrditi njegovu učinkovitost. 2. Izraditi analitički model za prepoznavanje i prebrojavanje šteta od moljca kružnih mina te utvrditi njegovu učinkovitost
Tijekom istraživanja u svrhu razvoja analitičkih modela podaci su prikupljani u tri voćnjaka jabuke. Tijekom jedne vegetacijske sezone prikupljeno je 430 fotografija ljepljivih ploča jabukova savijača, 400 fotografija ljepljivih ploča moljca kružnih mina i 400 fotografija krošnje jabuke u svrhu detekcije šteta na listu. Prikupljene fotografije su zatim označavane (anotirane), što je rezultiralo s 8142 anotacija jabukova savijača, 4700 anotacija moljca kružnih mina i 1880 šteta na listu (mina).
Nakon prikupljanja svih potrebnih podataka pristupilo se izradi analitičkih modela. Izrada modela na bazi umjetnih neuronskih mreža započinje definiranjem seta ulaznih i izlaznih varijabli te prilagodbom podataka potrebama razvoja modela. Ulazne varijable su prikupljene i označene fotografije manjih dimenzija 640x640 piksela, od originalne fotografije dimenzija 4000 x 3900 piksela. Kako bi se povećao broj fotografija na ulazu u umjetnu neuronsku mrežu, koristile su se i transformacije ulazne fotografije. Arhitektura umjetne neuronske mreže korištena u istraživanju u sklopu ove disertacije je EfficientDet 4 koja pokazuje najbolju kvalitetu detekcije objekata u fotografiji. Za izradu modela korišten je programski jezik Python 3.6 i biblioteka za umjetne inteligencije Tensorflow.
Baza podataka, odnosno označenih fotografija podijeljena je na tri seta: set za trening, set za validaciju i set za test modela. Za trening modela koristilo se 80-95 % nasumično odabranih fotografija, preostalih 5-20 % fotografija koristilo se za validaciju (provjeru kvalitete modela tijekom same izrade), a za test modela koristilo se 30 novih fotografija, koje nisu korištene u prethodnim fazama razvoja. Validacija modela provodi se korištenjem različitih osnovnih statističkih elemenata koji definiraju preciznost detekcije objekata, kao i određenih statističkih indikatora. Testiranje modela, tj. provjera njegove kvalitete nakon ukupne izrade, provodi se zbog važnosti rada modela u praksi. Dobiveni rezultati testiranja modela statistički su se analizirali primjenom matrice zabune (eng. confusion matrix). Matrica se sastoji od 4 kategorije (TP - true positive, TN - true negative, FP - false positive i FN – false negative).
Glavni rezultati disertacije pokazali su da razvijeni analitički modeli pokazuju izvrsne rezultate detekcije s 99,3 % točnosti u detekciji jabukova savijača, 98,13 % točnosti u detekciji moljca kružnih mina i 94,6 % točnosti u detekciji oštećenja listova jabuke od moljca kružnih mina. Uzevši u obzir da je točnost prepoznavanja i prebrojavanja jedinki jabukova savijača, moljca kružnih mina i šteta na listu od moljca kružnih mina veća od 90 % u odnosu na vizualni pregled stručnjaka, razvijeni modeli pokazali su se učinkovitima, a postavljene hipoteze prihvaćene.
Primjenom ovih modela, omogućava će se detaljan i sveobuhvatan uvid u stanje voćnjaka jabuke. Model za praćenje odraslih oblika moljca kružnih mina, kao i modeli koji omogućuju kompletan uvid u situaciju u voćnjaku jabuke do sada ne postoje na tržištu i prvi put su predstavljeni u sklopu ove disertacije. Razvijeni modeli doprinose automatskom praćenju štetnika i održivoj proizvodnji jabuke. A znanstveni doprinos ove disertacije je u implementaciji novih tehnologija koje uključuju analitičke modele na bazi umjetnih neuronskih mreža u području zaštite bilja. Što se odnosi na razvoj sustava ranog uočavanja štetnika i primjenu analitičkih modela na bazi umjetnih neuronskih mreža u detekciji ekonomskih štetnika jabuke (jabukova savijača te moljca kružnih mina i njegovih šteta). Primjenom navedenih tehnologija unaprijedila bi se zaštita bilja, te smanjio ekološki otisak u voćarskoj proizvodnji
THE PROCESS OF ESTABLISHING THE TRUTH AS THE BASIS OF CRIMINAL LAW: A CRITICAL EVALUATION
No full textMaterijalna istina kojoj se teži u pravu zasniva se na činjeničnom stanju i izražava
se u podudarnosti predodžbe o utvrđenim činjenicama sa stvarnim stanjem. Ovaj
rad sagledava traženje materijalne istine odnosno utvrđivanje činjeničnog stanja u
pravnim procesima iz epistemičke perspektive. Epistemička odgovornost pravnih
sustava je osigurati procese koji će dovesti do objektivno razumnog uvjerenja da su
istine o nekim činjenicama, pri ocjeni izvedenih dokaza, doista točne, ali proces
utvrđivanja činjeničnog stanja koje odgovara materijalnoj istini može podbaciti jer
ovisi o pristranostima kojima su ljudi skloni prilikom svjedočenja i donošenja odluka,
ali i o postojećim procesima na kojima se neki pravni sustav temelji. U ovom se
radu propitkuje održivost veritističkog svojstva u pravnom postupku, a hipoteza koja
se postavlja je da bi se ispravna presuda trebala temeljiti na ispravnim postupcima
traženja materijalne istine, a ti su postupci ispravni u onoj mjeri u kojoj promiču
ispravne prosudbe, odnosno objektivno razumna uvjerenja da su istine o nekim
činjenicama, pri ocjeni izvedenih dokaza, doista točne. Analizom pravnih procesa te
uz korištenje empirijskih primjera i relevantnih istraživanja promatra se proces
spoznaje i prosuđivanja pojedinaca i skupine prilikom donošenja odluka u pravnom
postupku te komparacija utvrđivanja materijalne istine u kontinentalnom i
anglosaksonskom pravnom sustavu. Znanstveni doprinos ovog rada je identifikacija
izazova za utvrđivanje materijalne istine, evaluacija postojećih praksi te definiranje
utjecaja pristranosti prilikom iznošenja iskaza, oblikovanja uvjerenja i donošenja
odluka, a sve u cilju poboljšanja postojećih modela u pravnim procesima i uspostavi
postupaka za pouzdanije predviđanje ponašanja uključenih aktera. Zaključuje se
kako je epistemička odgovornost pravnih sustava neupitna, a pravna edukacija svih
aktera u pravnom procesu neophodna te kako promicanje i prihvaćanje
interdisciplinarnosti može biti korektiv postojećih pravnih praksi i omogućiti
približavanje njihovu epistemičkom cilju.The material truth sought in law starts from the factual state and is expressed in the
correspondence of the conception of facts with the actual state. This paper
examines the search for material truth, that is, the determination of the factual
situation in legal processes from an epistemic perspective. The epistemological
responsibility of legal systems is to provide procedures that, when evaluating the
evidence presented, lead to the objectively justified conviction that the truths about
certain facts are true. However, the process of determining what is factually true
may fail because it depends on the biases to which people are prone during
testimony and decision-making, but also on the existing processes on which a legal
system is based. This paper questions the sustainability of the veritistic feature in
the legal process and hypothesizes that a correct judgment should be based on
correct procedures of searching for material truth, and these procedures are correct
to the extent that they promote correct judgments, that is, objectively reasonable
beliefs that they are true concerning some facts when evaluating the presented
evidence, really correct. Through the analysis of legal processes and the use of
empirical examples and relevant research, the process of cognition and judgment of
individuals and groups is observed when making decisions in legal proceedings, as
well as a comparison of the determination of material truth in the continental and
Anglo-Saxon legal systems. The scientific contribution of this work is to identify
challenges in determining material truth, evaluating existing practices, and defining
the influence of bias in the presentation of testimony, formation of beliefs, and
decision-making, all to improve existing models in legal processes and create
