Croatian Digital Dissertations Repository
Not a member yet
10487 research outputs found
Sort by
Dizajn i izrada 3D-ispisanih mikrofluidnih sustava za protočnu kemiju
No full textMicrofluidic systems, with their ability to precisely manipulate fluids at the microscale, have transformed fields such as flow chemistry, chemical engineering and biochemical synthesis, enabling improved reaction control, enhanced mixing efficiency, and reduced reagent and energy consumption. Despite their advantages, the fabrication of microfluidic devices has been limited by traditional methods like photolithography, laser engraving, dry and wet etching and soft lithography, which are expensive, time-intensive, and constrained in design complexity. This thesis investigates the potential of additive manufacturing (AM) processes, specifically stereolithography (SLA) and fused filament fabrication (FFF), to address these challenges, offering cost-effective, customizable, and scalable solutions for fabricating advanced microfluidic systems tailored for flow chemistry applications. A systematic approach was used to optimize 3D printing parameters such as layer thickness and print orientation for both SLA and FFF processes, focusing on enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties of printed devices. The development of functional composites, such as polyethylene terephthalate glycol/titanium dioxide/carbon nanotubes (PETG/TiO2/CNT) and lowdensity polyethylene/titanium dioxide/carbon nanotubes (LDPE/TiO2/CNT), resulted in materials with superior tensile strength, thermal stability, and chemical resistance. These properties are crucial for microreactors and microseparators operating under harsh conditions. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations guided the design and optimization of static mixers and spiral separators, demonstrating significant improvements in mixing efficiency and solid-liquid separation performance. Innovative device designs were obtained, including static mixers with optimized geometries and microseparators with spiral channels that leverage centrifugal forces for efficient particle separation. The integration of sol-gel based optical pH sensors within microreactors represents a notable advancement in real-time reaction monitoring. These sensors, with a broad dynamic range and high reversibility, enable automated feedback control, improving reaction efficiency and scalability. Furthermore, the modularity and adaptability of 3D printing facilitated the rapid prototyping of devices, bridging the gap between laboratory-scale experiments and industrial-scale applications. This research highlights the transformative potential of 3D printing in microfluidics by addressing critical challenges in material selection, fabrication, and functional integration. The findings demonstrate that additive manufacturing is not only a viable alternative to conventional techniques but also a platform for advancing microfluidic technologies in flow chemistry. By enabling the fabrication of efficient, durable, and versatile devices, this work establishes a foundation for the development of next-generation microreactors, separators, and sensors that support sustainable and scalable chemical processes.Mikrofluidni sustavi, sa svojom sposobnošću preciznog upravljanja kapljevinama na mikrorazini, transformirali su područja poput protočne kemije, kemijskog inženjerstva i biokemijske sinteze, omogućujući poboljšano vođenje reakcija, povećanu učinkovitost miješanja te smanjenu potrošnju reagensa i energije. Unatoč njihovim prednostima, izrada mikrofluidnih uređaja je ograničena tradicionalnim metodama poput fotolitografije, laserskog graviranja, mokrog i suhog jetkanja te meke litografije, koje su skupe, vremenski zahtjevne i ograničene u složenosti dizajna. Ova disertacija istražuje potencijal procesa aditivne proizvodnje (engl. additive manufacturing, AM), konkretno stereolitografije (engl. stereolithography, SLA) i proizvodnje rastaljenim filamentom (engl. fused filament fabrication, FFF), kao potencijalno rješenje navedenih izazova, nudeći troškovno učinkovita i prilagodljiva rješenja za izradu naprednih mikrofluidnih sustava prilagođenih za primjene u protočnoj kemiji. Sustavni pristup korišten je za optimiranje parametara 3D-ispisa, kao što su debljina sloja i orijentacija ispisa, za procese SLA i FFF, s naglaskom na poboljšanje mehaničkih, toplinskih i kemijskih svojstava izrađenih uređaja. Razvoj funkcionalnih kompozita, poput polietilen tereftalat glikol/titanijev dioksid/ugljikove nanocijevčice (PETG/TiO2/CNT) i polietilen niske gustoće/titanijev dioksid/ugljikove nanocijevčice (LDPE/TiO2/CNT), rezultirao je materijalima s poboljšanom vlačnom čvrstoćom, toplinskom stabilnošću i kemijskom otpornošću. Ova svojstva ključna su za mikroreaktore i mikroseparatore koji se upotrebljavaju pri zahtjevnim procesnim uvjetima. Simulacije računalne dinamike fluida (engl. computational fluid dynamics, CFD) usmjerile su dizajn i optimiranje statičkih miješalica i spiralnih separatora, pokazujući značajna poboljšanja u učinkovitosti miješanja i odvajanja čvrstih i kapljevitih tvari. Ostvareni su inovativni dizajni uređaja, uključujući statičke miješalice s optimiranim geometrijama i mikroseparatore sa spiralnim kanalima koji koriste centrifugalne sile za učinkovito odvajanje čestica. Integracija sol-gel optičkih pH senzora unutar mikroreaktora predstavlja značajan napredak u praćenju reakcija u stvarnom vremenu. Integrirani pH senzori, sa širokim dinamičkim rasponom i visokom reverzibilnošću, omogućuju automatiziranu kontrolu povratne veze, čime se poboljšava učinkovitost i praćenje reakcija. Nadalje, modularnost i prilagodljivost 3D-ispisa omogućili su brzu izradu prototipova, premošćujući razlike između laboratorijskih eksperimenata i industrijske primjene. Ovo istraživanje naglašava transformativni potencijal 3D-ispisa u mikrofluidici rješavanjem ključnih izazova u odabiru materijala, izradi i funkcionalnoj integraciji. Rezultati pokazuju da je aditivna proizvodnja ne samo održiva alternativa konvencionalnim tehnikama već i platforma za napredak mikrofluidnih tehnologija u protočnoj kemiji. Omogućujući izradu učinkovitih, izdržljivih i svestranih uređaja, ovo istraživanje postavlja temelje za razvoj sljedeće generacije mikroreaktora, separatora i senzora koji podržavaju održive i skalabilne kemijske procese
Interakcija TDP-43 i optineurina u modleima amiotreofične lateralne skleroze
No full textOptineurin is a multifunctional polyubiquitin-binding protein implicated in autophagy and inflammatory signalling, processes that have been described as pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases. Notably, more than 40 mutations in the OPTN gene, which encodes for optineurin, were linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), neurodegenerations marked with excessive motor neurons loss, loss of neurons from frontal and temporal lobes, chronic inflammation, and protein aggregation in the central nervous system (CNS). However, the pathogenic role of optineurin mutations is still largely unclear. The autopsies of ALS and FTD patients carrying the optineurin mutations show TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) aggregates, which could elicit its nuclear depletion and loss-of-function. Since optineurin acts as an adaptor protein in autophagy and inflammatory signalling, and chronic inflammation could exacerbate TDP-43 aggregation, here we tested if optineurin ALS-mimicking mutations could lead to impaired TDP-43 proteostasis, excessive inflammation, and/or inefficient immune responses. Moreover, as ageing is a major risk factor for ALS and FTD, and untreated young mice carrying optineurin ALS-linked mutations do not develop the disease, here we investigated whether ageing could trigger neurological, neuropathological, and/or immunological alterations. To this end, we used (1) Optn470T mouse model, that mimics loss-of-function Q398X truncation found in ALS patients both of which express a lower level of truncated optineurin (henceforth termed optineurin insufficiency) and (2) optineurin deficient microglial BV2 cells made using CRISPR/Cas9 technology (BV2 Optn KO). We found elevated basal TDP-43 protein levels in primary mouse Optn470T myeloid cells and cortical neurons, which were post-translationally regulated. Moreover, we demonstrated that optineurin deficiency did not sensitize cells to apoptosis upon autophagy inhibition and that TDP-43 accumulation in Optn470T primary microglia was not caused by an autophagy block. In contrast, we showed that optineurin insufficiency caused an altered TDP-43 turnover, which was unaffected by experimental block in autophagy in both bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and primary neurons. To further evaluate the role of optineurin in inflammation and TDP-43 accumulation, we stimulated BV2 cell lines and primary microglia with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic bacterial infection. We observed a significant increase in TDP-43 protein levels in WT cells without changes in optineurin levels. However, LPS failed to increase already elevated TDP-43 levels in untreated optineurin-deficient and-insufficient myeloid cells, suggesting that they already reached a plateau at basal conditions. Moreover, we demonstrated no nuclear depletion or aggregation of TDP-43 in Optn470T primary microglia in basal state or with LPS. Characterization of aged Optn470T mice did not show motor or cognitive defects, or differential TDP-43 insolubility in the whole-brain lysates compared to WT mice. In addition, we demonstrated enhanced expression of certain cytokines and chemokines in the CNS during ageing, but with neglectable differences between old WT and Optn470T mice. Moreover, spleen immunophenotyping uncovered signs of ageing of the immune system (inflammageing and immunosenescence) in old Optn470T mice that were comparable to WT mice. These included an increase in memory and regulatory T lymphocytes, a drop in naïve T lymphocytes, and an increase in the number of macrophages and neutrophils. However, we showed that macrophages and conventional dendritic cells (cDC) exhibited increased expression of activation markers in old Optn470T mice, although we could not link it to any phenotype. Altogether, a combination of ageing and optineurin insufficiency did not induce ALS and/or FTD-like immune imbalance and neuropathology in mice. To further evaluate crosstalk between optineurin insufficiency and TDP-43 we established a new two-hit ALS and/or FTD