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Study of the nature of π-interactions and multicentric bonding between organic radicals
No full textIstraživanje prirode π-interakcija u sklopu ove disertacije obuhvaća sintezu soli organskih radikala i pripravu jediničnih kristala te strukturnu analizu i analizu elektronske gustoće dobivenih spojeva. U ovom radu proučene su i opisane π-interakcije i multicentrične veze između prstena planarnih organskih radikala (palačinka-veze) u oligomerima radikal-aniona i radikal-kationa. Priroda multicentrične veze istražena je rentgenskom strukturnom analizom u jediničnim kristalima pri ekstremnim uvjetima (visokom tlaku i temperaturi) i metodama kvantne kristalografije (određivanjem gustoće naboja). Pretpostavljena fizička svojstva soli 5,6- diklor-2,3-dicijanosemikinona i 2-amino-5-metil-N-metilpiridinijevog jodida proučavana su i potvrđena mjerenjima električne vodljivosti impedancijskom spektroskopijom i magnetizacije SQUID-magnetometrom. Visoka temperatura utjecala je na rast udaljenosti između prstena radikala i rast parametara jedinične ćelije kristala. Pod utjecajem visokog tlaka smanjuju se udaljenosti između prstena radikala što ukazuje na jačanje palačinka-veze. Nadalje, topološka analiza elektronske gustoće u tri pripravljena sustava potvrdila je prisutnost multicentrične palačinka-veze kovalentnog karaktera između prstena radikal-aniona i radikal-kationa.The study of the nature of π-interaction in this dissertation includes the synthesis of organic radical salts, preparation of single crystals, and structural analysis and analysis of charge density. In this work, π-interactions and multicentre bonds between planar organic radicals (pancake bonds) were studied and described in oligomers of radical anions and radical cations. The nature of the multicentre bond was investigated by means of X-ray structural analysis of single crystals under extreme conditions (high pressure and temperature) and quantum crystallography methods (refinement of the charge density). The assumed physical properties of 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone salt with 2-amino-5-methyl-N-methylpyridinium were confirmed by measurements of electrical conductivity by impedance spectroscopy and magnetization by SQUID. High temperature affects the growth of the distance between radical rings and growth of the cell parameters of the crystal. With high pressure distances between radical rings decrease, which indicates strengthening of the pancake bond. Topological analysis of the electron density in three prepared systems confirmed presence of multicentre pancake bonds between the rings of radical anions and radical cations and its covalent character
BIOLOŠKE I EKOLOŠKE ZNAČAJKE PORODICE CHIRONOMIDAE (INSECTA: DIPTERA) NA PODRUČJU DINARIDSKE EKOREGIJE HRVATSKE
No full textTrzalci (Diptera, Chironomidae) su jedna od najrasprostranjenijih i često najbrojnijih
skupina vodenih kukaca svih vodnih tijela, a koriste se u analizama procjene kvalitete vode.
Detaljnije istraživanje njihove ekologije i taksonomije je prijeko potrebno s obzirom na
njihovu indikatorsku važnost. Nacionalni park Plitvička jezera je odabran kao primarno
područje istraživanja, jer je moguće provesti sveobuhvatno i detaljno istraživanje biologije
i ekologije trzalaca. Na području Plitvičkih jezera ukupno je zabilježeno 116 vrsta trzalaca
čime je ukupan broj vrsta u Hrvatskoj povećan na 258. Utvrđeno je produljenje faze leta
trzalaca te promjene u sastavu zajednice kao rezultat zatopljavanja i ekstremno visokih
protoka koji postaju učestaliji zbog globalnih klimatskih promjena. Osim toga, kroz izradu
novog indeksa kao metrike za procjenu stanja litorala dokazana je važnost trzalaca kao
indikatorske skupine. Time se ukazalo na važnost taksonomske rezolucije u zaštiti i
upravljanju stajaćicama, čijom primjenom se mogu poboljšati postojeći modeli procjene
ekološkog stanja ekosustava.Chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) are widely distributed and often among the most
abundant aquatic insects used in water quality analysis. Knowledge of their ecology and
taxonomy should be studied in detail due to their significance as indicators in aquatic
ecosystems. Plitvice Lakes National Park was chosen as a primary study area due to
minimal anthropogenic influence and it is possible to have a comprehensive and detailed
study of chironomid biology and ecology. At the end of this study a total of 116 chironomid
species were recorded in the Plitvice Lakes raising total abundance of chironomid species
in Croatia to 258. It was also detected that chironomid flight period extended due to higher
water temperatures. A change in the chironomid community composition was also
observed and atributed to extreme discharges facilitated by climate driven changes. In the
end, Lake Chironomid Index was developed in order to address the importance of high
taxonomic resolution in freshwater bioassessment which has the potential of improving
already existing bioassessment models
Rad ne sadrži naslov na drugom jeziku.