procedures for more reliable prediction of the behavior of the actors involved. The
conclusion is that the epistemic responsibility of legal systems is unquestionable the
legal education of all participants in the legal process is necessary, and that the
promotion and acceptance of interdisciplinarity can be a corrective to existing legal
practices and enable them to approach their epistemic goal
Space of home in Croatian war of independence movies
No full textU disertaciji se istražuje tvorba prostora doma u suvremenom hrvatskom društvu kroz njegove prezentacije u igranofilmskom mediju. Filmski scenski prostori doma razumiju se kao heterotopijski kaoprostori, odnosno refleksije stvarnih prostora te se razmatraju kao bilo koji drugi društveno proizvedeni i konstruirani prostori stanovanja u kojima se značenja kontinuirano reinterpretiraju i o njima pregovaraju ovisno o promjenama doživljaja i predstavljanja društvene stvarnosti. Uzimajući u obzir stanovanje kao polilokalni i višerazinski kontinuirani proces, analizi tvorbe doma se pristupa iz nekoliko perspektiva. Kao prvo, radi se o razmatranju predodžbi o domu kao mjestu zaštite i sigurnosti, mjestu pripadanja i mjestu tvorbe identiteta te kao drugo, analizi procesa umještanja, oprostorenja i opredmećenja predodžbi u konkretnim fizičkim lokacijama, objektima i predmetima. Kao treće, istražuju se načini na koje se društva i kulture reflektiraju u svakodnevnim, periodičnim i ritualnim kućnim praksama. Kao četvrto, detektira se set afekata i osjećaja vezanih uz međuodnos prostora doma, stanara i vanjskih čimbenika. Kao peto, stanovanje se razmatra i kroz utjecaj prostora doma na konstrukciju drugih prostora stanovanja, doma Drugog i šireg opsega zavičaja i domovine. Tvorba prostora doma zahvaćena je u prijepornim okolnostima ratnog i poslijeratnog stanovanja, stoga filmska građa obuhvaća hrvatske igrane filmove s temom Domovinskog rata nastale u periodu od osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske gotovo do danas (1991. - 2023.). Etnografskim kvalitativnim metodama vizualne analize i gustog opisa filmske građe identificiraju se materijalne, izvedbene i afektivne manifestacije predodžbi o domu i stanovanju u prostorvremenu nastanka pojedinog filmskog djela. Kroz analizu i sintezu istraživačkih rezultata definiraju se značenja koja se pridaju prostoru doma i stanovanju u hrvatskoj suvremenosti te dijalektički procesi upisivanja realnih prostora u filmsku priču i filmskih likova, događaja i prostora u življenu realnost, kao i u karte društvenog sjećanja vezanog uz konstrukt doma.The dissertation explores the formation of domestic space in contemporary Croatian society through its presentations in the medium of feature films. The cinematic domestic spaces are understood as heterotopic spaces, reflections of real spaces, and are considered like any other socially produced and constructed living spaces in which meanings are continuously reinterpreted and negotiated depending on changes in the perception and representation of social reality. Taking into account dwelling as a polylocal and multilevel continuous process, the analysis of home-making is approached from several perspectives. Firstly, there is an examination of notions of home as a place of protection and security, a place of belonging, and a place of identity formation. Secondly, there is an analysis of the processes of emplacement, spatialization, and objectification of conceptions in specific physical locations, objects, and things. Thirdly, the ways in which societies and cultures are reflected in everyday, periodic, and ritual household practices are explored. Fourthly, a set of affects and feelings related to the interrelationship between the space of the home, its inhabitants, and external factors is detected. Fifthly, dwelling is considered through the influence of domestic space on the construction of other living spaces and the broader range of homeland. The home making is affected by the contentious circumstances of wartime and post-war living, thus the film material encompasses Croatian feature films with themes related to the Croatian War of Independence (1991-1995) produced from the period of Croatia's independence almost until today (1991-2023). Ethnographic qualitative methods of visual analysis and thick description of film material are used to identify materialistic, performative, and affective manifestations of conceptions about home and dwelling in the spatiotemporal context of the production of each film. Through the analysis and synthesis of research results, the meanings attributed to the space of the home and dwelling in Croatian contemporaneity are defined, as well as the dialectical processes of inscribing real spaces into the film narrative, as well as into the maps of social memory related to the construction of home. After the introductory discussion defining the theoretical framework, hypotheses, and research objectives, the second chapter delves into the filmological and cultural anthropological premises of the creation of cinematic domestic space. It elaborates on the filmological understanding of cinematic domestic space as one of the fundamental factors contributing to the resemblance of the cinematic world to the real one, resulting in viewers' recognition and identification with fiction. On the other hand, it presents a cultural anthropological perspective that defines cinematic domestic spaces as social products and constructs that take on characteristics of the real world to which they refer. Drawing on the anthropology of space and place and social memory, cinematic domestic space is defined as heterotopic make-believe space in which film narratives are continuously inscribing meanings as well as the social environment that created them, forming the basis for the construction of social memory related to concepts of home and dwelling. The comprehensive chapter on theoretical approaches is dedicated to the conceptualization of domestic space. It presents key theoretical approaches to the space and place of the home, starting from classical ethnological and cultural anthropological research on home space as a kind of "container," through the reinterpretation of the theme of home in postmodern criticism to more recent research. It explores the sequence of five dominant research perspectives, each focusing on a specific aspect of dwelling, upon which this research is also based. Therefore, the chapter is divided into five sections identifying the key concepts related to understanding the dialectical relationship between residents and home: (1) ideas of home, (2) materialization, (3) dwelling practices, (4) emotionalization of domestic space, and (5) measures and scopes of home. The third chapter contains the basic principles of the methodological approach to film analysis. The relationship between domestic space and inhabitants is understood as a process in which individuals and communities continuously inscribe meanings into places, assuming that what is inscribed in space can be read from space. Therefore, the chapter presents a method of reading cinematic domestic spaces as thick description based on qualitative visual analysis of film images, content analysis, pattern detection, and visual anthropology, i.e., comparative analysis and synthesis in the form of ethnographic writing. The second part interprets the ethnographic inside-outside position of the researcher, who is firstly an architect and production designer involved in designing of the cinematic space, and secondly, an ethnologist and cultural anthropologist engaged in researching home-making. In the fifth chapter, the circumstances of the emergence of the new Croatian cinema (following the independence of the Republic of Croatia after the dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia in 1991) are outlined, along with the factors that influenced Croatian film authors' focus on themes of home and the War of Independence (1991-1995). The second part interprets the process of film selection by detecting the interrelationship between home and the War of Independence in each individual film. The following five chapters present ethnographic descriptions of the research, namely the analysis of cinematic domestic space as depicted in selected feature films, through five research perspectives. The first section encompasses the cinematic representations of home in the context of wartime living through three perspectives: (1) home as a place of protection and security, (2) home as a place of belonging, and (3) home as a place of identity-making. In the first section, the ways in which the home space protects its inhabitants are examined, as well as the ways in which the inhabitants protect their home, with a particular focus on the vulnerabilities and porousness of the home in wartime conditions. In the second section related to the concept of belonging of inhabitants to the space and place of the home is explored, as well as the belonging of inhabitants to the community, shared values, and way of life. Belonging to the home is discussed through horizontal and vertical connections, processes of rooting, disputes related to claiming rights to a particular territory, and themes of eviction of inhabitants from their homes. The third section deals with the dialectical relationship between the identities of the inhabitants and the identities of the home. The type of the identity of dwelling developed in wartime conditions is discussed, especially among soldiers, as well as the themes of individual emancipation and/or resistance to social norms. The second research section focuses on the materialization of the home through the investigation of cinematic emplacement, spatialization, and objectification of the notion of home. Firstly, it examines how the selected location of the home reflects the film's inhabitants and their way of life, as well as the idea of the film's narrative. Including themes such as naming or the ways in which the actual location is inscribed into the film narrative are explored, as well as how the film is inscribed into real spaces. Through analyses of the type of houses, architectural elements, rooms, and liminal zones, it is determined how the design of physical space reveals the characters, their biographies, and their relationships with others. Special attention in this chapter is devoted to objects, both those that represent the background of the plot describing the social and cultural context of dwelling, and those that serve as objects of identification in the cinematic narrative, triggers of action, or vectors of memory of people, places, and events from the past. The third research section turns to the consideration of home as a process. It analyzes the construction of home through everyday household practices, such as dining or maintaining cleanliness of the home and its inhabitants, observed in the extreme circumstances of war. Forms of wartime living characterized as the "new normal" are identified, aiming to reveal the adaptability of the home space and its inhabitants to changes. Special attention is given to the practice of watching television as a factor in family gathering. The second part of this section deals with commemorative practices as the most common ones in wartime circumstances, as well as the significance that inhabitants attribute to the place and ritual of burial. The fourth section comprises a group of themes related to the complex set of feelings that inhabitants develop in, towards, and about the home, as well as towards other household members. Firstly, it examines the ways in which affective states of being-at-home are depicted in films, with a special focus on privacy, solidarity, comfort, and love. In the second part of this section, the methods by which filmmakers create a specific atmosphere of the home space to achieve a certain planned impression are discussed, with the scolar drawing on personal experience working on some of the analyzed films. The third part analyzes circumstances in which the affect of being-at-home takes on negative, unhomely values. At the end of the chapter, questions regarding social and personal memories embedded in cinematic narratives are raised. Additionally, the section explores the film medium as a vector of memory of recent Croatian history, as well as the role of cinematic storytelling in the politics of memory. In the final research section, the theme of different measures and scopes of home is opened through the concept of polylocal dwelling, which is examined through four different manifestations of home. In the first part, heterotopic manifestations of home, such as refugee or military housing, are analyzed with the aim of detecting the interactions between the primary home and all other places of residence. The second part discusses cinematic depictions of utopian places of dwelling, such as cemeteries as eternal resting places and sacred objects as the dwelling place of God, in terms of understanding dwelling as a conception beyond existing reality. In the third part, cinematic depictions of the primary home and the home of the Other are compared, conceptualized in the analyzed films either as the enemy's home or as a home located beyond the reach of war. In the final research section, the concept of homeland is discussed, including the ways in which notions of home are reflected, manifested, constructed, and felt on a broader scale, taking into account wartime and post-war circumstances. In the conclusion of the research, through comparative analysis and synthesis, the research results are presented as a "picture of home" in the spatiotemporal social and cultural context of the creation of the film work, detecting changes in meanings and circumstances of dwelling in Croatian contemporaneity over a period of almost thirty years
Employees' views on the impact of corporate communication on the creation of corporate identity : final paper
No full textPregled teorija koje se bave korporativnim identitetom ukazuje na to da pozitivistička tradicija dominira nad istraživanjima korporativnog identiteta, a kao potvrda tomu navodi se primjer vizualne manifestacije stvarnosti organizacije koja se prenosi kroz ime poduzeća, logotip, moto, proizvode, usluge, zgrade, tiskanice, uniforme i sve ostale opipljive dijelove poduzeća1. Upravo se navedeni opipljivi elementi smatraju takozvanim vizualnim identitetima koji prenose sliku poduzeća pomoću koje se vrijednosti, misija i vizija lakše pozicioniraju u svijesti zaposlenika, ali i javnosti. Najnovije studije, Tourkey i drugi (2020) u svom istraživanju identificiraju sljedećih šest ključnih dimenzija korporativnog identiteta, a to su komunikacija, vizualni identitet, ponašanje, organizacijska kultura, upravljanje dionicima i vođenje utemeljeno na vrijednosti osnivača. Ovo istraživanje identificira istaknute dimenzije korporativnog identiteta i po prvi put, ulogu transformacijskog vodstva osnivača, identifikacije zaposlenika i ponašanja voditelja najvišeg menadžmenta kao ključnih dimenzija i poddimenzija korporativnog identiteta. Nadalje, prema Bargenda (2020) korporativno umijeće postiže sinergiju između kulture i kapitala, unutarnje i vanjske komunikacije i na taj način nudi značajne mogućnosti za inovativnu marketinšku komunikaciju i strategije izgradnje identiteta. Praktične implikacije njene studije su u tome što daju uvid u to kako korporativno umijeće međusobno surađuje s inovacijama vezanim uz marke, pomažući menadžerima u dugoročnim odlukama o markiranju na bazi vrijednosti i izgradnji identiteta. Ovaj rad želi proširiti