model by crossing Optn470T mice with the transgenic mice carrying a human TDP-43 patient mutation (G348C) but did not observe an ALS-like phenotype either. In conclusion, we showed TDP-43 accumulation in optineurin-insufficient neurons and microglia. In microglia, the accumulation was not caused by an autophagy block, and it was unresponsive to inflammation, while in neurons it was likely caused by a block in autophagy. Furthermore, the Optn470T mouse model during ageing, even when crossed to mutant transgenic TDP-43 did not show motor or cognitive defects, TDP-43 aggregation, or immunological alterations typical for ALS and/or FTD. Thus, further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanistic links between optineurin mutations and TDP-43-mediated pathology.Optineurin je multifunkcionalni ubikvitin-vezujući protein koji ima ulogu u upalnoj signalizaciji i autofagiji, procesima koji su opisani kao patološki mehanizmi u neurodegenerativnim bolestima. Više od 40 mutacija u genu OPTN, koji kodira za optineurin, je povezano s amiotrofičnom lateralnom sklerozom (ALS) i frontotemporalnom demencijom (FTD), neurodegenerativnim bolestima koje karakterizira prekomjeran gubitak neurona u motoričkom, temporalnom i frontotemporalnom korteksu, kronična upala i agregacija proteina. Međutim, uloga mutacija optineurina u patogenezi ALS-a još je uvelike nejasna. Autopsije pacijenata s ALS-om i FTD-om koji nose mutacije optineurina pokazale su agregaciju TAR DNA-vezujućeg proteina 43 (TDP-43) u središnjem živčanom sustavu koja je usko povezana s njegovom deplecijom u jezgri i gubitkom funkcije. Budući da optineurin djeluje kao adaptorski protein u autofagiji i upalnoj signalizaciji, a kronična upala može pogoršati agregaciju TDP-43-a, u ovom radu smo testirali dovode li mutacije optineurina u ALS-u do poremećene proteostaze TDP-43-a, pretjerane upale i/ili neučinkovitog imunosnog odgovora. Štoviše, budući da je starenje glavni čimbenik rizika za ALS/FTD spektar neurodegenerativnih bolesti, te uz činjenicu da netretirani mladi miševi s mutacijama optineurina povezanih s ALS-om ne razvijaju bolest, ovdje smo istraživali ukoliko starenje može potaknuti neurološke, neuropatološke i imunsne promjene. U tu svrhu smo koristili (1) mišji Optn470T model, koji oponaša Q398X mutaciju optineurina pronađenu u ALS pacijenatima koju nazivamo proteinskom insuficjencijom zbog manjka mutiranog proteina i (2) mikroglijalnu BV2 staničnu liniju s nedostatkom optineurina dobivenu pomoću CRISPR/Cas9 tehnologije (BV2 Optn KO). Utvrdili smo povišene bazalne razine TDP-43 proteina u primarnim mišjim Optn470T mijeloidnim stanicama i kortikalnim neuronima čije su razine bile posttranslacijski regulirane. Nadalje, pokazali smo da nedostatak funkcionalnog optineurina nije povećao osjetljivost stanica na apoptozu nakon inhibicije autofagije te da blokada autofagije ne izaziva nakupljanje TDP-43 u primarnoj mikrogliji i BV2 staničnoj liniji. Međutim, pokazali smo da nedostatak optineurina uzrokuje nakupljanje TDP-43 putem autofagije u primarnim neuronima i makrofagima. Kako bismo dodatno ispitali ulogu optineurina u upali i nakupljanju TDP-43, stimulirali smo primarnu mikrogliju i BV2 staničnu liniju s lipopolisaharidom (LPS) koji oponaša bakterijsku infekciju i uočili smo značajno povećanje razine TDP-43 u WT stanicama. Međutim, LPS nije uspio povećati već nakupljeni TDP-43 u netretiranim mijeloidnim stanicama s insuficijencijom optineurina. Štoviše, pokazali smo da TDP-43 ne pokazuje depleciju u jezgri niti agregaciju u Optn470T mikrogliji. Karakterizacija starih Optn470T miševa nije pokazala motoričke ili kognitivne promjene, niti razliku u topljivosti TDP-43 u lizatima cijelog mozga u usporedbi s WT miševima. Osim toga, pokazali smo pojačanu ekspresiju citokina i kemokina u mozgu i leđnoj moždini bez značajnih razlika između dvogodišnjih WT i Optn470T miševa. Štoviše, imunofenotipizacija slezene otkrila je znakove upale povezane sa starenjem u Optn470T koji su bili usporedivi s WT miševima, kao što je povećanje broja memorijskih i regulacijskih T limfocita i pad broja naivnih, te povećan broj makrofaga i neutrofila. Međutim, pokazali smo da makrofagi i konvencionalne dendritičke stanice (cDC) pokazuju povećanu ekspresiju aktivacijskih markera u dvogodišnjim Optn470T miševima. Zaključno, kombinacija nefunkcionalnog optineurina i starenja nije izazvala imunosnu neravnotežu i neuropatologiju sličnu ALS/FTD-u kod miševa. Kako bismo dodatno istražili vezu između nefunkcionalnog optineurina i TDP-43 proteina, uspostavili smo novi model ALS/FTD-a križanjem Optn470T miševa s transgeničnim miševima koji nose ljudsku TDP-43 mutaciju (G348C) pronađenu u pacijentima, ali bez uočenog ALS fenotipa do dvije godine starosti. Zaključno, pokazali smo akumulaciju TDP-43 u neuronima i mikrogliji s nedostatkom funkcinonalnog optineurina. Akumulacija u mikrogliji nije bila uzrokovana blokadom autofagije niti je TDP-43 reagirao na upalu, dok je u neuronima i makrofagima uzrok akumulacije vjerojatno blok u autofagiji. Nadalje, mišji model Optn470T, čak ni nakon križanja s mutiranim transgeničnim TDP-43 mišjim modelom, nije pokazao motoričke ili kognitivne promjene, niti imunosne promjene vezane uz ALS/FTD spektar bolesti. Stoga su daljnja istraživanja potrebna kako bi se razjasnile mehanističke veze između mutacija optineurina i patologije posredovane TDP-43-om
Assessment of physico-chemical properties of insulating oils by molecular spectroscopy techniques with use of chemometric methods and artificial neural networks
No full textU ovom doktorskom radu izrađeni su računski modeli za procjenu fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava mineralnih izolacijskih ulja iz podataka dobivenih tehnikama molekulske spektroskopije. Cilj disertacije je izrada visoko pouzdanih računskih modela za procjenu fizikalno-kemijskih svojstva ulja čime bi se iz molekulskih spektara dobio podatak o starenju ulja i prisutnim kemijskim onečišćenjima. Uz izradu modela, tijekom disertacije istraženi su međuodnosi fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava ulja kako bi se doprinijelo shvaćanju informacija koje se dobivaju njihovim ispitivanjem. Iz dobivenih molekulskih spektara provedene su analize značajnih područja spektara, određivanje signala koji se u spektrima mijenjaju s promjenama fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava, te identifikacija odgovornih kemijskih vrsta. Pripremljen je velik broj uzoraka (1135 uzoraka) izolacijskih ulja u različitim fazama ostarjelosti. Dio uzoraka sačinjavala su potpuno nova ulja različitih kemijskih sastava, dio uzoraka pripremljen je iz novih ulja metodom ubrzanog starenja na povišenoj temperaturi u oksidacijskim uvjetima, a dio uzoraka sačinjavali su realni uzorci iz elektroenergetske opreme u pogonu. Svim uzorcima ulja ispitana su fizikalno-kemijska svojstva (boja, kiselost, granična površinska napetost na granici voda-ulje, gustoća, faktor dielektričnih gubitaka i električni otpor) te su izmjereni molekulski spektri određenih uzoraka (infracrveni, ultraljubičasto-vidljivi i Ramanovi spektri). Pomoću izmjerenih fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava ulja izrađene su krivulje međusobne korelacije između različitih svojstava. Istražene su međuovisnosti svojstava koja su indikatori kemijskog sastava ulja, međuovisnosti svojstava koja su indikatori ostarjelosti ulja, te ovisnosti između svojstava koja opisuju kemijski sastav i ostarjelost ulja. Pošto se molekulski spektri uzoraka sastoje od vrlo velikog broja podataka koje imaju različito značenje, a opisuju vibracije kemijskih veza i elektronske prijelaze u molekulama, određena je važnost dijelova spektara za procjenu svakog pojedinog fizikalno-kemijskog svojstva izolacijskih ulja pomoću metode koeficijenata važnosti varijabli u projekciji i metode omjera selektivnosti. Također, izrađeni su regresijski modeli za procjenu fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava ulja metodom parcijalnih najmanjih kvadrata i umjetnim neuronskim mrežama. Iz infracrvenih spektara dobiveni su računski modeli koji s vrlo visokom pouzdanošću koja je unutar propisanih granica ponovljivosti mjerenja normiranim metodama procjenjuju boju, kiselost, graničnu površinsku napetost na granici voda-ulje i gustoću mineralnih izolacijskih ulja. Iz visoke koreliranosti kiselosti, boje i granične površinske napetosti ulja s karbonilnom spektralnom vrpcom, zaključeno je kako su za promjenu svojstava izolacijskih ulja tijekom starenja najodgovorniji karbonilni spojevi, točnije karboksilne kiseline, aldehidi i ketoni. Za okom vidljivu promjenu boje izolacijskih ulja tijekom starenja najodgovorniji su kinoni, koji su ciklički nezasićeni ketoni. Gustoća, koja ponajprije ovisi o kemijskom sastavu ulja pokazuje najveću korelaciju s vibracijskim vrpcama koje opisuju ugljikovodični sastav ulja, točnije s karakterističnim vibracijama alkana i alkena te intenzivnim vrpcama C–H rastezanja pri višim valnim brojevima. Granična površinska napetost ulja jedino je svojstvo koje pokazuje visoku ovisnost i o kemijskom sastavu i o ostarjelosti ulja. Modeli procjene faktora dielektričnih gubitaka i električnog otpora ulja iz infracrvenih spektara nisu bili uspješni, a razlog tome pronađen je u nemogućnosti kvantifikacije kemijskih spojeva koji doprinose tim svojstvima (mikrometarske čestice metalne i polimerne prirode te čađa i voda) pomoću infracrvenih spektara. Iz ultraljubičasto-vidljivih spektara dobiven je računski model koji s vrlo visokom pouzdanošću procjenjuje boju ulja. Boju ulja je moguće procijeniti radi obojenosti kinona koji nastaju tijekom starenja ulja te apsorbiraju i u infracrvenom i u ultraljubičasto-vidljivom spektru. Druga fizikalno-kemijska svojstva ulja nije bilo moguće pouzdano procijeniti iz ovih spektara radi nemogućnosti praćenja sadržaja karbonilnih spojeva i ugljikovodičnog sastava ulja u ultraljubičasto-vidljivim spektrima. Ramanovi spektri pokazali su se neupotrebljivima za izradu računskih modela radi vrlo niskih signala, visoke razine šuma prilikom mjerenja, te pojave luminiscencije koja kod ostarjelih uzoraka prekriva signale. Moguće je kako bi korištenje Ramanovih spektrometara drugačije konfiguracije i različitih laserskih izvora dalo bolje podatke. Rezultati prikazani u ovom doktorskom radu ukazuju na velike mogućnosti primjene spektroskopskih metoda procjene za dopunu postojećih laboratorijskih metoda mjerenja, kao i za izradu jednostavnijih mjernih uređaja koji bi na terenu ili tijekom rada opreme mogli pratiti fizikalno-kemijska svojstva i stanje