No full textThis dissertation explores performance indicators differentiating and discriminating winning and losing teams from official sets of game-related statistics in handball and beach handball. The research comprises four primary studies, each contributing to the use of game-related statistics in a specific performance context. The Study 1 examined sex-based differences in game-related statistics between winning and losing teams in an amateur (hereafter semi-professional) handball league. Performance indicators were selected by predictive models for males (five variables) and females (two variables) from an entire season of statistics, tested for reliability. The findings suggest that special attention should be given to the goalkeeper's performance and overall shooting efficiency. The sexes differed in terms of moderate effect size (d>0.5), 9 m shot efficiency, red cards, 2-minute exclusions, and technical fouls. The Study 2 delved into the final ten minutes of balanced handball games, investigating the factors that discriminate winners from losers during this critical period. The analysis revealed that winning male teams exhibit better shooting efficiency (d=1.114), goalkeepers 9 m saves efficiency (d=1.100), total saves efficiency (d=0.827) and 9 m shots efficiency (d=0.875) with large effect sizes. Results for females identified shots (d=1.414), GB save efficiency (d=1.330), 9 m shot (d=0.933), and GB 9 m save efficiency (d=0.923). The discriminatory model for males selected only technical fouls and 9m shots with 40.4% correct classification. In conclusion, the authors argue that special attention should be paid to 9 m shots in the final minutes due to teams adapting to the high pressure, fatigue, and tactical constraints, possibly by playing more passively. The Study 3 focused on performance profiling in handball, using discriminative variables to develop a performance profile for one successful team using the most impactful performance indicators. The profiles were based on the team´s game-related statistics of the previous five years and split according to opponents' quality. The two profiles against other TOP4 and lower-ranked teams differed, indicating different interactions based on opposition quality. These profiles can aid coaches by identifying current team performance characteristics and areas for improvement. The Study 4 shifted the focus to women's beach handball, comparing game-related statistics between winning and losing teams at the elite international level. Although beach handball has unique sports characteristics, the game principles are comparable to indoor handball, which invites a similar approach to game-related statistics. The findings emphasize that the official data was reliable and performance could be discriminated with 80.6% accuracy using the overall valuation index and GB saves efficiency. The cross-paper synthesis of the findings produced overarching themes related to the steps of using the data. Reliable and valid data collection is fundamental for accurate performance analysis. Selecting appropriate performance indicators based on the context is crucial to inform coaches in developing practical training and match strategies. Creating performance profiles can be a valuable tool to enhance individual and team performance. The dissertation also discusses the limitations of the studies, such as sample size constraints and the variability of game conditions. Future research directions include theoretically guided exploration of the processes behind the game-related statistical events recorded with advanced statistical methods. Moreover, to investigate the applicability of the findings to different levels of competition and other team sports. In conclusion, this dissertation contributes to understanding of performance analysis in handball and beach handball by identifying key performance indicators and demonstrating their practical applications. The findings provide valuable insights for coaches, analysts, and researchers aiming to improve performance outcomes in these sports.Rad ne sadrži sažetak na drugom jeziku
The role of fertilization in mitigating the negative effects of drought on photosynthesis and growth in beech saplings (Fagus sylvatica L.)
No full textKlimatske promjene, osobito učestalije suše, predstavljaju ozbiljnu prijetnju opstanku šumskog drveća, uključujući običnu bukvu. Dosadašnja istraživanja ukazuju na to da sušni uvjeti negativno utječu na usvajanje vode i hraniva, što ograničava rast i vitalitet mladih stabala. Poznato je da gnojidba može poboljšati fotosintezu i rast kod šumskih sadnica, ali interakcija suše i gnojidbe u nije dovoljno istražena. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj suše, gnojidbe i njihove interakcije na ishranu, fotosintezu i rast sadnica obične bukve, s hipotezom da će visoka doza gnojidbe povećati koncentracije makroelemenata u lišću i ublažiti negativne učinke suše. U tu svrhu, proveden je plastenički pokus na Hrvatskom šumarskom institutu u Jastrebarskom s jednogodišnjim sadnicama bukve. Istraživanje je uključivalo različite tretmane navodnjavanja i gnojidbe: redovito navodnjavanje s visokom dozom gnojiva (WH), neredovito navodnjavanje s visokom dozom gnojiva (DH), redovito navodnjavanje s niskom dozom gnojiva (WL) i neredovito navodnjavanje s niskom dozom gnojiva (DL). Istraživanje je trajalo od početka lipnja do kraja listopada i uključivalo je tri razdoblja: pred-sušno razdoblje u kojem su sve sadnice bile redovito navodnjavane jednakom količinom vode, sušno razdoblje u kojem je polovici sadnica u DH i DL tretmanu uskraćeno navodnjavanje u trajanju od 21 dan i post-sušno razdoblje u kojem su sadnice u DH i DL tretmanu ponovno redovito navodnjavane kao i sadnice u WH i WL tretmanu. Jednom tjedno praćen je vodni potencijal u lišću, parametri fluorescencije klorofila a i izmjene plinova. U sva tri razdoblja uzeti su uzorci lišća za analize koncentracija N, P, K, Ca, Mg i fotosintetskih pigmenata. Na kraju istraživanja uzorkovane su cijele biljke sa svrhom određivanja sadržaja N, P, K, Ca, Mg u lišću, stabljici, krupnom i sitnom korijenu i produkcije biomase. Brz oporavak vodnog potencijala i provodljivosti puči nakon razdoblja suše sugerira otpornost bukovih sadnica na kratkotrajni sušni stres bez obzira na primijenjenu dozu gnojiva. Visoka doza gnojidbe pozitivno je utjecala na koncentracije biogenih makroelemenata, ukupnih klorofila i ukupnu fotosintetsku učinkovitost, čime je ublažila negativne učinke suše na fotosintezu. S druge strane visoka doza gnojiva potaknula je produkciju biomase lišća i smanjila omjer podzemne i nadzemne biomase kod sadnica u DH tretmanu, što može negativno utjecati na otpornost na sušu. Također sadnice u DL tretmanu zadržale su veći omjer podzemne i nadzemne biomase, što može pridonijeti boljoj otpornosti na sušne uvjete nakon presadnje. Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju na koji način gnojidba ublažava negativan utjecaj suše na bukove sadnice, što je važno za njihovu prilagodbu na klimatske promjene.Climate change, particularly the increasing frequency of droughts, poses a serious threat to the survival of forest trees, including common beech. Previous research indicates that drought conditions negatively affect water and nutrient uptake, limiting the growth and vitality of young trees. While fertilization enhances photosynthesis and growth in forest seedlings, the interaction between drought and fertilization has not been sufficiently studied. The objective of this research was to examine the effects of drought, fertilization, and their interactions on the nutrition, photosynthesis, and growth of common beech seedlings, with the hypothesis that a high dose of fertilization would increase foliar concentrations and mitigate the negative effects of drought. A greenhouse experiment was conducted at the Croatian Forest Research Institute in Jastrebarsko using one-year-old beech seedlings. The study involved various irrigation and fertilization treatments: regular irrigation with a high fertilizer dose (WH), irregular irrigation with a high fertilizer dose (DH), regular irrigation with a low fertilizer dose (WL), and irregular irrigation with a low fertilizer dose (DL). The experiment lasted from early June to late October and included three periods: a pre-drought period during which all seedlings received regular irrigation with equal amounts of water; a drought period in which half of the seedlings in DH and DL treatments were deprived of irrigation for 21 days; and a post-drought period where seedlings in DH and DL treatments were again regularly irrigated alongside those in WH and WL treatments. Weekly measurements of pre-dawn leaf water potential, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and gas exchange were conducted. Foliar samples were collected during all three periods for analyses of N, P, K, Ca, Mg concentrations, and photosynthetic pigments. At the end of the study, whole plants were sampled to determine N, P, K, Ca, and Mg content in leaves, stems, coarse and fine roots, as well as biomass production. The rapid recovery of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance after the drought period suggests that beech seedlings are resilient to short-term drought stress regardless of the applied fertilizer dose. High fertilizer doses positively influenced foliar concentrations, total chlorophyll concentrations, and photosynthetic efficiency, thereby alleviating the negative effects of drought on photosynthesis. Conversely, high fertilizer doses stimulated leaf biomass production but reduced the root-to-shoot ratio in seedlings from the DH treatment, which could negatively impact drought resistance. Seedlings in the DL treatment maintained a higher root-to-shoot ratio, potentially contributing to better resilience under drought conditions post-transplanting. The results indicate how fertilization mitigates the adverse effects of drought on beech seedlings, which is crucial for their adaptation to climate change
MODELLING PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES USING THE DYNAMIC ENERGY BUDGET THEORY TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE MARINE RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
No full textPredviđanje fiziološkog odgovora organizama na okolišne uvjete temelj je sustava informiranja upravljanja živim prirodnim resursima. Povezivanje fizioloških procesa jedinke s okolišnim uvjetima u kojima se ona nalazi stoga je od ključnog značaja, osobito u kontekstu klimatskih promjena. Teorija Dinamičkih Energijskih Proračuna (Dynamic Energy Budget, DEB) jedinstveni je konceptualni okvir koji povezivanjem saznanja o unosu, protoku i iskorištavanju energije unutar organizma pruža osnove za razvoj modela za predviđanje utjecaja niza okolišnih čimbenika na individualne procese rasta, sazrijevanja i razmnožavanja. U ovom je radu istražen potencijal DEB modela kao alata za informiranje aktivnosti upravljanja morskim resursima – očuvanja vrsta, marikulture i ribarstva – kroz razvoj i adaptaciju modela za tri reprezentativna organizma – plemenitu perisku, komarču i srdelu. Rezultati pokazuju kako simulacije modela u sva tri slučaja pokazuju vrlo dobro poklapanje s postojećim mjerenim podacima, a dodatna integracija okolišnih podataka, kao što su temperatura i količina hrane, poboljšava sposobnost modela za predviđanje rasta i reprodukcije u promjenljivim uvjetima. Integracija DEB modela jedinke u populacijski model temeljen na jedinkama (individual-based model, IBM) omogućuje predviđanje dinamike populacije i njenog odgovora na vanjske uvjete, dobivanje uvida u poveznice između svojstava jedinke i njene populacije, te istraživanje mehanizama povratnih sprega ove dvije razine. Povezivanje razvijenog DEB modela s platformom geografskog informacijskog sustava dodaje prostornu dimenziju, te daje mogućnost lokalno specifičnog modeliranja fiziologije organizama na široj prostornoj skali. Primjenom tog pristupa na vremenske nizove projekcija okolišnih uvjeta kao funkcije klimatskih promjena, stvorena je mogućnost vremensko-prostornih predviđanja utjecaja klimatskih promjena na organizme i populacije od interesa. Razvijene modele, kao i spoznaje proizašle iz rezultata, moguće je integrirati u postojeće prakse informiranja i donošenja odluka i mjera, a daljnjom nadogradnjom teži se uspostavi novih sustava potpore održivom upravljanju morskih resursa.The management of living natural resources relies on predicting the physiological responses of organisms to environmental conditions. Relating the physiological processes of the individual to the surrounding environmental conditions is crucial, especially in the context of climate change. The Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory is a unique concept that consolidates knowledge about the intake, flow and utilization of energy within the organism, providing a framework for modelling the effects of various environmental factors on individual processes of growth, maturation and reproduction. This study explores the potential of DEB models as tools for informing marine resource management activities - species conservation, mariculture, and fisheries - through the development and adaptation of models for three representative organisms – the noble pen shell, gilthead seabream, and sardine. The results demonstrate a strong alignment between the model simulations and measured data, while the additional integration of environmental data, such as temperature and food availability, improves the model's ability to predict growth and reproduction under variable conditions. Integrating the DEB model into an individual-based population model (IBM) enables the prediction of population dynamics and their response to external conditions, providing insights into the connections between individual and population characteristics, as well as investigating the feedback mechanisms between these two levels. Combining the developed DEB model with the geographic information system adds a spatial dimension, allowing for locally specific modeling of organism physiology on a broader spatial scale. Applying this approach to climate-change-driven projections of environmental conditions allows for a temporal-spatial predictions of the impact of climate change on organisms and populations of interest. Existing informing and decision-making practices benefit from the integration of developed models and newly derived knowledge, with further upgrades aiming to establish new support systems for the sustainable management of marine resources
Expression of TIGIT, LAG-3 and PD-L1 immune ligands in molecular subtypes of muscle-invasive bladder cancer
No full textUVOD: Mišićno-invazivni karcinom mokraćnog mjehura (engl. muscle-invasive bladder cancer, MIBC) je agresivna bolest koja zahtijeva multimodalno kirurško i onkološko liječenje. Uzimajući u obzir da je MIBC imunogeni tumor, posljednjih godina je razvijena imunoterapija koja cilja signalna mjesta u mikrookolini tumora i revitalizira antitumorski imunitet, čime je došlo je do promjene paradigme liječenja MIBC.