razumijevanje strateške aktivnosti korporativnog komuniciranja u vezi s nastajanjem i održavanjem korporativnog identiteta i njegovih učinaka. Konkretno, istražuje se korelacija između korporativnog komuniciranja i identiteta, dodatno akcentuirano sa stajalištem zaposlenika u poduzeću Končar-Električni uređaji d.d. te se analizira veza između upravljanja identitetom poduzeća, stavova i ponašanja zaposlenika, koje oni komuniciraju. Rezultati pokazuju kako bi poduzeća trebala obratiti posebnu pažnju na upravljanje identitetom korporativnog brenda s obzirom na njegov utjecaj na predanost zaposlenika svojim poduzećima, kao i na uspješnost i zadovoljstvo identitetom kojem organizacijski pripadaju, a što su sve faktori koje zaposlenici verbalno i neverbalno komuniciraju, kako u okviru konvencionalne stvarnosti, tako i one virtualne putem mrežnih stranica.A review of theories dealing with this topic has proven that the positivist tradition dominates corporate identity research, as evidenced by the example of a visual manifestation of corporate reality conveyed through the name of the organization, logo, motto, products, services, buildings, stationery, uniforms and all other tangible parts of the corporation. It is these tangible elements that are considered so-called visual identities that convey the image of the corporation by which the values, mission, and vision of the organization itself are more easily positioned in the minds of employees and the public. Recent studies, such as the one by 2020 authored by Tourkey et al., Identify the following six key dimensions of corporate identity in their findings, namely communication, visual identity, behavior, organizational culture, stakeholder management, and founder-based leadership. This research identifies prominent dimensions of corporate identity and, for the first time, the role of founding transformational leadership, employee identification, and top management behavior as key dimensions and subdimensions of corporate identity. Furthermore, the author Bargenda in a self-conducted 2020 study finds that corporate art achieves synergy between culture and capital, internal and external communication, and thus offers significant opportunities for innovative marketing communication and identity-building strategies. The practical implications of her study are that they provide insight into how corporate art interacts with brand-related innovations, assisting managers in long-term value-based and identity-building branding decisions. This paper seeks to broaden the understanding of the strategic activity of corporate communication concerning the emergence and maintenance of corporate identity and its effects. Specifically, the correlative concept of corporate communication and identity is explored, additionally accentuated by the attitude of employees in the company Končar-Electrical equipment Inc. and the relationship between company identity management and attitudes and behavior of employees, which they communicate, is analyzed. The results show that organizations should pay special attention to corporate brand identity management given its impact on employee commitment to their organizations, as well as success and satisfaction with the identity to which they belong organizationally, which are all factors that employees communicate verbally and nonverbally. within conventional reality, as well as virtual ones through web pages
Boaters’ satisfaction structure and the determinants of marina selection as factors of nautical tourism competitiveness
No full textMarine svojim uslugama moraju zadovoljiti sve složenije zahtjeve i potrebe korisnika, pri čemu je pretpostavka da je zadovoljstvo turista nautičara jedan od bitnih čimbenika konkurentnosti marina. Cilj istraživanja jest saznanje o tome koji čimbenici marina imaju najveći potencijal stvaranja zadovoljstva/nezadovoljstva nautičara kao i koji su ključni čimbenici prilikom odabira marine od strane nautičara. Pretpostavilo se da odabir marina i zadovoljstvo nautičara ovisi o čimbenicima koji se odnose na usluge marine u širem kontekstu. Važno je bilo uzeti u obzir kategoriju marina koja je povezana sa socioekonomskim razlikama među nautičarima. U prvoj fazi provelo se izviđajno istraživanje koje uključuje istraživanje sekundarnih izvora.Tokom izviđajnog istraživanja prikupilo se primarne kvalitativne podatke kroz provođenje dubinskih i/ili skupnih intervjua s voditeljima marina, menadžmentom te s korisnicima usluga marina. U drugoj fazi provelo se primarno istraživanje korištenjem metode ispitivanja, pri čemu je instrument istraživanja visoko strukturirani anketni upitnik namijenjen nautičarima, s fokusom na čimbenike odabira marina i zadovoljstva/nezadovoljstvo ponudom marina. Za dokazivanje hipoteza u ovom istraživanju korišteni su neparametrijski testovi za testiranje razlika između skupina, korelacijska i regresijska analiza, analiza relevantnosti i determinantnosti, analiza asimetrije utjecaja te višestruka regresija s dummy varijablama s ciljem asimetrije utjecaja. Potvrđene su sve 3 hipoteze.Marinas must meet the increasingly complex requirements and needs of users with their services, with the assumption that the satisfaction of boaters is one of the important factors in the competitiveness of marinas.The aim of the research is to find out which marina factors have the greatest potential to create pleasure/dissatisfaction of boaters, as well as what are the key factors when choosing a marina by sailors. It was assumed that the choice of marinas and the satisfaction of sailors depends on factors related to the marina's services in a broader context. It was important to take into account the category of marinas that is associated with socioeconomic differences among boaters. In the first phase, a reconnaissance survey was carried out, which includes the exploration of secondary sources. During the reconnaissance research, primary qualitative data were collected through conducting in-depth and/or group interviews with marina managers and users of marina services. In the second phase, the primary research was conducted using the examination method, where the research instrument is a highly structured survey questionnaire intended for boaters, with a focus on the factors of marina selection and satisfaction/dissatisfaction with the marina offer. To prove hypotheses in this study, nonparametric tests were used to test differences between groups, correlation and regression analysis, relevance and determinance analysis, asymmetry analysis of influences and multiple regression with dummy variables with the aim of impact asymmetry. All 3 hypotheses have been confirmed
The impact of migraine with and without aura on differences in the thickness of the inner plexiform layer of the retina measured by optical coherence tomography
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Ciljevistudije podijeljeni su na primarni cilj kojem je bila glavna značajka
evaluacija promjene debljine unutarnjeg mrežastog sloja mrežnice s pomoću OCT-a u skupini
bolesnika s migrenom u odnosu na zdrave ispitanike. Kao sekundarni ciljevi od interesa je bilo
evaluirati promjene unutarnjeg mrežastog sloja mrežnice s pomoću optičke koherentne
tomografije u skupinama bolesnika s aurom i bez aure, a kao tercijarni cilj bila je evaluacija
povezanosti učestalosti migrenskih glavobolja s promjenama debljine unutarnjeg mrežastog
sloja mrežnice s pomoću optičke koherentne tomografije u skupini bolesnika s migrenom.
Nacrt studije: Studija je osmišljena kao studija slučajeva i kontrola.
Ispitanici i metode: Ukupno je evaluirano 175 ispitanika, odnosno 350 očiju, od čega je 88
ispitanika oboljelo od migrene dok je 87 zdravih kontrola. U svih 175 ispitanika učinjena je
OCT obrada, a potom statistička obrada dobivenih rezultata.