izolacijskih ulja.In this doctoral thesis, computational models for the assessment of physico-chemical properties of mineral insulating oils based on data collected using molecular spectroscopy techniques were developed. The goal of this thesis was to develop computational models which will predict physico-chemical properties of oils from their molecular spectra with a high level of confidence, and through which information is provided on oil ageing and any chemical impurities present. Along with model development, the relationships between physico-chemical properties of oils were investigated to contribute to a better understanding of information provided by the tests. Analyses of significant spectral regions in molecular spectra were performed, signals which vary with changes in physico-chemical properties were determined, and the responsible chemical species were identified. Many samples (1135 samples) of insulating oils of different ageing levels were prepared. Part of the samples consisted of completely new oils of different chemical composition, another part was prepared from new oils through a method of accelerated ageing at elevated temperatures and under oxidizing conditions, and the last part consisted of real samples from electrical equipment in operation. Physico-chemical properties were tested on all the samples (colour, acidity, interfacial tension at the oil-water interface, density, dielectric dissipation factor, and specific resistivity) and molecular spectra were measured for specific samples (infrared, ultraviolet-visible, and Raman spectra). Based on the measured physico-chemical properties, correlation curves were made between different properties. Relationships were investigated between properties that are indicators of the chemical composition of oils, between properties which are indicators of oil ageing, as well as interdependences between properties which describe oil composition and oil ageing. Since molecular spectra consist of a very large number of data points that have different chemical meanings and describe chemical bond vibrations and molecular electronic transitions, the significances of spectral regions for the assessment of each individual physico-chemical property of insulating oils were determined using the variable importance in projection method and the selectivity ratio method. With the known significances of spectral regions, regression models were developed for the assessment of physico-chemical properties of oils using partial least squares regression modelling as well as artificial neural network modelling. Infrared spectra were used to develop models which, with a very high degree of confidence, which is within the repeatability criteria of standardised methods, predict the colour, acidity, interfacial tension at the water-oil interface and density of mineral insulating oils. The acidity, colour, and interfacial tension of the oil correlated highly with the carbonyl spectral band, and it was concluded that carbonyl compounds, more specifically carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and ketones are responsible for the changes in properties of insulating liquids during ageing. Changes in colour of insulating liquids are visible to the naked eye, and the compounds responsible are quinones, which are cyclic unsaturated ketones. Density, which first and foremost depends on the chemical composition of the oil, shows the greatest correlation with vibration bands which describe the hydrocarbon composition of the oil, more precisely the characteristic vibrations where alkanes and alkenes can be detected, as well as the intense C–H stretches at higher wavenumbers. The interfacial tension of oil is the only property which shows a high degree of dependence on both chemical composition and oil ageing. Assessment models for dielectric dissipation factor and specific resistivity of oils from infrared spectra were not successful, and the reason was impossibility of quantification of chemical compounds which contribute to those properties (micrometre size particles of metals and polymers, carbon black, and water) with infrared spectra. Based on ultraviolet-visible spectra, a computational model which estimates the colour of insulating liquids with a very high level of confidence was developed. The colour of oil can be predicted due to the coloured nature of quinones formed during oil ageing, which absorb in both infrared and ultraviolet-visible spectra. It was not possible to estimate other physico-chemical properties from these spectra due to the impossibility of monitoring the content of carbonyl compounds and the hydrocarbon composition of oils with ultraviolet-visible spectra. Raman spectra were unusable for computational model development due to very low signal strength, high levels of noise during measurement, and the appearance of luminescence which masks signals in aged samples. It is possible that the use of differently configured Raman spectrometers and other laser sources would provide better data. The results presented in this thesis imply the possibility of using spectroscopic assessment methods in supplementing the existing laboratory measurement methods, as well as in the development of simple measurement devices which could monitor the physico-chemical properties of insulating oils in the field or during equipment operation
Uloga PI(4,5)P2 i PI4P u sazrijevanju megakariocita, stvaranju protrombocita i funkciji trombocita
No full textDuring megakaryocyte (MK) maturation there is an extensive formation of the demarcation membrane system (DMS) which serves as a membrane reservoir for future platelets (PLTs). During the DMS formation, there is an active transport of vesicles from the Golgi apparatus to the DMS suggesting that lipids and proteins that are necessary for DMS growth originate from the Golgi apparatus. Once mature, MKs release PLTs into the bloodstream where upon encounter with a vessel wall injury PLTs adhere, activate, and aggregate which results in clot formation. The most important lipid that regulates the anterograde Golgi trafficking is the phosphatidylinositol-4-monophosphate (PI4P) and its levels at the Golgi apparatus are controlled to a great extent by the SACM1L phosphatase. In this study, we show that PI4P localizes to the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane (PM) of immature MKs while in mature MKs is mostly localized to the PM. We demonstrate that the Golgi pool of PI4P that is controlled by the SACM1L phosphatase is necessary for MK maturation and proplatelet formation because the exogenous expression of wild-type, but not catalytically inactivated SACM1L, retains the dispersion of the Golgi apparatus during MK maturation and results in a decrease of proplatelet formation. In addition, we show that the PM pool of PI4P that is controlled by the PI4KIIIα is also necessary for proplatelet formation since pharmacological inhibition of this kinase decreases proplatelet formation.
PLT activation is accompanied by massive shape change, and an important role in actin reorganization has phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2] that is, among other enzymes, regulated by the OCRL phosphatase. Mutations in OCRL cause Lowe syndrome (LS) and it has been shown that, among other symptoms, LS patients can have bleeding problems. Here, we firstly show that for the visualization of PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 in PLTs, a modification of the existing staining protocol is needed and that the best staining of the PM pool of these lipids is obtained when permeabilizing the cells with 0.5% saponin for 5 minutes. Next, we show that the pharmacological inhibition of OCRL in human PLTs leads to an impaired spreading on three different matrices (glass, fibrinogen, and collagen) and that OCRL-inhibited PLTs spread in fibrinogen instead of actin stress fibres, form actin nodules. These actin nodules colocalize with proteins important for actin dynamics (ARP2/3 complex, vinculin, SNX9) and are sites of active signalling. The impaired actin reorganization is mediated by the myosin light chain (MLC) signalling since OCRL-inhibited PLTs have decreased MLC phosphorylation. Furthermore, OCRL-inhibited PLTs have impaired microtubular reorganization, shown by a retained microtubular coil during PLT activation which is accompanied by higher levels of acetylated tubulin. Interestingly, OCRL inhibition does not affect PLT degranulation or integrin activation. Finally, we show that
V
the OCRL KO mice also have impaired PLT spreading shown by an increased number of PLTs forming filopodia, and a decreased number of PLTs forming lamellipodia.
Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of the role of PI4P during MK maturation and PI(4,5)P2 during PLT activation. They also show the importance of different phosphoinositide pools in MK maturation and proplatelet formation, and they give an insight into the molecular mechanism of impaired PLT activation in LS patients.Megakariociti (MK) prilikom sazrijevanja stvaranju demarkacijski sustav membrana (DMS) koji služi kao rezervoar membrana za buduće trombocite. Za vrijeme stvaranja DMS-a, vezikule iz Golgijevog aparata konstantno putuju prema DMS-u, navodeći na zaključak da lipidi i proteini koji su potrebni za rast DMS-a nastaju u Golgijevom aparatu. Kad MK sazriju, u krvotok otpuštaju trombocite. Trombociti, u kontaktu s oštećenim endotelom krvne žile, adheriraju na mjesto ozljede, aktiviraju se te agregiraju što dovodi do stvaranja krvnog ugruška i zaustavljanja krvarenja. Jedan od najvažnijih lipida koji reguliraju anterogradni transport vezikula od Golgijevog aparata je fosfatidilinozitol-4-monofosfat (PI4P) te su njegove razine u Golgijevom aparatu u velikoj mjeri regulirane djelovanjem SACM1L fosfataze. U ovom istraživanju, pokazali smo da se PI4P u nezrelim MK nalazi u Golgijevom aparatu i na plazma membrani (PM) dok se u zrelim MK uglavnom nalazi na PM. Pokazali smo da PI4P koji se nalazi na Golgijevom aparatu, a čije su razine regulirane djelovanjem SACM1L fosfataze, je potreban za sazrijevanje MK i stvaranje protrombocita jer egzogena ekspresija divljeg tipa, ali ne katalitički ne-aktivnog tipa SACM1L fosfataze ne dozvoljava raspršenje Golgijevog aparata prilikom sazrijevanja MK i dovodi do smanjenog stvaranja protrombocita. Također, pokazali smo da PI4P koji se nalazi na PM, a čije je stvaranje regulirano djelovanjem PI4KIIIα je isto nužan za stvaranje protrombocita jer farmakološka inhibicija ove kinaze smanjuje postotak MK koji stvaraju protrombocite.