CILJ RADA: Ova studija kreirana je s ciljem istraživanja izraženosti liganda PD-L1 te novih potencijalnih biomarkera TIGIT i LAG-3 u molekularnim podtipovima MIBC.
MATERIJALI I METODE: Provedena je imnuohistokemijska analiza uzoraka arhivskog materijala MIBC 62 bolesnika, ravnomjerno podijeljenih u dvije skupine: luminalnog i bazalnog tipa MIBC. Izraženost je korelirana s kliničkim i patološkim parametrima.
REZULTATI: Pacijenti s luminalnim podtipom MIBC i izraženim LAG-3 imali su statistički značajno lošije preživljenje nego pacijenti s bazalnim podtipom (P<0,001). Nađena je značajna subpopulacija pacijenata s izraženim LAG-3 u upalnim stanicama peritumorske strome, što ga čini potencijalnim ciljem za imunoterapiju. U bazalnom podtipu, LAG-3 je bio statistički značajno više izražen u peritumorskoj stromi nego u luminalnom podtipu (P=0,002). Ustanovljena je pozitivna korelacija između intenziteta LAG-3 u peritumorskoj stromi i izraženosti TIGIT, kao i između LAG-3 u stromi i epitelnim stanicama tumora. Izraženost TIGIT liganda se pokazala u upalnim stanicama peritumorske strome u svim uzorcima oba podtipa te značajno i u epitelnim stanicama tumora. Takva ubikvitarna prisutnost, TIGIT čini potencijalnim dobrim ciljem za imunoterapiju. Statistički značajne pozitivne korelacije su pronađene između intenziteta TIGIT u stromi i intenziteta LAG-3 u epitelnim stanicama tumora. Izraženost PD-L1 pokazala je statistički značajnu pozitivnu povezanost s intenzitetom LAG-3 i TIGIT u peritumorskoj stromi oba podtipa MIBC. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u izraženosti PD-L1 između bazalnog i luminalnog podtipa MIBC, dok normalni urotel nije pokazivao reakciju na TIGIT, LAG-3 i PD-L1.
ZAKLJUČAK: Uz već prepoznati dijagnostički i prognostički značaj PD-L1, pokazana je bogata imunološka aktivnost liganada TIGIT i LAG-3 u molekularnim podtipovima MIBC sa značajnim korelacijama, što sugerira njihovu potencijalnu primjenu kao ciljnih točaka imunoterapije. Potrebna su daljnja istraživanja na većem uzorku MIBC kako bi se potvrdilo dodatno značenje novih biomarkera.INTRODUCTION: Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is a severe condition that requires multimodal treatments. Recently, immunotherapy targeting the tumor microenvironment has emerged, altering the MIBC treatment paradigm.
OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the TIGIT, LAG-3 and PD-L1 biomarkers expression in molecular subtypes of MIBC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: An immunohistochemical analysis was conducted on archival MIBC samples from 62 patients, divided into luminal and basal subtypes.
RESULTS: The study found that patients with luminal MIBC and high LAG-3 stroma expression had significantly poorer survival rates than those with the basal subtype, identifying LAG-3 as an independent predictor of poor survival in luminal MIBC. In the basal subtype. LAG-3 was more expressed in the peritumoral stroma in basal compared to the luminal subtype. TIGIT was universally present in the peritumoral stroma and epithelial tumor cells, making it a viable immunotherapy target. PD-L1 expression correlated positively with both LAG-3 and TIGIT intensities in the peritumoral stroma across both subtypes.
CONCLUSION: A rich immunological activity of the analyzed ligands suggests their potential application as targets of immunotherapy. Further research with a larger sample is necessary to confirm the significance of these biomarkers
Memory of the homeland war and the shaping of national identity in the contemporary croatian novel (1991. – 2015.)