Rezultati: Provedena studija nije potvrdila postojanje statistički značajne razlike u debljini
unutarnjeg mrežastog sloja mrežnice oba oka izmjerene s pomoću optičke koherentne
tomografije između skupine zdravih ispitanika i ispitanika s dijagnozom migrene. Statistički
značajna razlika nije verificirana ni između skupine ispitanika s migrenom bez aure u odnosu
na skupini ispitanika s migrenom s aurom. Statistički značajni rezultati dobiveni su
koeficijentom korelacije, usporedbom učestalosti migrene u danima u skupini migrenskih
bolesnika s aurom gdje su nađene statistički značajne promjene u gotovo svim kvadrantima oba
oka osim u centralnima. Daljnjom statističkom obradom jednosmjerne analize varijance
dobiveni su statistički značajni rezultati za pojedine ispitivane skupine kao i Spearmanovim
koeficijentom korelacije.
Zaključak: Iz ovog je istraživanja razvidan utjecaj migrenskih napadaja na promjene
mrežničnog sloja IPL u skupini pojedinih pretpostavljenih ciljeva. Prema dobivenim
rezultatima nužna su daljnja istraživanja utjecaja migrene na promjene mrežničnih slojeva.Objectives: The objectives of the study were divided into the three objectives. The primary
objective was the evaluation of changes in the thickness of the inner reticular layer of the retina
using OCT between groups of migraine patients and healthy subjects. The secondary objective
was to evaluate the changes in the inner reticular layer of the retina using optical coherence
tomography in the groups of patients with and without aura. Finally, the tertiary objective was
to evaluate the association between the frequency of migraine headaches and changes in the
thickness of the inner reticular layer of the retina using optical coherence tomography in the
group patients with migraine.
Study Design: The study was designed as a case control study.
Participants and Methods: A total of 175 subjects, i.e. 350 eyes, were evaluated, of which 88
were migraine patients and 87 healthy controls. OCT was performed in all 175 subjects,
followed by statistical processing of the obtained results.
Results: The conducted study did not confirm the existence of a statistically significant
difference in the thickness of the inner plexiform layer of the retina of both eyes measured by
optical coherence tomography between the group of healthy subjects and subjects diagnosed
with migraine. Furthermore, a statistically significant difference was not verified between the
group of subjects with migraine without aura compared to the group of subjects with migraine
with aura. Next, statistically significant results were found using the correlation coefficient in
comparison of impact of the frequency of migraine days in the group of migraine patients with
aura, where statistically significant changes were found in almost all quadrants of both eyes
except the central ones. Finally, further statistical processing of the one-way analysis of
variance yielded statistically significant results for individual examined groups, as well as
Spearman's correlation coefficient.
Conclusion: This research revealed an evident impact of migraine on the changes of the retinal
layer IPL layer among pre-research assigned groups. Considering our results, further research
of the impact of migraine on the retinal layers are necessary
"The Exteriority of Characters in ltalian Literature between decadentism and modernism"
No full textU središtu pozornosti doktorskog rada „Vanjština lika u talijanskoj književnosti između dekadentizma i modernizma“ nalazi se analiza i interdisciplinarno istraživanje pojavnosti, značenja i funkcije vanjštine u književnim djelima Gabrielea d'Annunzija (u romanima "Il Piacere", "Il trionfo della morte", "L'innocente", "Giovanni Episcopo", "Le vergini delle rocce", "Il Fuoco", "Forse che sì, forse che no"); Luigija Pirandella ( u romanima "L'esclusa", "Il turno", "Il fu Mattia Pascal", "Suo marito", "I vecchi e i giovani", "Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio operatore", "Uno, nessumo e centomila"); Itala Sveva (u romanima "Una vita", "Senilità", "Coscienza di Zeno") te Alda Palazzeschija (u romanima "Il codice di Perelà", "La Piramide", "Le sorelle Materassi", "I fratelli Cuccoli", "Roma", "Il doge", Stefanino" i poemi "E lasciatemi divertire"). Problematika kojom se ovaj rad primarno bavi odnosi se na prikaz vanjštine, odnosno kritički diskurs o temi u širem kontekstu te se, osim fizičkih obilježja građe bilježe karakteristike i posebnosti povezane s modom i odijevanjem u postavljenim teorijskim okvirima. Istraživao se cijeloviti opis vanjštine kao relevantnog elementa u poetikama navedenih autora na prijelazu iz dekadentizma u modernizam, dva različita kulturna senzibiliteta (napr. za dekadentizam, u d’Annunzijevim romanima vanjština i odjeća su shvaćeni gotovo kao oklop za društveno uspinjanje dok se u kasnijim autorima, unatoč velikoj pažnji koju modernisti pridaju dizajnu i modi, odijelo i vanjština smatraju kavezom (napr. u Pirandellu). Količina i sadržaj konkretnih primjera iz djela ukazuju da kod autora postoji veliki interes za navedenu problematiku te je smatraju relevantnom posljedicom kulturno-društvenog konteksta u kojem su ranije spomenuta djela nastala. U radu je predstavljena analiza popraćena opsežnim bilješkama i izvornim citatima. U središnjem dijelu ovog rada, navode se i objašnjavaju temeljne kulturno-teorijske postavke koje obuhvaćaju teoriju mode, semiotiku mode, teoriju kulture i sociologiju mode. Literatura korištena u ovom radu bazira se na knjigama Rolanda Barthesa "Il senso della moda" iz 2006., Patrizije Calefato "Mass moda-Linguaggio e imagginario del corpo vestito" iz 2007., Giogie Calò i Domenica Scudera "Moda e Arte" iz 2009., Gilla Dorflesa "Moda" iz 1997., Moda e modi iz 1979., Georga Simmela "La moda" i "Piccola enciclopedia" iz 1996., Ugo Volli "Contro la moda" i "Black modes. Il linguaggio del corpo e della moda" iz 1988., Daniele Baroncini "La moda nella letteratura contemporanea" iz 2010., Georgesa Vigarella "L’abito femminile. Una storia culturale dal medievo a oggi" iz 2018. te Teorija i kultura mode. Discipline, pristupi, interpretacije, Žarka Paića i Krešimira Purgara iz 2018. S obzirom da se u središtu poetika autora nalazi tjelesnost, poseban doprinos interdisciplinarnom istraživanju u propitivanju odabrane tematike obilježile su misli Michaela Foucaulta i Giorgija Agambena. Također, na osnovi uvida u radove Carla Crosta i Sandra Ghignola određuju se teorijska polazišta koja se uzajmano upotpunjuju i dokazuju. Primjerice, Michel Foucault u djelu "Mikrofizika moći" raspravlja pored ostalog, o značaju tijela kao kulturnog fenomena neraskidivo utkanog u socijalne slojeve unutar odnosa moći. U sklopu vanjštine predstavljene kao maske kojom se može mnipulirati i kontrolirati, potrebno je bilo detaljnije proširiti razumijevanje analizom eseja Giorgija Agambena "Što je dispozitiv". U metodološkom pogledu, Agamben pri analizi koncepta dispozitiva koristi metodu arheologije znanja koju je prakticirao Foucault usredotočujući se na višedomenzionalni prostor komunikacije. Riječ je o upotrebi pojma ili koncepta dispozitiva, što bi se dalo interpretirati kao uređaj za konzumaciju koji okružuje našu egzistenciju, a prisutan je u svim situacijama, od informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije do mobilne telefonije i društvenih mreža. Pritom, Agamben raspravlja o problematici društvenih sukoba, a posebno se usredotočuje na odnos moći i zakona.