Prilikom aktivacije, trombociti mijenjaju svoj oblik, a u procesu reorganizacije aktina važnu ulogu ima fosfatidilinozitol-4,5-bisfosfat [PI(4,5)P2] kojeg, između ostalih enzima, regulira OCRL fosfataza. Mutacije OCRL fosfataze dovode do Lowe sindroma (LS) te je pokazano da, između ostalih simptoma, LS pacijenti mogu imati problema s krvarenjem. U ovom istraživanju smo pokazali da je za vizualizaciju PI4P i PI(4,5)P2 u trombocitima potrebno modificirati postojeći protokol te da je za optimalnu vizualizaciju ovih lipida na PM za permeabilizaciju potrebno koristiti 0.5% saponin 5 minuta. Nadalje, pokazali smo da farmakološka inhibicija OCRL-a u ljudskim trombocitima dovodi do smanjene aktivacije trombocita na različitim matricama (staklo, fibrinogen i kolagen) te da OCRL inhibirani trombociti aktivirani na fibrinogenu umjesto aktinskih stres niti stvaraju aktinske nodule. Ovi aktinski noduli kolokaliziraju s proteinima koji su važni za dinamiku aktina (ARP2/3 kompleks, vinculin, SNX9) te su mjesta aktivne signalizacije. Poremećena reorganizacija aktina je posredovana putem signalizacije lakog lanca miozina (MLC) jer OCRL inhibirani trombociti imaju smanjenu fosforilaciju MLC. Također, OCRL inhibirani trombociti ne reorganiziraju mikrotubule prilikom aktivacije već zadržavaju mikrotubularnu zavojnicu te imaju povišene razine acetiliranog tubulina. Unatoč nepotpunoj aktivaciji, OCRL inhibicija ne utječe na degranulaciju i aktivaciju integrina. Konačno, pokazali smo da se trombociti
VII
OCRL KO miševa također ne aktiviraju u potpunosti, odnosno da stvaraju više filopodija, a manje lamelipodija.
Zajedno, ovi rezultati doprinose boljem razumijevanju uloge PI4P-a tijekom sazrijevanja MK i PI(4,5)P2 tijekom aktivacije trombocita. Također, ovi rezultati ukazuju na važnost različitih izvora fosfoinozitida tijekom sazrijevanja MK i stvaranja protrombocita i daju uvid u molekularni mehanizam nepotpune aktivacije trombocita u LS pacijenata
Analysis of the influence of time dependent strain on the load bearing capacity of aluminium columns exposed to transient heating : doctoral thesis
No full textU ovoj disertaciji analizira se utjecaj deformacije od puzanja na kritičnu brzinu i temperaturu otkazivanja aluminijskih stupova legure EN AW 6082 T6 izloženih nestacionarnom zagrijavanju. Nestacionarni model zagrijavanja predstavlja porast temperature uslijed konstantnoga opterećenja te na taj način simulira stvarnu situaciju prilikom požara. Trenutni propisi i norme za projektiranje aluminijskih konstrukcija na djelovanje požara ne uključuju detaljan prikaz razvoja deformacije od puzanja ni njezin utjecaj na redukciju nosivosti i brzinu otkazivanja stupova. S obzirom na znatan porast primjene aluminija i aluminijskih legura u građevinarstvu posljednjih pedesetak godina, potrebno je dodatno istražiti puzanje aluminijskih stupova jer oni spadaju u najosjetljiviji dio konstrukcije. U prilog potrebi za istraživanjem ide i činjenica da je najveća mana aluminija osjetljivost na visoke temperature jer njegove materijalne karakteristike opadaju već pri temperaturama iznad 100 °C. U uvodnom dijelu istraživanja prikazanoga u ovoj disertaciji kalibrirani su eksperimentalni rezultati na epruvetama aluminijske legure EN AW 6082 T6 kako bi se dobili parametri za odabrani model puzanja. Kalibrirani model puzanja primijenjen je na eksperimentalno-numeričku analizu dominantno tlačno opterećenih aluminijskih stupova izloženih nestacionarnom zagrijavanju. U nestacionarnim ispitivanja, upotrijebljena je niska brzina zagrijavanja jer simulira postojanje nekoga oblika protupožarne zaštite koji je zbog strogih propisa nužan u današnjim konstrukcijama. Na kraju rada provedena je parametarska analiza utjecaja niskih brzina zagrijavanja (1 °C/min – 5 °C/min) na stupove jednostavne aluminijske konstrukcije i analiziran je utjecaj deformacije od puzanja na vrijeme otkazivanja stupova. Navedena parametarska analiza provedena je na temelju usvojenoga modela puzanja utemeljenoga na rezultatima analize na aluminijskim epruvetama i na aluminijskim stupovima.This dissertation presents the analysis of the influence of creep strain on the critical speed and failure temperature of EN AW 6082 T6 aluminium columns exposed to transient heating. The model of transient heating represents an increase in temperature due to a constant load and thus simulates the real situation caused by fire. Current regulations for the design of aluminium structures exposed to fire do not include a detailed description of the development of creep strain and its influence on the reduction of load-bearing capacity and the rate of failure of the columns. Considering the significant increase in the use of aluminium and aluminium alloys in construction over the last fifty years, it is necessary to obtain a solid conclusion on the influence of creep on aluminium columns which stands for the most sensitive part of the structure. The biggest disadvantage of aluminium is its sensitivity to high temperatures since its material characteristics decrease already at temperatures above 100 °C, supporting the idea of this research. In the opening section of the research presented in this dissertation, the calibration of experimental results was carried out on test coupons of aluminium alloy EN AW 6082 T6 with the aim of obtaining parameters for the selected creep model. The calibrated creep model was applied to the experimental-numerical analysis of dominantly pressure-loaded aluminium columns exposed to transient heating. For transient tests, a low heating rate was applied because it simulates the existence of some form of fire protection that is obligatory in today's constructions due to strict regulations. The final part of the dissertation includes a parametric analysis of the influence of low heating rates (1 °C/min – 5 °C/min) of regular columns of simple aluminium construction and a comparison of the influence of creep strain on the failure time of the columns. The aforementioned parametric analysis was performed on the basis of the adopted creep model based on the results of the study carried out on aluminium test tubes and aluminium columns
Politics of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina on example of history teaching (1992-2018)
No full textPredmet istraživanja disertacije su politike obrazovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini te njihovo provođenje u oblasti nastave historije u osnovnim i srednjim školama u periodu od 1992. do 2018. godine. Cilj istraživanja bio je sagledati na koji način su one utjecale na kreiranje i održavanje tri nacionalna obrazovna sistema koja postoje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Obradom teme se želi ponuditi prikaz utjecaja nacionalnih politika na politike obrazovanja i njihovu refleksiju na nastavu historije, te ispitati na koji način i koliko su političke ideje i stereotipi našli svoje mjesto u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima historije i kakva im je uloga. Korištenje prošlosti za političke svrhe, manipulacije činjenicama iz prošlosti, selektivni pristupi zastupljeni kroz školske programe nastave historije su također u fokusu istraživanja jer kroz njih mogu vidjeti namjere onih koji ih kreiraju. Također želi se napraviti uvid u otpor koje su lokalne političke elite pružale pokušajima harmonizacije nastavnih programa i udžbenika koje je međunarodna zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini nastojala provesti putem misije OSCE-a, Vijeća Evrope, UNESCO-a i sl. i kakvi su ciljevi takvog pristupa obrazovanju. U takvom odnosu sagledavaju se suprotnosti različitih ciljeva obrazovanja, odnosno njegove funkcije u društvu, održavanju nacije s jedne strane ili izgradnji vrijednosti čovjeka i globalnog društva, ekonomije i kulture s druge. Istraživanjem se definira linija osnovnih nacionalnih ideja i stereotipa koji se pojavljuju u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima koji ih prate u ovom periodu kao dio snažnih revizionističkih tendencija, te se uočava u kojoj se mjeri njihov intenzitet vremenom mijenja pod utjecajem djelovanja međunarodne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini i drugih organizacija koje su nastojale sprovesti politiku unaprijeđenja nastave historije u školama u Bosni i Hercegovini.U disertaciji se obrađuju obrazovne politike u Bosni i Hercegovini i njihova provedba u području nastave povijesti u osnovnim i srednjim školama od 1992. do 2018. godine. Cilj istraživanja bio je vidjeti kako su te obrazovne politike utjecale na stvaranje i očuvanje tri nacionalna obrazovna sustava koja postoje u Bosni i Hercegovini. Istraživanjem se željelo dati prikaz utjecaja nacionalnih politika na obrazovne politike i njihov odraz na nastavu povijesti te ispitati kako su i u kojoj mjeri političke ideje i stereotipi našli svoje mjesto u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima povijesti. Korištenje prošlosti u političke svrhe, manipulacija činjenicama iz prošlosti, selektivni pristupi zastupljeni kroz programe nastave povijesti u školama, također su u fokusu istraživanja, analizirajući namjere onih koji su ih kreirali. Također želio se napraviti uvid u otpor koje su lokalne političke elite pružale pokušajima harmonizacije nastavnih programa i udžbenika koje je međunarodna zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini nastojala provesti putem misije OSCE-a, Vijeća Evrope, UNESCO-a i sl. i kakvi su ciljevi takvog pristupa obrazovanju. U takvom odnosu sagledavaju se suprotnosti različitih ciljeva obrazovanja, odnosno njegove funkcije u društvu, održavanju nacije s jedne strane ili izgradnji vrijednosti čovjeka i globalnog društva, ekonomije i kulture s druge.