No full textIskustvo Domovinskoga rata (1991. – 1995.) snažno se odrazilo na suvremenu hrvatsku književnost, a ratne su teme oblikovane u brojnim književnim žanrovima, uključujući i romane. Polazeći od teze da je Domovinski rat ključni događaj novije hrvatske povijesti koji ima značajnu ulogu u nacionalnoidentifikacijskim procesima, u ovom su radu istražene reprezentacije pamćenja Domovinskoga rata i strategije oblikovanja nacionalnoga identiteta u suvremenim hrvatskim romanima. Teorijsko-metodološku osnovu rada čine proučavanje odnosa pamćenja i identiteta u okviru interdisciplinarnoga područja studija pamćenja, s naglaskom na pristupe koji proučavaju pamćenje u književnosti, dakle umjetničke reprezentacije pamćenja. Za rad su relevantne i suvremene teorije nacije (modernističke, etnosimbolističke, postmodernističke) koje promatraju nacije kao društveno-kulturne konstrukte. Analiza korpusa obuhvaća trideset romana ratne tematike objavljivanih u razdoblju od 1992. do 2015. i usmjerena je detektiranju raznolikih načina reprezentacije pamćenja Domovinskoga rata u književnome tekstu. Romani u korpusu ovog istraživanja razvrstani su i analizirani prema tematskim makroskupinama koje prikazuju pamćenje Domovinskoga rata kao traumatičnoga iskustva, pamćenje ljubavnih iskustava u ratnom okruženju, pamćenje Domovinskoga rata kao dijela obiteljske povijesti, kao predmeta kontroverze te kao sudbinskog događaja naroda. Prilikom istraživanja propitane su struktura pripovjedačke funkcije, struktura vremena, perspektive, semantizacija prostora; detektirane su metafore pamćenja, a pozornost je usmjerena i složenim tematsko-motivskim kompleksima te načinima (modusima) pamćenja koji ukazuju na raznolik repertoar prikazivanja prošlosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su prisutnost raznolikih načina pamćenja pri tematiziranju ratnih iskustava i posljedica rata, a uočeni su i brojne strategije oblikovanja nacionalnoga identiteta (svijest likova o pravu na ostvarivanje suverenosti i neovisnosti, nacionalno-jezično samoidentificiranje likova, evociranje „zlatnih doba“ hrvatskoga naroda) čime se rasvjetljava odnos između književnosti i pamćenja te utjecaja pamćenja na oblikovanje individualnih, kolektivnih i nacionalnih identiteta.The experience of the Homeland War (1991–1995) has had a profound impact on contemporary Croatian literature, with war themes being explored across various literary genres, including novels. Starting from the premise that the Homeland War is a key event in recent Croatian history, playing a significant role in national identity formation processes, this paper examines the representations of Homeland War memory and the strategies of shaping national identity in contemporary Croatian novels. The theoretical and methodological foundation of the paper is based on the study of the relationship between memory and identity within the interdisciplinary field of memory studies, with an emphasis on approaches that explore memory in literature, particularly artistic representations of memory. Contemporary theories of nation (modernist, ethno-symbolist, postmodernist), which view nations as sociocultural constructs, are also relevant to this study. The paper thus investigates the role of Homeland War memory in the shaping of national identity, with a focus on individual, collective, and cultural memory. This paper draws on the theories of several well-known and significant memory theorists. Among them is Maurice Halbwachs, who, in his 1925 study Les cadres sociaux de la mémoire, advocates the thesis that memory is a phenomenon determined by social context, meaning that memory is constructed within specific social frameworks. Pierre Nora (1928), in his book Les lieux de mémoire, theorizes about places of memory and their characteristics, while theorist Jan Assmann develops the concept of cultural memory in numerous studies and works of which the most well-known is the book Das kulturelle Gedächtnis (1992). He examines forms of collective memory, focusing on two types of memory he calls communicative and cultural memory, and explains the characteristics of memory figures. Aleida Assmann explores individual, social, political, and cultural memory, addressing the issue of working on national memory through the concept of German education, and pays special attention to the problem of forgetting in her study Formen des Vergessens (2016). Within memory studies, literary memory studies have also developed as an interdisciplinary field in which theorists and scholars study literature as a cultural medium that plays a significant role in the process of constructing and (re)shaping cultural memory. Theorist Astrid Erll, within the concept of the rhetoric of collective memory, explores the connection between memory and literature through approaches such as literature as ars memoriae, memory of literature, memory in literature, and literature as a medium of cultural memory. In her research, she systematizes five significant modes of memory (experiential, antagonistic, monumental, historicizing, and reflexive modes) along with their corresponding characteristics. Theorist Birgit Neumann, within the concept of memory in literature, promotes the term fiction(s) of memory and, from a narratological perspective, provides considerations of narrative literary texts that deal with the issue of memory. She investigates various formative strategies woven into literary texts with the function of representing the work of memory. Ann Rigney explores the dynamics of recollection through the position of the literary text between monumentality and reconfiguration. She emphasizes the undeniable role of narration in shaping cultural memory, drawing parallels between historiography and fiction, concluding that fiction demonstrates remarkable flexibility in depicting past events. This paper also emphasizes the theories of selected contemporary national theorists. The focus is on Benedict Anderson's reflections on the nation as an imagined community, and on Eric Hobsbawm's theses, who views the nation as a social construct shaped and deliberately designed by intellectual elites. This process involves the invention of tradition, where a specific modern construction is intentionally chosen to transmit an already existing but reconfigured tradition to the masses in the form of a given public culture. Ernest Gellner contemplates the role of will and culture in the nation-building process, while ethno-symbolist A. D. Smith highlights the role of