Zaključno, ovim radom se primjereno i temeljito odgovara na istraživačko pitanje o vanjštini promatrane u domeni vizualnosti, kulturi, moći, ali i u kontekstu društvenih odnosa i interakcija s njima. Vanjština je pritom vizualni i društveni element čija deskriptivna semiotika otkriva njezino dvostruko lice kao temeljno obilježje. Na području talijanistike tema još nije obrađivana te se radi o originalnom znanstvenom doprinosu.The focus of the doctoral dissertation is on the exteriority of the character in Italian literature between Decadentism and Modernism in the analyisis and research of the appearance, meaning and function of the exteriority in literacy works. These atre the titles: Gabriele d'Annunzzio's Il Piacere, Il trionfo della morte, L'innocente, Giovanni Episcopo, Le vergini delle rocce, Il Fuoco, Forse che sì, forse che no; Luigi Pirandello: L'esclusa, Il turno, Il fu Mattia Pascal, Suo marito, I vecchi e i giovani, Quaderni di Serafino Gubbio operatore, Uno, nessumo e centomila; Italo Svevo: Una vita, Senilità, Coscienza di Zeno and Aldo Palazzeschi: Il codice di Perelà, La Piramide, Le sorelle Materassi, I fratelli Cuccoli, Roma, Il doge, Stefanino, Aldo Palazzeschi: Il codice di Perelà, La Piramide, Le sorelle Materassi, E lasciatemi divertire, I fratelli Cuccoli, Roma, Il doge and Stefanino. The issue that this paper primarly deals with is the presentation of appearance and critical discourse on the topic in a broader context, and in addition to the physical characteristics of the material, the characteristics and peculiarities related to fashion and clothing are recorded in the set theoretical framework. A comprehensive description of the exterior as a relevant element in the poetics of the aforementioned authors at the transition from decadentism to modernism, two different cultural sensibilities, were explored (for example, for decadentism, in d'Annunzio's novels, exterior and clothing are understood almost as armor for social ascension, while in later authors, despite the great attention that modernists pay to design and fashion, they consider the suit and exterior to be a cage (for example in Pirandello). The amount and content of specific examples from the work indicate that the author has a great interest in the above-mentioned issue and consider it a relevant consequence of the cultural and social context in which the previously mentioned works were created. The analysis are accompanied by extensive notes and origin citations. In the central part of this paper, the basic cultural theoretical settings include Theory of fashion, The semiotics of fashion, The theory of culture and the sociology of fashion are stated and explained. The literature used in this pattern is based on books, Roland Barthes Il senso della moda from 2006, Patrizia Calefato Mass moda-Linguaggio e imagginario del corpo vestito from 2007, Giogia Calò and Domenico Scudero Moda e Arte from 2009, Gillo Dorfles Moda from 1997, Moda e modi iz 1979, Georg Simmel La moda and Piccola enciclopedia from 1996, Ugo Volli Contro la moda and Black modes. Il linguaggio del corpo e della moda from 1988, Daniela Baroncini La moda nella letteratura contemporanea from 2010, Georges Vigarello L’abito femminile. Una storia culturale dal medievo a oggi from 2018 and Teorija i kultura mode. Discipline, pristupi, interpretacije, Žarko Paić and Krešimir Purgar from 2018. Given that at the heart of the autor’s poetics is corporeality, a special contribution to interdisciplinary research in questioning the subject was marked by the thoughts of Michel Foucault and Giorgio Agamben. Also, based on the insight into the works of Carlo Crosato and Sandro Chignola, theoretical starting points are determinated that complement and prove each other. For example, Michel Foucault in Microfisica del potere discusses, among other things, the importance of the body as a cultural phenomenom inextricably women into social class within power relation. As part of the exterior presented as a mask that can be manipulated and controlled, it was necessery to expland the understanding in more details by analyising the essays of Giorgio Agamben What Is an Apparatus? From a metodological point of view, Agamben uses the method of archaeology of knowlege in analysing the concept of apparatus, focusing on the multidimensional space of comunication. It is the use of the term or concept of apparatus which means a device for consuption that engulfs our existences and is present in all situatations, form information and communication tehnology to mobile telephony and social networks. In doing so, Agamben discusses the issue of social conficts, with a particular focus on the relations between power and low.
In conclusion, this paper adequately and troughly answers the research question about the exterior observed in the domain of visuals, culture, fashion but also in the context of social relations and interactions with them. The exteriority is a visual and social element whose descriptive semiotics reveals its double face as a fundamental feature
Utjecaj mineralnih dodataka na trajnost kalcij aluminatnoga cementa pri različitim temperaturama njegovanja
No full textThe cement industry is facing a global problem of environmental pollution during cement production. To reduce the negative impact on the environment, the possibility of using supplementary cementitious materials – SCMs, e.g. industrial by-products or natural materials, as a replacement for part of the cement in concrete has been already investigated for many years. Calcium aluminate cement (CAC) has been used for more than 100 years and is mostly used for special purposes where resistance to aggressive environments is required. However, the application of CAC is limited by the occurrence of the conversion process, which increases the porosity of the cement matrix and reduces its mechanical properties. The use of SCMs as a replacement for part of the CAC could reduce the negative environmental impact of cement production and improve the mechanical properties of concrete, especially when exposed to higher curing temperatures. Previous research has shown that the application of blast furnace slag reduces the impact of the conversion process. However, due to challenges with the availability and cost of slag, there is a need to investigate other possible SCMs. In this dissertation, calcined clay, which is available in the region and has a medium kaolin content, was used. Although the rate of the conversion process is reduced by the use of SCMs, the question of the durability of such binders arises.
In the first phase of this dissertation, the research focused on the influence of slag and calcined clay on the mechanical properties of CAC cement. At the same time, the changes in hydration products and pore structure were analysed under the influence of two different curing regimes (20°C and 38°C). It was found that calcined clay can be used as a replacement for part of the CAC instead of slag to reduce the effects of the conversion process. Furthermore, the results show that the addition of calcined clay to CAC strätlingite is formed, which densifies the structure and inhibits the conversion process.
In the second phase, the research focused on evaluating the durability of concrete based on CAC with and without the addition of slag or calcined clay. The durability assessment included tests on resistance to carbonation, resistance to chloride penetration, resistance to acid attack and sulphate resistance. The tests were carried out on systems before and after the conversion process, whereby the conversion process was accelerated by curing at 38°C. The results show that the addition of slag or calcined clay reduces the resistance of CAC under different environmental conditions. However, while the resistance of systems without SCMs was significantly affected by these influences, the resistance of systems with slag or calcined clay was only slightly affected after the conversion process.