Istraživanjem se utvrđuje linija temeljnih nacionalnih predodžbi i stereotipa koji se u nastavnim programima i udžbenicima koji ih prate kroz ovo razdoblje pojavljuju u sklopu snažnih revizionističkih tendencija te se promatra u kojoj se mjeri njihov intenzitet mijenjao tijekom vremena pod utjecajem međunarodne zajednice. i drugih organizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini koje su nastojale provoditi politiku unapređenja nastave povijesti u školama. Početna godina analize je 1992., kada je izbio rat na tlu Bosne i Hercegovine, čime je jedinstveni obrazovni sustav službeno transformiran u tri paralelna sustava organizirana po etnonacionalnim obilježjima, dok je završna godina istraživanja 2018., kada u nastavne planove i programe i udžbenike uvedeni su sadržaji o proteklom ratu koji se smatraju kontroverznim.
Tema je predstavljena sekvencijalno, pri čemu svako poglavlje predstavlja kronološku fazu u kojoj se obrazovne politike i njihove refleksije u društvu analiziraju kroz prizmu prethodno postavljenih koncepata. Kronološki pristup primijenjen je radi lakšeg praćenja dinamike promjena obrazovnih politika kroz sva tri obrazovna sustava – bosanski (bošnjački), hrvatski i srpski. Unutar svake od faza istražuju se i prikazuju oblici i manifestacije koncepata koji su u fokusu istraživanja: zakoni o obrazovanju, zakonske odluke, strategije, nastavni planovi i programi, udžbenici, priručnici i nastavna praksa u sva tri sustava te se uspoređuju jedni s drugima.
Poglavlje pod naslovom „Politički i društveni okvir obrazovanja u Bosni i Hercegovini“ bavi se najvažnijim događajima koji su utjecali na transformaciju obrazovanja sa zajedničkih temelja u tri odvojena obrazovna sustava te prikazuje administrativno uređenje Bosne i Hercegovine tijekom i nakon 1992. ratne 1995. godine. Ovo poglavlje obrađuje ključne pojmove vezane uz kompetencije u provedbi obrazovnih politika i kontekst u kojem se odvijalo obrazovanje u Bosni i Hercegovini u istraživanom razdoblju.
Cilj drugog poglavlja „Obrazovanje i nastava povijesti tijekom rata 1992.-1995.“ je objasniti korijene podjela u obrazovanju temeljenih na podjeli odgovornosti i uvođenju novih zakonskih propisa kao prijelaznih rješenja u ratnim okolnostima. U ovom se poglavlju opisuje i uspoređuje nastajanje i oblikovanje politika nacionalne povijesti, koje se manifestiraju kroz pojavu novih interpretacija nacionalne povijesti u nastavnim planovima i programima, ali i kroz korištenje novonastalih udžbenika i udžbenika uvezenih iz Hrvatske i Srbije. U novim pojmovima nacionalne povijesti istaknuti su primjereni narativi koji teže izgradnji i jačanju nacionalne svijesti i domoljubnih osjećaja kod učenika, te su posebno istaknuti i uspoređeni.
„Nastava povijesti nakon uspostave Daytonskog okvira (1996.-1998.)“ naziv je trećeg poglavlja koje opisuje stanje obrazovanja u prvim godinama nakon rata i uspostavu administrativnih okvira u Bosni i Hercegovini definiranih Zakonom o školstvu. U Daytonu potpisan Okvirni sporazum za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini. U ovom poglavlju fokus je na objašnjenju funkcioniranja decentraliziranog obrazovanja uspostavljenog daytonskim sustavom i izazovima koji su se u tom kontekstu pojavili u vezi s nastavom povijesti.
Poglavlje „Obrazovanje i nastava povijesti u reformskim procesima pod utjecajem međunarodnih organizacija 1998. – 2008.“ analizira pokušaje međunarodnih organizacija, prije svega OHR-a, OESS-a i Vijeća Europe, da kroz procese modernizacije i implementacije harmoniziraju nastavu povijesti. Europske strategije nastave povijesti u 21. stoljeću, usvajanjem prve Zajedničke jezgre, Okvirnog zakona o obrazovanju i smjernica za izradu udžbenika povijesti učinjen je značajan korak naprijed u harmonizaciji obrazovnih sustava u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prijelomna 2008. godina odabrana je kao godina kada je osnovano prvo zajedničko tijelo za obrazovanje u Bosni i Hercegovini na državnoj razini – Agencija za predškolsko, osnovno i srednje obrazovanje, koja je zajedno s Odjelom za obrazovanje Ministarstva civilnih poslova, preuzela ulogu koordinacije i harmonizacije obrazovnih politika u Bosni i Hercegovini.
U poglavlju „Obrazovanje i poučavanje povijesti 2008.-2018.“ prikazani su pokušaji implementacije različitih strategija i programa, prije svega Zajedničke jezgre kurikuluma za predmet Povijest, temeljeni na ishodima učenja, u nastavne planove i programe te se ocjenjuje njihova uspješnost. Ovo razdoblje karakterizira tehnička modernizacija udžbenika prema Smjernicama za izradu i vrednovanje udžbenika povijesti, ali ovoga puta bez međunarodnog monitoringa i snažne podrške međunarodnih organizacija u Bosni i Hercegovini. U ovom poglavlju govori se o ukidanju moratorija na poučavanje o ratovima 1990-ih koji je službeno nastupio 2018. godine. Ovaj događaj izdvojen je kao prekretnica u zasebnom poglavlju jer je poučavanje o 1990-ima doživjelo povratak ne samo u nastavne programe i udžbenike ali iu javnom prostoru, au nekim je slučajevima to izgledalo kao pravi povratak u devedesete.
Posljednje poglavlje posvećeno je komparativnoj analizi ključnih sadržaja iz udžbenika koji se tiču nacionalne povijesti, odnosno prikazu Bosne i Hercegovine kroz različita razdoblja, u skladu s temama koje se obrađuju u udžbenicima. Izdvojeno je pet tema: srednji vijek, osmansko razdoblje, doba narodnog preporoda u 19. stoljeću, Drugi svjetski rat i rat 1992.–1995. Teme su to kojima autori udžbenika posvećuju posebnu pozornost s obzirom na važnost njihove interpretacije za obrazovanje i odgoj novih generacija u duhu poželjnog narativa usklađenog s ciljevima nacionalne obrazovne politike.
Obilježja obrazovnih sustava u pogledu nastave povijesti za razdoblje 1998. – 2008. mogla bi se formulirati kao zadržavanje postojećih nacionaliziranih politika povijesti i njihova minimalna prilagodba zahtjevima koje međunarodna zajednica u Bosni i Hercegovini postavlja pred nositelje obrazovnih politika kako bi se osiguravati i provoditi mir. Politika kompromisa provodi se uopće ili minimalno u skladu s političkom voljom i zastupanjem vlastitih interesa ili u značajnijoj mjeri pod raznim pritiscima međunarodne zajednice u Bosni i Hercegovini, uvjetovanjem pristupa europskim integracijama, korištenjem fondova pomoći, političkih promjene ili nametanje zakonskih odluka.
Analizirani udžbenici pokazuju koliko je obrazac jednostranog tretiranja teme duboko ukorijenjen u praksi pisanja udžbenika i koliko su u tom činu zastupljeni nacionalni interesi i kolektivistički pristup s ciljem homogeniziranja vlastite nacije. Uostalom, udžbenici nastaju na temelju važećeg nastavnog programa, odnosno kurikuluma, u kojem su jasno definirani ciljevi i ishodi nastave, a koliko god politika i ideologija bila upletena u sam proces, rezultati će ostati na razini uspostavljene države.
Obrazovne politike u provedenom istraživanju prate se na temelju prakse i djelovanja, a manje kroz osmišljene i pažljivo planirane strategije. Samo na području Republike Srpske u analiziranom razdoblju donesena su dva strateška dokumenta u oblasti obrazovanja, što je jedino moguće s obzirom na njeno centralizirano uređenje. U Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine, zbog administrativne i etnonacionalne decentralizacije, nije bilo mogućnosti za usvajanje slične strategije. Čak ni političke stranke koje su pozicionirane u svojim programima nemaju jasno definiranu obrazovnu politiku, pa se čini da se odluke donose spontano. Ipak, na temelju provedene prakse uočava se jasan kontinuitet u ciljevima obrazovnih politika, naime one, između ostalog, služe homogenizaciji nacionalnih skupina, a uz pomoć nastave povijesti posebice grade pozitivan odnos prema vlastitoj naciji i poticanje diferencijacije i neprijateljstva prema drugima.The dissertation treats the politics of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina and their implementation in the field of history teaching in primary and secondary schools from 1992 to 2018. The objective of this research was to see how these education policies influenced the creation and preservation of the three national education systems that exist in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The investigation aimed to offer a presentation of the influence of national politics on education policies and their reflection on history teaching and to examine how and to what extent have political ideas and stereotypes found their place in teaching programs and history textbooks. The use of the past for political purposes, manipulation of facts from the past, selective approaches represented through history teaching programs in schools, are also in the focus of the research, analysing the intentions of those who created them. We also want to gain an insight into the resistance of local political elites to attempts to harmonize curricula and textbooks, which the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina tried to implement through the mission of the OSCE, the Council of Europe, UNESCO, etc. and what are the goals of such an approach to education. In such a relationship, one can see the opposites of the various goals of education, i.e. its function in society, maintaining the nation on the one hand or building the values of man and global society, economy and culture on the other.
The research defines the line of basic national ideas and stereotypes that appear in teaching programs and textbooks that accompany them throughout this period as part of strong revisionist tendencies, and it is observed to what extent their intensity changed over time under the influence of the international community and other organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina that tried to implement the policy of improving the teaching of history in schools. The initial year of the analysis is 1992, when the war broke out on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina thereby officially transforming the unique education system into three parallel systems based on ethno-national characteristics, while the final year of the research is 2018, when contents about the last war were introduced into curricula and textbooks, which are considered controversial.