myths, symbols, values, memories, traditions, communication patterns, and ethnicities in studying and understanding the formation of nations. National identity is an essential element in the study of nations and is approached in this paper from the perspective of theorist Zygmunt Bauman, who argues that national identity is characterized by particularity and exclusivity in relation to other identities, and that it is intentionally constructed and propagated by the state and its institutional intermediaries. Its goal is to emphasize differences and draw boundaries between “us” and “them”. For A. D. Smith, national identity is a collective cultural phenomenon, more precisely, a collective cultural identity. Its fundamental characteristics include a historical territory (homeland), shared motifs and historical memories, a common mass (public) culture, shared legal rights and duties of all members of the nation, and a common economy with territorial mobility of its members (Smith, 2010: 29-30). The third important element that needed to be clarified for a valid analysis of the corpus in this paper is national memory. Aleida Assmann defines national memory as a formation of collective memory, occurring when history is employed in the service of (re)constructing identity, when politicians invoke it, and citizens accept it. A. Assmann further explores the various forms of working on national memory and transforming historical experiences into national myths, as well as the role of monuments, ceremonial observances, and holidays in the process of building long-term national memory. The paper emphasizes reflections on the role of memory in shaping national identity, incorporating not only A. Assmann's theses but also the perspectives of theorist John R. Gillis, who attributes significant importance to commemorative ceremonies, particularly the cult of the dead, which he considers ideologically motivated. Following the theoretical and methodological section, the paper presents existing research on the topic of the Homeland War in Croatian literature, with a focus on contemporary Croatian prose. Previous research has largely concentrated on the analysis of autobiographical and non-fictional texts. Literary critics, however, paid more attention to novels with a war theme because these literary texts are characterized by a higher level of narrative organization, a reduced level of factuality, and more pronounced elements of fiction. These are genre- and style-hybrid novels that blend fictional and non-fictional elements while simultaneously (re)shaping various narratives about the war and its consequences. Since this corpus of texts has been less explored, it constitutes the subject of analysis in this paper. The corpus analysis includes thirty war-themed novels published between 1992 and 2015, focusing on identifying diverse ways of representing Homeland War memory in literary texts and strategies for shaping national identity. The selection of novels for this research corpus highlights the effort to include both renowned authors and their works, as well as lesser-known, marginalized works that literary critics have sometimes unjustly overlooked. The research corpus consists of the following novels: Bernard Jan, Svjetla umirućega grada (1992.), Nada Prkačin, Tamo gdje nema rata (1993.), Ivan Slonje Šved, Ne pucaj prvi (1994.), Ivan Slonje Šved, Pakao Vukovara (1994.), Feđa Šehović, Četiri vozača u apokalipsi (1994.), Nedjeljko Fabrio, Smrt Vronskog (1994.), Pavao Pavličić, Diksilend (1995.), Nada Prkačin, Povratak Luke Jurića (1995.), Jurica Pavičić, Ovce od gipsa (1997.), Alenka Mirković, 91,6 MHz: glasom protiv topova (1997.), Igor Petrić, TG–5 (1997.), Eta Rehak, Preobrazba potonule uljanice (2000.), Ivo Brešan, Kockanje sa sudbinom (2002.) Ludwig Bauer, Don Juanova velika ljubav i mali balkanski rat (2002.), Nedjeljko Fabrio, Triemeron (2002.), Jasenka Krilić, Podzemni ljudi (2003.), Tarik Kulenović, Jeleni na kiši (2003.), Robert Međurečan, Prodajem odličja: prvi vlasnik (2008.), Slađana Bukovac, Rod avetnjaka (2008.), Zoran Žmirić, Blockbuster (2009.), Ante Brčić, Ruže na bojnikovu grobu (2010.), Ivana Bodrožić, Hotel Zagorje (2010.), Ivan Pavoković, Miris ugažene trave (2011.), Antun Jozing, Mrtvi se ne vraćaju (2012.), Nevenka Nekić, Jean ili miris smrti (2012.), Miroslav Međimorec, Lovac na generala (2013.), Borislav Vukasović Lončar, Neokaljani (2013.), Ivana Šojat Kuči, Jom Kipur (2014.), Nevenka Nekić, Omerta (2014.), Tanja Belobrajdić, Crni kaput (2015.). The novels that form the research corpus are categorized and analyzed according to thematic macro-groups that depict Homeland War memory as a traumatic experience, memory of romantic experiences in a war environment, memory of the Homeland War as part of family history, as a subject of controversy, and as a fateful event for the nation. The first macro-group analyzes depictions of the traumatic experiences of soldiers on the front lines, utilizing the reflections of theorists and researchers such as George L. Mosse, sociologists Ozren Žunec and Siniša Malešević, and further supported by the theories of trauma theorists (Cathy Caruth) and cultural trauma (Jeffrey C. Alexander). This macro-group also includes the depiction of memories of war experiences from the perspectives of war correspondents and journalists, showcasing the prevalence and diversity of documentary techniques. It also examines the memory of traumatic experiences in concentration camps and raises issues related to PTSD. The second macro-group consists of novels that address the memory of romantic experiences in a war environment, analyzing depictions of overcoming the challenges of wartime reality in relation to the romantic relationships of young women and men, which are temporarily or permanently disrupted by the war. The third macro-group consolidates novels in which Homeland War memory is represented as part of family history. This analysis examines the depiction of various impacts of the war on the family unit, including the fate of specific spaces where the family as a community was formed. It also explores narrative strategies for portraying the disruption of family cohesion due to the loss of members who participated in the war as soldiers, as well as the weakening or strengthening of family bonds during the war period. The fourth macro-group includes novels depicting Homeland War memory as a subject of controversy. This involves representations of "transformation crime, social stratification, redistribution