The research conducted in this dissertation shows that slag and calcined clay can be used as a replacement for 30% of CAC. Understanding the effects of slag and clay on microstructural changes, their contribution to mitigating the effects of the conversion process and their effects on durability properties allows for a wider application of CAC-based systems.Cementna industrija suočava se s globalnim problemom zagađenja okoliša tijekom proizvodnje cementa. Kako bi se smanjio negativan utjecaj na okoliš, već dugi niz godina istražuje se mogućnost primjene mineralnih dodataka (nusproizvodi industrije ili prirodi materijali) kao zamjena za dio cementa u betonu. Kalcij aluminatni cement koristi se već više od 100 godina, a najčešće se primjenjuje za posebne namjene gdje je potrebna otpornost na agresivni okoliš. Međutim, primjenu CAC cementa ograničava pojava procesa konverzije kojim se povećava poroznost cementne matrice i smanjuju mehanička svojstva. Upotrebom mineralnih dodataka za zamjenu dijela CAC cementa smanjuje se negativni utjecaj proizvodnje cementa na okoliš te se poboljšavaju mehanička svojstva betona pogotovo pri izloženosti povišenim temperaturama prilikom njegovanja. Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazala su da se primjenom zgure visokih peći smanjuje utjecaj procesa konverzije, no zbog izazova s dostupnošću i troškovima zgure, postoji potreba za istraživanjem drugih mogućih mineralnih dodataka. U ovoj disertaciji korištena je kalcinirana glina, koja je dostupna u regiji, sa srednjim sadržajem kaolina. Iako se stopa procesa konverzije smanjuje primjenom mineralnih dodataka, otvara se pitanje trajnosti takvih veziva.
U prvoj fazi ove disertacije istraživanje je usmjereno na utjecaj zgure i kalcinirane gline na mehanička svojstva CAC cementa. Istovremeno su analizirane promjene produkata hidratacije i strukture pora pod utjecajem dva različita režima njegovanja (20°C i 38°C). Utvrđeno je da se kalcinirana glina može koristiti kao zamjena za dio CAC cementa umjesto zgure, za smanjenje utjecaja procesa konverzije. Također, rezultati pokazuju da se dodatkom kalcinirane gline CAC cementu stvara stratlingit koji smanjuje poroznost i inhibira proces konverzije.
U drugoj fazi istraživanje je usmjereno na procjenu trajnosti CAC cementa sa i bez dodatka zgure ili kalcinirane gline. Procjena trajnosti obuhvaća ispitivanja otpornosti na karbonatizaciju, otpornost na prodor klorida, otpornost na djelovanje kiselina te sulfatnu otpornost. Ispitivanja su provedena za sustave u kojima nije bilo procesa konverzije i za sustave u kojima je proces konverzije ubrzan njegovanjem na 38°C. Rezultati pokazuju da dodatak zgure ili kalcinirane gline smanjuje otpornost CAC cementa na razna djelovanja iz okoliša. Međutim, dok je u sustavu bez mineralnih dodataka otpornost na navedena djelovanja značajno narušena nakon konverzije, otpornost sustava sa zgurom ili kalciniranom glinom nije značajno narušena nakon procesa konverzije.
Istraživanje provedeno u ovoj disertaciji pokazuje da se zgura i kalcinirana glina mogu primjenjivati kao zamjena za 30% CAC cementa. Poznavanje utjecaja zgure i gline na promjene u mikrostrukturi, njihov doprinos na suzbijanje utjecaja procesa konverzije te utjecaj na trajnosna svojstva, omogućuje širu primjenu sustava na bazi CAC cementa
ODREĐIVANJE MEHANIZMA KONGRESIJE POLARNIH KROMOSOMA TIJEKOM PROMETAFAZE
No full textChromosomes that first attach to the mitotic spindle behind the spindle pole (i.e., polar) are delayed in alignment and prone to segregation errors. Nevertheless, their congression mechanism remains elusive. Using a unique combination of advanced microscopy techniques, I showed that polar chromosomes rely on the pivoting of chromosome-attached astral microtubules around the centrosome to cross the pole. By altering the KIF11/Eg5 activity to reverse, restore, or block spindle elongation, I demonstrated that spindle elongation directs pivoting. I also revealed impaired spindle elongation as a major cause of unalignment for polar chromosomes in hTERT-immortalized retinal pigment epithelial RPE1 cells after TTK/MPS1 kinase inhibition and in the high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma OVSAHO cells. Increasing spindle elongation efficiency by depleting KIF4A rescued unaligned chromosomes in OVSAHO cells, supporting the conclusion that polar chromosomes depend on spindle elongation-driven pivoting to cross the pole and avoid missegregation.Polarni kromosomi stvaraju prvu vezu s diobenim vretenom iza pola te pokazuju sklonost kasnom poravnanju i stvaranju kromosomskih grešaka. Unatoč tome, njihov mehanizam kongresije još uvijek je nerazjašnjen. Koristeći jedinstvenu kombinaciju naprednih mikroskopijskih metoda, predlažem hipotezu da polarni kromosomi prelaze pol zahvaljujući pivotiranju astralnih mikrotubula vezanih za kromosome oko centrosoma. Promjenom aktivnosti KIF11/Eg5 kako bi se narušilo, popravilo ili zaustavilo produljenje diobenog vretena, pokazala sam da produljenje vretena usmjerava pivotiranje. Također, pokazala sam da narušeno produljenje vretena uzrokuje pojavu neporavnanih polarnih kromosoma u hTERT-imortaliziranim retinalnim pigmentnim epitelnim stanicama RPE1 s inhibiranom kinazom TTK/MPS1, kao i u stanicama seroznog raka jajnika visokog stupnja malignosti OVSAHO. Povećanje učinkovitosti produljenja diobenog vretena deplecijom KIF4A spasilo je neporavnane kromosome u stanicama OVSAHO, što podržava hipotezu da polarni kromosomi ovise o pivotiranju vođenom produljenjem vretena kako bi uspješno prešli pol i izbjegli stvaranje grešaka tijekom diobe
Causal modeling of the association between environmental factors and thyroid function using genome-wide association studies