The topic is presented in a sequential manner, whereby each chapter represents a chronological phase in which education policies and their reflections in society are analysed through the prism of previously established concepts. The chronological approach was applied in order for the easier monitoring of the dynamics of changes in education policies through all three educational systems - Bosnian (Bosniak), Croatian and Serbian. Within each of the phases, the forms and manifestations of the concepts that are the focus of the research are explored and presented: laws on education, legal decisions, strategies, curricula, textbooks, manuals and teaching practices in all three systems and are compared with each other.
Chapter entitled "The political and social framework of education in Bosnia and Herzegovina" deals with the most important events that influenced the transformation of education from common foundations into three separate educational systems and presents the administrative organization of Bosnia and Herzegovina during and after the 1992-1995 war. This chapter treats the key concepts related to competences in the implementation of education policies and the context in which education was carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the researched period.
The aim of the second chapter "Education and teaching of history during the war 1992-1995" is to explain the roots of divisions in education based on the division of responsibilities and the introduction of new legal regulations as transitional solutions in wartime circumstances. This chapter describes and compares the emergence and shaping of national history policies, which have been manifested through the emergence of new interpretations of national history in curricula, but also through the use of newly created textbooks and textbooks imported from Croatia and Serbia. In the new concepts of national history, appropriate narratives are highlighted that strive to build and strengthen national consciousness and patriotic feelings among students, and they have been particularly highlighted and compared.
"Teaching history after the establishment of the Dayton framework (1996-1998)" is the title of the third chapter which describes the state of education in the first years after the war and the establishment of administrative frameworks in Bosnia and Herzegovina as defined by the Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina signed in Dayton. In this chapter, the focus is on explaining the functioning of decentralized education established by the Dayton system and the challenges that arose in that context in connection with history teaching.
The chapter "Education and teaching of history in reform processes under the influence of international organizations 1998-2008" analyses the attempts of international organizations, primarily the OHR, the OSCE and the Council of Europe, to harmonize history teaching through the processes of modernization and implementation of European strategies on teaching history in the 21st century. The adoption of the first Common Core, the framework law on education and guidelines for writing history textbooks was a significant step forward in the harmonization of education systems in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The cut-off year 2008 was chosen as the year when the first joint body for education in Bosnia and Herzegovina was established at the state level - the Agency for Preschool, Primary and Secondary Education, which, together with the Education Department of the Ministry of Civil Affairs, had the role of coordinating and harmonizing education policies in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The chapter "Education and teaching of history 2008-2018" presents attempts to implement various strategies and programs, first of all Common Core curricula for the subject of History, based on learning outcomes, into curricula and evaluates their success. This period is characterized by the technical modernization of textbooks according to the Guidelines for writing and evaluating history textbooks, but this time without international monitoring and strong support from international organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This chapter addresses the ending of the moratorium on teaching about the wars of the 1990s that officially took place in 2018. This event was singled out as a turning point in a separate chapter because teaching about the 1990s experienced its return not only in curricula and textbooks but also in the public space, and in some cases it looked like a return to the nineties in a real sense.
The last chapter is devoted to the comparative analysis of key contents from textbooks concerning national history, that is, the presentation of Bosnia and Herzegovina through different periods, in accordance with the topics covered in the textbooks. Five themes were singled out: the Middle Ages, the Ottoman period, the era of national revival in the 19th century, the Second World War and the 1992–1995 war. These are topics to which textbook authors pay special attention, considering the importance of their interpretations for the education and upbringing of new generations in the spirit of a desirable narrative aligned with the goals of the national education policy.
Characteristics of educational systems in terms of history teaching for the period 1998–2008 could be formulated as retaining the existing nationalized history policies and their minimal adaptation to the requirements that the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina presents to the holders of education policies in order to ensure and enforce peace. The policy of compromise is carried out at all or minimally in accordance with political will and representation of own interests or to a more significant extent under various pressures of the international community in Bosnia and Herzegovina, conditioning access to European integration, using aid funds, political changes or imposing legal decisions.
The analysed textbooks show just how deeply rooted the pattern of one-sided treatment of a topic is in the practice of writing textbooks and how much national interests and a collectivist approach with the aim of homogenizing one's own nation are represented in that act. After all, textbooks are created on the basis of a valid teaching program, i.e. curriculum, in which the goals and outcomes of teaching are clearly defined, and no matter how much politics and ideology is involved in the process itself, the results will remain at the level of the established state.
Education policies in the conducted research are monitored on the basis of practices and actions, and less through designed and carefully planned strategies. Only in the territory of the Republika Srpska two strategic documents in the field of education were adopted during the analysed period, which is the only thing possible considering its centralized arrangement. In the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, due to administrative and ethno-national decentralization, there was no opportunity to adopt a similar strategy. Even the political parties that are in position in their programs do not have a clearly defined education policy, so it seems that decisions are made spontaneously. Nevertheless, on the basis of the practices implemented, a clear continuity can be seen in the goals of education policies, namely that, among other things, they serve to homogenize national groups, and with the help of history lessons in particular, they build a positive relationship towards their own nation and encourage differentiation and hostility towards others
Misconceptions and different teaching approaches in introductory programming at the K-12 level
No full textProgramiranje je poseban način razmišljanja kojim se od postavljenog problema dolazi do rješenja izvedivog na računalu. Upravo je zbog toga učenje programiranja danas tako važno. Istovremeno, ono je i zahtjevno, pa je prirodno tražiti načine kako ga olakšati primjenom različitih obrazovnih alata. Poučavanje programiranja bit će uspješnije ukoliko učitelji steknu uvid u ono što učenici znaju, ali također i u ono što ne znaju, pa je poznavanje najčešćih pogrešnih shvaćanja učenika nužno. Dodatnu prepreku uspješnom poučavanju mogu predstavljati i apstrakcije, koje su temeljni koncept programiranja. To se posebno odnosi na učenike petih i šestih razreda osnovne škole jer se oni nalaze u konkretnoj fazi kognitivnog razvoja i imaju poteškoće već u ranim fazama učenja apstraktnih programerskih koncepata, koji nisu prikladni njihovu uzrastu. Problemi su još izraženiji ukoliko se u poučavanju koriste tradicionalni oblici nastave te isključivo tekstualni programski jezici, kod kojih je naglasak na sintaksi umjesto na semantici. U cilju prevladavanja navedenih poteškoća, a budući da postoji nedostatak sličnih istraživanja kod učenika koji još uvijek nisu dosegli formalnu fazu kognitivnog razvoja, osmišljeno je istraživanje u četiri faze. Rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na najčešće miskoncepcije učenika te dobi o kojima treba voditi računa prilikom planiranja uvodnog poučavanja programiranja. Rezultati su također potvrdili da na uspjeh učenika ne utječe vrsta odabranog tekstualnog programskog jezika za poučavanje. Osim toga, dobiveni rezultati pokazali su da vizualizacija nema utjecaj ne rezultate učenja, dok vizualno programiranje ima pozitivan učinak na usvajanje svih ispitivanih osnovnih programerskih koncepata kod programera početnika osnovnoškolske (K-12) razine, čime opravdava svoju primjenu u poučavanju.Programming is a unique way of thinking that leads from a given problem to a solution achievable on a computer. This is precisely why learning programming holds such importance today. Simultaneously, it is also challenging, prompting a natural search for ways to facilitate it through the use of various educational tools. Teaching programming will be more successful if educators gain insight into what students know, but also into what they don't, thus understanding the most common misconceptions students hold is essential. Additional hurdles to effective teaching can arise from abstractions, which constitute fundamental programming concepts. This concern is particularly relevant to fifth and sixth-grade elementary school students, as they find themselves in a concrete phase of cognitive development and face difficulties in the early stages of learning abstract programming concepts that are not suitable for their developmental age. These challenges are exacerbated when traditional teaching methods are employed, coupled with exclusively textual programming languages that emphasize syntax over semantics. In order to overcome the aforementioned difficulties, and due to the lack of similar research involving students who have not yet reached the formal stage of cognitive development, a four-phase study was devised. Research results highlighted the most common misconceptions held by students of this age group, which need to be taken into account when planning introductory programming education. The findings also confirmed that the choice of textual programming language for teaching does not influence student success. Furthermore, the obtained results demonstrated that visualization does not impact learning outcomes, while visual programming, in contrast, has a positive effect on the acquisition of all examined fundamental programming concepts among beginner K-12 level programmers. This effect justifies its application in teaching
Colour as an expository aspect of the narrative film
No full textDisertacija pod naslovom „Boja kao izlagački aspekt narativnoga filma“ istražuje ulogu boje u oblikovanju narativnih, estetskih i emocionalnih dimenzija filma. Kroz analizu povijesnih, tehničkih, kulturnih i umjetničkih aspekata, rad prati razvoj boje od ranih crno bijelih filmova do suvremene digitalne kinematografije naglašavajući utjecaj na filmsku naraciju i percepciju gledatelja.