of power, corruption, the general crisis of the rule of law, and moral decay" (Nemec, 2003: 415), issues of war crimes, smuggling, arms trafficking, political party patronage, and the issue of betrayal of the nation. The final macro-group of this paper consists of novels depicting Homeland War memory as a fateful event, or experiencing and portraying the war as a continuum of historical evil. These novels present events such as the war as a grand fateful narrative in the history of a nation, where the destructive force of the rift between yesterday and today is most strongly manifested in the lives of ordinary people, individuals (and groups) who, by chance of origin, time, and space, are caught in the grind of decisive political, social, economic, and cultural changes. This occurs without prior indications or assistance in the process of navigation and the necessary adjustments for the survival of the group. This macro-group also explores the depiction of homeland experiences and the burden of generational memory. In all the novels within the aforementioned macro-groups, the narrative mediation, the time structure, the perspective structure, the semanticization of space, and metaphors of memory have been examined. Attention is focused on complex thematic and motivational complexes as well as modes of memory that indicate a diverse repertoire of ways to represent the past, along with detecting strategies for shaping national identity. The research findings indicate that contemporary Croatian novels on the topic of the Homeland War simultaneously construct and reflect the memory of recent war and post-war experiences of individuals, collectives, and the Croatian national space. The novels provide insights into literary treatments of the theme of memory related to the suffering of soldiers and civilians, experiences of displacement, the destruction and devastation of specific cities and villages, the contemporary relevance of national identification, the establishment of sovereign statehood, the challenges of transition after the war, and the pervasive war consequences, including controversies. The novels reveal numerous and diverse ways of representing memory in relation to war experiences and their consequences. It is therefore not surprising that the most dominant modes of memory in the selected texts are experiential and antagonistic, which are also linked to elements of fictions of memory. Numerous examples of strategies for shaping national identity have been observed and identified (such as characters' awareness of the right to sovereignty and independence, references to myths of chosen peoples known only to the indigenous people, the endorsement of memory landscapes through recollections of recent battles during the Homeland War, national-linguistic self-identification of characters, and evocations of the “golden ages” of the Croatian people), shedding light on the relationship between literature and memory, as well as the impact of memory on the shaping of individual, collective, and national identities. As the relevance of the Homeland War as a theme in Croatian prose literature remains strong, it is confirmed that the corpus of contemporary Croatian war novels continues to grow, and it can be anticipated that there will be a need for new analyses and approaches to studying the (re)shaping of Croatian collective and cultural memory, which in turn affects the (re)shaping of national identity
Study of the influence of mono- and dicarboxylic acids on the formation of polyoxomolybdates
No full textU sklopu ove disertacije provedeno je istraživanje utjecaja sintetskih uvjeta na nastajanje izo- i heteropolioksomolibdata (POMo). Za pripravu POMo korišten je anion [MoO4]2– te dva kompleksna kobaltova(III) kationa – [Co(C2O4)(NH3)4]+ i [Co(CO3)(NH3)4]+. Reakcije su provedene u vodenoj otopini (pri sobnoj temperaturi, pri povišenoj temperaturi te pri povišenoj temperaturi i tlaku) i u čvrstom stanju (mljevenje potpomognuto malom količinom tekućine uz izlaganje reakcijske smjese vodenoj pari). Istraživan je utjecaj dodatka mono- i dikarboksilnih kiselina (mravlja, octena, propionska, oksalna, malonska i jantarna) i pH te prekursora heteroatoma (kroma, kobalta, nikla, bakra, aluminija, silicija, germanija i telurija) na nastanak POMo. Dobiveno je 26 novih spojeva koji su identificirani i okarakterizirani na temelju elementne, termičke (TG), spektroskopske (ATR-IR) i rendgenske (PXRD) analize. Molekulska i kristalna strukutra 25 priređenih spojeva određena je difrakcijom rendgenskog zračenja na jediničnom kristalu.As part of this dissertation, the influence of synthetic conditions on the formation of iso- and heteropolyoxomolybdates (POMo) was investigated. [MoO4]2– anion and two complex cobalt(III) cations – [Co(C2O4)(NH3)4]+ and [Co(CO3)(NH3)4]+ were used for the preparation of POMo. The reactions were carried out in aqueous solution (at room temperature, at elevated temperature and at elevated temperature and pressure) and in the solid state (grinding assisted by a small amount of solvent and exposing the reaction mixture to water vapor). The influence of the addition of mono- and dicarboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, oxalic, malonic and succinic) and pH as well as heteroatom precursors (chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, aluminum, silicon, germanium and tellurium) on the formation of POMo was investigated. 26 new compounds were obtained, which were identified and characterized based on elemental, thermal (TG), spectroscopic (ATR-IR) and X-ray (PXRD) analysis. The molecular and crystal structure of 25 prepared compounds was determined by X-ray diffraction on a single crystal
Influence of implementation of renewable energy sources on sustainable development of energetic system of the Republic of Croatia
No full textDoktorski rad istražuje problematiku energetskog sustava s fokusom na elektroenergetski sustav i tržište električne energije u Republici Hrvatskoj, sagledavajući mogućnosti ekonomske isplativosti proizvodnje električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora energije, u cilju postizanja energetske neovisnosti i veće održivosti. Svrha istraživanja je dati uvid u stanje elektroenergetskog sustava i potencijal obnovljivih izvora energije u održivoj proizvodnji električne energije. Temeljni cilj istraživanja odnosi se na moguće projekcije ekonomske isplativosti i konkurentnosti obnovljivih izvora energije na hrvatskom tržištu električne energije.