No full textUvod: Tireoglobulin (Tg) je glikoprotein koji sintetiziraju folikularne stanice štitne žlijezde i služi kao ključni preteča u sintezi hormona štitne žlijezde. Naša istraživačka skupina provela je dosada jedinu cjelogenomsku analizu povezanosti za koncentraciju Tg u plazmi. Iskoristivši napredak u računalnim metodama i modeliranju, primijenili smo Bayesovski pristup kako bismo dodatno istražili genetičku pozadinu Tg. Brojne presječne studije sugerirale su povezanost između funkcije štitne žlijezde i metaboličkog sindroma (MetS), kao i razina serumskog 25-hidroksivitamina D [25(OH)D], no smjer tih učinaka i točni uzročni mehanizmi ostaju nejasni. Na temelju znanja u području statističke genetike stečenih našom cjelogenomskom studijom povezanosti, primijenili smo Mendelovu randomizaciju (MR) kako bismo dodatno istražili uzročne odnose između funkcije štitne žlijezde, MetS i serumskih koncentracija 25(OH)D. Metode: Proveli smo cjelogenomsku analizu povezanosti za Tg koristeći Bajesovski rijetki linearni mješoviti model (BSLMM) i frekvencionistički LMM kako bismo analizirali 7 289 083 genetskih polimorfizama u 1 096 zdravih ispitanika europskog podrijetla iz Hrvatske biobanke. Proveli smo i meta-analizu s dvije neovisne kohorte (ukupno n = 2 109) kako bismo identificirali polimorfizme povezane s razinama Tg. U prvoj MR studiji koristili smo sumarne statistike najvećih cjelogenomskih studija povezanosti za tireotropin (TSH), slobodni tiroksin (fT4), MetS i njegove komponente. U drugoj MR studiji uključili smo dodatne pokazatelje funkcije štitne žlijezde kao što su slobodni trijodtironin (fT3), ukupni trijodtironin (TT3), razine protutijela na štitnu peroksidazu (TPOAt), pozitivnost TPOAt, sniženi TSH, povišeni TSH, autoimuni hipotireoidizam i autoimuni hipertireoidizam te razinu serumskog 25(OH)D. Za primarnu analizu koristili smo metodu inverzne varijance (IVW), nadopunjenu metodom medijana, modalnom metodom, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO i CAUSE metodama kako bismo osigurali robusnost rezultata. Rezultati: Naša meta-analiza otkrila je 83 polimorfizma unutar gena ST6GAL1 (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸) koji su bili značajno povezani s koncentracijom Tg u plazmi. Nasljednost Tg procijenjena je na 17%, pri čemu je 52% ove varijacije pripisano malom broju od 16 polimorfizama s velikim učinkom na koncentraciju Tg. MR analize pokazale su da je viša razina fT4 uzročno povezana s nižim rizikom razvoja MetS (OR = 0,96, p = 0,037). Osim toga, fT4 je bio pozitivno povezan s koncentracijom HDL kolesterola (β = 0,02, p = 0,008), dok je TSH pozitivno povezan s trigliceridima (β = 0,01, p = 0,044). Reverzna MR analiza pokazala je da je HDL kolesterol negativno povezan s TSH (β = −0,03, p = 0,046), što sugerira dvosmjernu uzročnu povezanost između funkcije štitne žlijezde i MetS. Nadalje, naše MR analize pokazale su uzročni učinak serumske koncentracije 25(OH)D na povišen TSH, pri čemu je svako povećanje od 1 SD u koncentraciji 25(OH)D bilo povezano s smanjenjem rizika od povišenog TSH za 12% (p = 0,02). Također, povećanje od 1 SD u koncentraciji 25(OH)D bilo je povezano s smanjenjem rizika od razvoja autoimunog hipotireoidizma za 16,34% (p = 0,02). Zaključak: Naša cjelogenomska analiza povezanosti otkrila je važne genetske polimorfizme i pružila vrijedne uvide u genetičku pozadinu koncetracije Tg. Dodatno, pokazali smo uzročne povezanosti između varijacija u funkciji štitne žlijezde i rizika od MetS, kao i utjecaj koncetracije vitamina D na pokazatelje funkcije štitne žlijezde. Integracija ovih saznanja u kliničku praksu mogla bi unaprijediti personalizirani pristup u medicini, otvarajući put za ciljane terapijske i preventivne strategije u liječenju poremećaja štitne žlijezde i srodnih metaboličkih stanja.Introduction: Thyroglobulin (Tg) is an iodoglycoprotein synthesized by thyroid follicular cells and serves as a crucial precursor for thyroid hormone production. To date, our research group has conducted the only genome-wide association study (GWAS) on plasma Tg levels. Leveraging recent advancements in computational methods and modelling, we employed a Bayesian approach to probabilistically infer the genetic architecture of Tg. Numerous observational studies have suggested a link between thyroid function and metabolic syndrome (MetS), as well as with serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels, but the direction of these effects and the precise causal mechanisms remain unclear. Building on the expertise in statistical genetics acquired from our GWAS study, we subsequently applied Mendelian randomization (MR) to further explore the causal relationships between thyroid function, MetS, and serum 25(OH)D concentrations. Methods: In our initial study, we performed a GWAS of plasma Tg levels using a Bayesian sparse linear mixed model (BSLMM) and a frequentist linear mixed model (LMM) to analyze 7,289,083 genetic variants in 1,096 healthy European-ancestry participants from the Croatian Biobank. This was followed by a meta-analysis with two independent cohorts (total n=2,109) to identify genome-wide significant variants associated with Tg levels. In the first MR analysis, we utilized summary statistics from the most comprehensive GWAS available for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), MetS, and its components. In the second MR study, we included additional thyroid function indicators such as free triiodothyronine (fT3), total triiodothyronine (TT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody levels (TPOAb), TPOAb positivity, low TSH, high TSH, autoimmune hypothyroidism and autoimmune hyperthyroidism, as well as 25(OH)D levels. We employed the multiplicative random-effects inverse variance weighted (IVW) method for primary analysis, supplemented by weighted mode, weighted median, MR-Egger, MR-PRESSO, and CAUSE methods to ensure robust results. Results: Our meta-analysis of the GWAS data identified 83 genome-wide significant variants within the ST6GAL1 gene (p < 5 × 10-8 ) that were associated with plasma Tg levels. The SNP-heritability of Tg was estimated to be 17%, with 52% of this variation attributed to a small number of 16 variants with major effects on Tg levels. MR analyses revealed that higher fT4 levels were causally linked to a lower risk of developing MetS (OR = 0.96, p = 0.037). Additionally, fT4 was positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (β = 0.02, p = 0.008), while TSH was positively associated with triglycerides (TG) (β = 0.01, p = 0.044). Reverse MR analysis indicated that HDL-C was negatively associated with TSH (β = −0.03, p = 0.046), suggesting a bidirectional relationship between thyroid function and lipid profile. Furthermore, our MR analyses demonstrated a causal effect of serum 25(OH)D levels on high TSH, with each 1 SD increase in 25(OH)D being associated with a 12% decrease in the risk of high TSH (p = 0.02). Moreover, a 1 SD increase in serum 25(OH)D was linked to a 16.34% reduction in the risk of developing autoimmune hypothyroidism (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our GWAS on Tg levels identified key genetic variants and provided valuable insights into the genetic architecture of Tg. We also demonstrated causal associations between variations in thyroid function and the risk of MetS, as well as the impact of vitamin D levels on thyroid function. Integrating these insights into clinical practice could enhance personalized medicine approaches, paving the way for more targeted therapeutic and preventive strategies in managing thyroid-related disorders and associated metabolic conditions