Početno poglavlje bavi se filozofskim konceptom pojmova mimezisa i realizma, ističući kako su crno-bijeli filmovi koristili svjetlo i sjenu za stvaranje uvjerljivosti i atmosfere. Uvođenje boje označilo je novu fazu u filmskom jeziku, te je omogućilo dublje izražavanje i veću realističnost samog filmskog prikaza. Razmatra se i razvoj teorije boja od Newtona do suvremenih interdisciplinarnih pristupa koji uključuju psihologiju, umjetnost i tehnologiju, pokazujući kako su znanstvena otkrića utjecala na umjetnike i filmske autore. Analiza tehničkih i fizioloških aspekata boje uključuje pregled osobina ljudskog oka i percepcije boje kao svjetlosnog fenomena, što je prijeko potrebno za razumijevanje kako manipulacija bojama u filmu može proizvesti specifične emotivne i narativne učinke. Psihološke dimenzije percepcije boje istražuju na koji način različite boje izazivaju emocionalne reakcije i utječu na interpretaciju narativa, uzimajući u obzir kulturalne varijacije u simbolici boja. Disertacija isto tako svrstava boju u kontekst umjetnosti i kulture, analizirajući utjecaj velikih slikara i umjetničkih pokreta poput impresionizma i ekspresionizma na filmski jezik. Razmatra se kako su redatelji, primjerice Jean-Luc Godard i Ingmar Bergman, integrirali slikarska iskustva i vlastiti senzibilitet za boju u svoje filmove.
Povijest fotografije u boji prikazana je kao prekretnica koja je oblikovala percepciju stvarnosti i estetiku vizualnih umjetnosti. Fotografija u boji nije samo tehnološka inovacija već i estetski alat koji je otvorio nove mogućnosti narativnog i simboličkog autorskog rukopisa u mediju filmu. Nadalje, istražuje se i prijelaz s crno-bijelih filmova na filmove u boji, naglašavajući nove izazove i mogućnosti koje je boja unijela u vizualno pripovijedanju. U fokusu je posebno uloga boje u europskom filmu nakon 1960. godine, filmovi redatelja poput Krzysztofa Kieślowskog, koji se poigrava bojama francuske zastave, ili Pedra Almodóvara, koji koristi jarke i zasićene boje na simboličan i emocionalan način. Konkretni primjeri upotrebe boje u filmovima kao što su Crveni balon Alberta Lamorissea, Ludi Pierrot Jean Luca Godarda i u djelima Stanleya Kubricka ilustriraju kako boja može biti ključna za razumijevanje priče. Boja kod tih autora gotovo u svakom prizoru naglašava i odražava, ali i intenzivira narativnu strukturu te stvara napetost, čineći je integralnim dijelom filmske estetike.
Završno, disertacija analizira i kako digitalizacija kinematografije sustavno transformira upotrebu boje na filmu. Digitalni alati omogućuju veću kontrolu i eksperimentiranje s bojom, što ilustrira film Čudesna priča o Henryju Sugaru Wesa Andersona. Razmatraju se pitanja autentičnosti i percepcije stvarnosti u digitalnom dobu, kao i budućnost boje u svjetlu novih tehnologija poput proširene i virtualne stvarnosti. Disertacija na kraju zaključuje da boja nadilazi tehničku funkciju, te da je relevantan alat u oblikovanju narativa, izražavanju emocija i prenošenju simbolike. Kroz povijesne i suvremene analize rad pokazuje evoluciju boje u filmskom jeziku i ističe njezinu važnost u budućim istraživanjima i implementaciji inovativnih rješenja u filmskoj umjetnosti.The dissertation, titled Colour as an Expository Aspect of the Narrative Film, explores how color shapes the narrative, aesthetic, and emotional dimensions of film. Analyzing the historical, technical, cultural, and artistic aspects of color, the paper examines its role from the first black-and-white films to the digital era, considering how color influences the viewer's perception and contributes to the film's story. From its inception, film aimed to imitate reality, rooted in the philosophical concept of mimesis. Black-and-white films, although technically limited, developed sophisticated techniques for applying lighting and contrast to create persuasiveness and atmosphere. However, the pursuit of greater realism and visual diversity prompted the introduction of color as a significant artistic element, enabling a new acceptance and understanding of film language. The first chapter of the dissertation explores these beginnings, connecting the historical development of film with the philosophical concepts of realism and mimesis, while particularly emphasizing the introduction of color as a key element of the film image. This discussion serves as an introduction to a deeper consideration of the historical, theoretical, and technical aspects of color in film.
Furthermore, the history of color theory is covered, beginning with Isaac Newton, who was the first to scientifically explain the light spectrum, and continuing to modern theories that incorporate interdisciplinary research in psychology, art, and technology. Newton's discoveries provided the foundation for understanding color as a light phenomenon, while later theories expanded this understanding by adding subjective and cultural factors to color perception. Through a historical overview, the paper explores how scientific discoveries influenced visual artists, and later filmmakers, and how concepts of color evolved alongside the development of the medium. The paper also addresses the technical and physiological aspects of color as a light phenomenon, explaining the basic principles of physics related to color perception. It describes how the human eye is physiologically adapted to perceive certain wavelengths of light. This analysis provides the reader with a deeper understanding of how color transitions from a physical stimulus to a subjective experience in the human mind. This insight is important for understanding the technical and artistic aspects of filmmaking, where the manipulation of color can produce specific emotional and narrative effects.
The dissertation also explores the psychological dimensions of color perception. It examines how different colors evoke specific emotional responses, direct the viewer's attention, and influence the interpretation of narratives. The cultural symbolism of color is particularly significant in the language of film, as different cultures interpret colors differently. For instance, red is often associated with passion or danger in Western cultures, while in some Eastern cultures, it symbolizes happiness and prosperity. This complexity makes color a powerful yet delicate tool in narrative film. Color thus fits into the broader context of art and culture. The paper also explores how great masters of painting used color to express emotions and symbolism, and examines how directors such as Jean-Luc Godard and Ingmar Bergman drew inspiration from visual arts in shaping their films. Painting movements such as Impressionism and Expressionism had a profound influence on the development of film language, especially in the use of color to express the subjectivity and inner states of characters. The dissertation also focuses on photography as a new medium that shaped the perception of reality and the aesthetics of visual arts. The history of color photography follows technological developments from the first experiments to its mass application in the twentieth century. The aesthetics of color photography, particularly its ability to faithfully reproduce reality, laid the foundation for later innovations in film. The analysis shows that color photography is not only a technical innovation but also a dominant aesthetic tool, opening up new possibilities for narrative and symbolic expression.
Part of the work relates to visual storytelling with moving images, exploring the poetics of black-and-white film and the transition to color film. Despite the limitations of visual art, black-and-white films developed expressive techniques, such as contrast and light quality, which enriched the film narrative. With the standardization of color film, filmmakers faced new visual challenges and opportunities. Early experiments with color in film, although technically imperfect, laid the foundation for later masterpieces that use color as an indispensable narrative element. The focus of the dissertation is also on the role of color in European film after 1960, a period marked by innovation and creative exploration. Directors such as Krzysztof Kieślowski, who plays with the colors of the French flag, and Pedro Almodóvar, who uses color in highly symbolic and emotional ways, demonstrate how color becomes not only a means of visual persuasion but also a crucial tool for philosophical and social commentary. Through a detailed analysis of key films, the dissertation illustrates how European filmmakers expanded the functionality of color in the language of film.
Examples of specific uses of color in narrative film are discussed through films such as El Ballon Rouge (1956) by Albert Lamorisse and Pierrot le Fou (1965) by Jean-Luc Godard, as well as the works of Ingmar Bergman and Stanley Kubrick. In El Ballon Rouge, the red color of the balloon symbolizes freedom, innocence, and childhood imagination, while in Pierrot le Fou, color emphasizes the emotional intensity and chaotic nature of the narrative. Kubrick's precise and often symbolic use of color, for example in The Shining (1980), contributes to creating tension and deepening the meaning of specific scenes, making color an integral part of his film aesthetics.
The dissertation also analyzes the digitalization of cinema and how modern technologies transform the use of color in film. Digital tools allow for greater control over color, from shooting to post-production, expanding the scope for filmmakers to experiment. The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023) illustrates how contemporary filmmakers use color to balance realism and artificiality. Digital technology opens new aesthetic horizons but also raises questions about authenticity and the perception of reality in film. Discussing the future of color in film, the dissertation considers rapid technological changes, such as augmented reality and virtual reality, confirming that new technologies will further expand the practicality and effectiveness of color in film.
Finally, the dissertation concludes that color in film transcends its technical function, becoming a critical tool in shaping narratives, expressing emotions, and conveying symbolism. Through historical, theoretical, and practical analyses, the paper demonstrates how color evolved from a technical addition to the film image to an integral element of film language. This evolution enables filmmakers to use color as a means of shaping meaning, atmosphere, and audience interaction. Ultimately, the dissertation highlights the importance of further research into the role of color in film, particularly in light of new technologies and cultural changes that are redefining how we experience visual media. In summary, color remains a dynamic and complex aspect of film that continues to inspire creativity and innovation in the art of filmmaking
Gender representation in the Croatian daily press 2008-2018
No full textOva doktorska disertacija analizira nedovoljnu zastupljenost žena u hrvatskom društvu i medijima, osobito u političkim životu i temama od javnog interesa. Čini se kako opća dekadencija društva, društvene antagonizme stavlja u okvire socijalnih, kulturnih i društvenih prava. Te se suprotnosti često prelamaju preko leđa žena. Dosadašnja kraća istraživanja položaja žena u medijima, pokazala su da je prevladavajuća uloga žena kao javnih osoba ili žena sa negativnim imidžem u javnosti. U slučajevima kad su žene tragični akteri, struktura vijesti, naslova i opreme, pojačava stereotipnost prikaza. Žene su rijetko prikazane kao stručnjaci ili lideri, a često su prikazane u kontekstu njihove obitelji ili fizičkog izgleda.
Cilj je kvantitativno i kvalitativno istražiti kako se mediji bave temom ravnopravnosti, uz dodatak intervjua s novinarima i urednicima kako bi se razumjeli njihovi pristupi i odluke.
U odnosu na postavljene hipoteze, kvantitativna analiza obuhvatila je 4 vodeća hrvatska dnevnika od 2008 do 2018. godine, pet godina prije i pet godina nakon ulaska u EU. Kvantitativna analiza obuhvatila je također osim definiranje uzorka, konstrukciju analitičke matrice, provedbu analize i provjeru pouzdanosti. Analitička matrica bila je mjerni instrument za analizu, usporediv sa upitnikom u anketnim istraživanjima. Kvalitativna analiza obuhvatila je i analizu sadržaja, polustrukturirane intervjue i opažanja. Analiza sadržaja pokazala je kako se žene često prikazuju kao senzacija sama po sebi, a ne društveno ravnopravan partner.