Obnovljivi izvori energije predstavljaju važnu komponentu suvremenih elektroenergetskih sustava usmjerenih prema zelenoj tranziciji i održivom razvoju elektroenergetskog sustava u Republici Hrvatskoj. Optimalni model uvođenja obnovljivih izvora energije u Republici Hrvatskoj simuliran je putem modela PLEXOS, postavljanjem scenarija ekonomske isplativosti i konkurentnosti modela sa šest elektrana (tri vjetroelektrane i tri sunčane elektrane) i četiri scenarija s cijenama formiranim na CROPEX DA (dan unaprijed tržištu) i vršnim opterećenjem u 2019. godini te s prognozom za razdoblje od 2022. do 2047. godine. Rezultati istraživanja dokazuju isplativost vjetroelektrana i sunčanih elektrana, u scenariju “s povećanjem osnovne cijene za 6 % godišnje”, već u prvoj godini puštanja u rad elektrane. Rezultati istraživanja također dokazuju da proizvodnja električne energije iz vjetroelektrana i sunčanih elektrana instalirane snage 10 MW nije ekonomski isplativa bez državnih potpora, uz cijene koje su formirane na tržištu (izuzev cijena u ekstremnim uvjetima kao što je energetska kriza), i uz visoke ulazne investicijske troškove izgradnje elektrana na obnovljive izvore energije (sunčana energija i energija vjetra). Uz minimalni predviđeni rast cijena u simulacijskom modelu (6 % godišnje u odnosu na cijene iz 2019. godine formirane na CROPEX DA) može se očekivati brža izgradnja novih elektrana na obnovljive izvore energije na području Republike Hrvatske.
Znanstveni doprinos rada očituje se u prihvaćanju postavljenih znanstvenih hipoteza čime se dokazalo da uvođenje obnovljivih izvora energije utječe na održivi razvoj elektroenergetskog sustava i povećava elektroenergetsku neovisnost Republike Hrvatske.The doctoral thesis analyses the issue of the energy system with a focus on the electric power system and the electricity market in the Republic of Croatia, looking at the possibilities of economic cost effectiveness of electricity production from renewable energy sources in order to achieve energy independence and greater sustainability. The purpose of the research is to provide an insight into the state of the electric power system and the potential of renewable energy sources in sustainable electricity production. The main goal of the research relates to possible projections of the economic cost effectiveness and competitiveness of renewable energy sources on the Croatian electricity market. Renewable energy sources represent an important component of modern power systems directed at green transition and sustainable development of the power system in the Republic of Croatia. The optimal model for the introduction of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Croatia was simulated through the PLEXOS model, by setting the scenario of economic cost effectiveness and competitiveness of the model with six power plants (three wind power plants and three solar power plants), four scenarios with prices formed on CROPEX DA (day ahead market), peak load in 2019, and with a forecast for the period from 2022 to 2047. The results of the research demonstrate the cost effectiveness of wind power plants and solar power plants in the scenario "with an increase in the base price by 6 % per year" already in the first year of putting the power plant into operation. The research results also demonstrate that the production of electricity from wind power plants and solar power plants with an installed capacity of 10 MW is not economically cost effective without state subsidies at prices that are formed on the market (except for prices in extreme conditions such as the energy crisis) and with high initial investment costs for the construction of renewable energy sources power plants (solar energy and wind energy). With the minimal predicted price growth in the simulation model (6 % per year compared to the prices from 2019 formed on CROPEX DA), faster construction of new power plants on renewable energy sources in the territory of the Republic of Croatia can be expected. The scientific contribution of the work is manifested in the acceptance of the set scientific hypotheses, which proved that the introduction of renewable energy sources affects the sustainable development of the electric power system and increases the electric power independence of the Republic of Croatia
UTJECAJ GENOMSKIH KARAKTERISTIKA NA OPTIMIZACIJU MODELA ZA PREDVIĐANJE ISHODIŠNE STANICE TUMORA
No full textIdentifying the cell-of-origin (COO) for tumors of unknown primary site is crucial for selecting effective therapies, but the heterogeneity and unique genomic profiles of these cancers make accurate prediction by machine learning models challenging. In this study, I analyzed how various genomic features influence COO prediction by using different machine learning models based on the mutational landscapes and epigenetic characteristics of normal tissues in distinct genomic features. The analysis of breast, liver, and skin melanoma cancers revealed significant differences of their mutational landscapes, and their influence on COO model accuracy. APOBEC mutations in early-replicating regions associated with kataegis were linked to poorer COO predictions in breast cancer. Including protein-coding genes and topologically associated domains can also be used for reliable COO predictions and identification of under-predicted genes with potential roles in tumorigenesis. While whole-exome sequencing and RNA-seq mutations aid COO identification, they are less accurate than whole-genome sequencing. Overall, the tumor's complex genomic landscape significantly affects COO prediction accuracy.Određivanje ishodišne stanice tumora (engl. cell-of-origin, COO) ključno je za odabir učinkovitih terapija. Međutim, heterogenost i jedinstveni genomski profili ovih tumora čine njihovu preciznu identifikaciju pomoću modela strojnog učenja izazovnom. U ovom radu analizirala sam kako različite genomske značajke utječu na predviđanje COO koristeći različite modele strojnog učenja temeljene na mutacijskim krajolicima i epigenetskim karakteristikama normalnih tkiva. Analizom tumora dojke, jetre i melanoma kože otkrivene su značajne razlike u njihovim mutacijskim krajolicima te njihov utjecaj na točnost modela za predviđanje COO. APOBEC mutacije koje se pojavljuju u rano replicirajućim regijama i povezane sa žarištima mutacija, pokazale su lošiju točnost predviđanja COO kod tumora dojke. Geni za kodiranje proteina i topološki povezane domene također se mogu koristiti za pouzdana predviđanja COO, kao i za identifikaciju gena s premalim brojem predviđenih mutacija, koji imaju potencijalnu ulogu u tumorigenezi. Iako mutacije dobivene sekvenciranjem cijelog egzoma i transkriptoma pomažu u identifikaciji COO, one su manje točne od mutacija dobivenih sekvenciranjem cijelog genoma. Sveukupni rezultati ukazuju na to da kompleksni genomski krajolik tumora značajno utječe na točnost predviđanja COO