Novinari su važni. Većina novinara i urednika smatra kako mediji danas uglavnom prenose informacije te da tabloidno novinarstvo ima veću zastupljenost u prikazu žena od istraživačkog novinarstva, jer istraživačko novinarstvo danas postaje opasan posao, zbog povećanog broja napada na novinare. Veći dio novinara slaže se o potrebi angažiranijeg novinarstva kad je riječ o položaju žena. Istraživanje pokazuje kako su potrebne i značajnije promjene u izvještavanju, edukacija novinara i urednika, primjena novih istraživačkih metoda, te promjena novinskih politika koje favoriziraju muške perspektive. Najčešći seksistički stereotipi kada je o ženama riječ jesu ti da su žene emocionalnije, majke, domaćice, manje sposobne i inteligentne te iracionalne. Prikazane su često kao seksualni objekti, a seksistički jezik i komunikacija često uključuju korištenje i muškog roda kao univerzalnog. Preliminarni nalazi potvrđuju da, unatoč povećanoj javnoj svijesti, stvarni napredak u medijskoj reprezentaciji žena nije ostvaren. Mediji i dalje imaju velik utjecaj na oblikovanje javne percepcije, čime mogu igrati ključnu ulogu u promicanju ravnopravnosti ili, suprotno, u njezinu potkopavanju.This doctoral dissertation analyzes the underrepresentation of women in Croatian society and the media, especially in political life and topics of public interest. It seems that the general decadence of society places social antagonisms within the framework of social, cultural and social rights. These contradictions are often reflected over the backs of women. Shorter research to date on the position of women in the media has shown that the predominant role of women is as public figures or women with a negative image in the public. In cases where women are tragic actors, the structure of the news, headlines and equipment reinforces the stereotyped portrayal. Women are rarely portrayed as experts or leaders, and are often depicted in the context of their family or physical appearance.
The aim is to quantitatively and qualitatively investigate how the media deal with the topic of equality, with the addition of interviews with journalists and editors in order to understand their approaches and decisions.
In relation to the hypotheses set, the quantitative analysis included 4 leading Croatian dailies from 2008 to 2018, five years before and five years after joining the EU. The quantitative analysis included, in addition to defining the sample, constructing the analytical matrix, conducting the analysis and checking reliability. The analytical matrix was a measuring instrument for the analysis, comparable to a questionnaire in survey research. The qualitative analysis also included content analysis, semi-structured interviews and observations. The content analysis showed that women are often portrayed as sensations in their own right, rather than as socially equal partners.
Journalists matter. Most journalists and editors believe that the media today mainly transmit information and that tabloid journalism has a higher representation of women than investigative journalism, because investigative journalism is becoming a dangerous job today, due to the increased number of attacks on journalists. Most journalists agree on the need for more engaged journalism when it comes to the position of women. The research shows that more significant changes are needed in reporting, education of journalists and editors, application of new investigative methods, and changes in newspaper policies that favor male perspectives. The most common sexist stereotypes when it comes to women are that women are more emotional, mothers, housewives, less capable and intelligent, and irrational. They are often portrayed as sexual objects, and sexist language and communication often include the use of the masculine gender as universal. Preliminary findings confirm that, despite increased public awareness, real progress in the media representation of women has not been achieved. The media still have a great influence on shaping public perception, which can play a key role in promoting equality or, conversely, in undermining it
An intellectual history of Croatian modern architecture in Zagreb (1900-1980)
No full textIntelektualna povijest kao zasebna povijesna poddisciplina je u zapadnoeuropskoj i angloameričkoj historiografiji prisutna još od 1940-ih godina, kada je američki filozof i povjesničar Arthur Lovejoy (1940.) pokrenuo časopis Journal of the History of Ideas. Od početnog temelja povijesti ideja, intelektualna povijest se razvila u niz smjerova i pristupa, često tražeći i interdisciplinarnost (npr. povijest koncepata ili Begriffsgeschichte u Njemačkoj, povijest političke misli u sklopu tzv. Cambridge škole, pristup povezivanja socio-ekonomskih i političkih fenomena s književnošću na Sveučilištu Sussex, itd.). Upravo zato je ova poddisciplina poželjan okvir istraživanja fenomena modernosti u urbanom kontekstu – pa tako i moderne arhitekture u Zagrebu. Glavna teza rada je da diskurs o modernoj arhitekturi odnosno definiranje problema njene pojave, razvoja i šireg prihvaćanja na razini tekstova otvara pristupe analizi političkih, socio-ekonomskih, kulturnih i intelektualnih aspekata društvenog razvoja Zagreba i Hrvatske općenito. Tako postavljena, tema otvara nekoliko razina intelektualne povijesti kao poddiscipline paralelno: kao povijest ideje i koncepcije, povijest uskih elita (zanimanja, određenog tipa intelektualaca) ili intelektualnih rasprava i prijepora. Primarni izvori ovog istraživanja su brojni tekstovi arhitekata i drugih intelektualaca zainteresiranih za pojavu, afirmaciju i razvoj moderne arhitekture u dugom trajanju moderne arhitekture. Upravo zato su 1900. i 1980. godine kronoloških odrednice, jer predstavljaju jasne točke: Viktor Kovačić 1900. objavljuje svoj manifestni tekst „Moderna arhitektura“, a 1980. godine u časopisu Arhitektura izlazi velika rasprava s okruglog stola o fenomenu postmoderne u arhitekturi. Cilj ovog istraživanja je pronalaženje, analiza i kontekstualizacija ključnih tekstova arhitekata (i drugih stručnjaka) koji su zastupali ideje moderne arhitekture. To prije svega podrazumijeva čitanje i povezivanje izvora s društveno-povijesnim kontekstom. Prateći ideju modernosti, u duljem trajanju između 1900. i 1980. godine, u okviru intelektualne povijesti se proučava ujedno povijest ideje modernog na primjeru tekstova o arhitekturi, odnosno razvoj i promjene u shvaćanju ili značenju koncepta moderne arhitekture. Takav pristup podrazumijeva povezivanje sfera urbane povijesti s društvenom poviješću kao i političkom. Zagreb se kao primjer nameće prije svega jer se radi o nepobitnom hrvatskom središtu od 19. stoljeća te je logični odabir zbog formiranja ideje moderne arhitekture u Hrvatskoj općenito, kao i kasnije središte (domaćeg) obrazovanja arhitekata. Radi svega toga se u raspravama o gradu najčešće javlja i pitanje moderne arhitekture. Osim navedenoga, intelektualna povijest arhitekata i njihovih tekstova također otkriva međuodnos hrvatske arhitekture s bitnim utjecajima izvana (Srednja Europa, Zapadna Europa, Istočna Europa, Sjedinjene Države), odnosno sagledava u kojoj su mjeri hrvatski arhitekti internacionalni, a u kojoj mjeri njihovi tekstovi korespondiraju sa situacijom u Hrvatskoj, odnosno Zagrebu te na što stavljaju naglasak. Analizom ključnih tekstova, prvenstveno arhitekata, a zatim i drugih intelektualaca koji pišu o modernoj arhitekturi, dobiva se bitan izvor za intelektualni razvoj misli o arhitekturi, mijenama u poimanju modernosti, kao i arhitektonske struke koja se u različitim razdobljima povijesti kroz 20. stoljeće nameće kao manje ili više važna u intelektualnom, društvenom, kulturnom, ali i političkom životuAs a prominent distinctive subdiscipline, intellectual history has been present in Western European and Anglo-American historiography since the first half of the 20th century, starting with the American philosopher and historian Arthur Lovejoy (1940) and his Journal of the History of Ideas. The German tradition of the so-called history of the mind/spirit (Geistesgeschichte) was also influential. From the initial basis of the history of ideas, intellectual history has developed into a series of directions and approaches, taking often specific methodological paths and meaning different levels of interdisciplinarity: these are, for example, the history of concepts or Begriffsgeschichte in Germany, the history of political thought within the so-called Cambridge school, intellectual history as a link between socioeconomic and political phenomena with the history of literature at the University of Sussex, etc. This is precisely why intellectual history offers a desirable framework for researching the phenomenon of modernity, which almost necessarily means analyzing an urban (sub)context. Various problems of understanding, defining or developing attitudes towards modernity and its role in the dominant discourses of certain periods are questioned here at the level of texts on modern architecture (intellectual history) in relation to the city of Zagreb as a spatial research determinant (urban history). The main thesis is that the discourse on modern architecture, i.e. defining its origin, development and wider acceptance at a textual level sheds light on different political, socio-economic, cultural and intellectual aspects of the social development of Zagreb (and Croatia/Austria-Hungary/Yugoslavia in general). The topic connects several levels of intellectual history in parallel: as the history of ideas and concepts, the history of urban elites (occupations, certain types of intellectuals) or intellectual debates and controversies. The primary sources of this research are numerous texts by architects and other intellectuals interested in the emergence, affirmation and development of modern architecture in the long run of modern architecture. That is precisely why the years 1900 and 1980 are chronological determinants, representing clear intellectual breaking points: Viktor Kovačić publishes his manifesto "Modern Architecture" in 1900, and in 1980 a large round table discussion on the phenomenon of postmodernism in architecture is published in the magazine Arhitektura (Architecture). Starting from Kovačić and his manifesto, this thesis follows the long duration of an idea that is textually defined and communicated, both to the profession and to the general public, political elites, other intellectuals, etc. By analyzing key texts by experts on architecture and modern architecture a more complete picture of the history of an idea is provided. The thesis provides an answer to the question of what were the constituent elements of that idea at a certain moment in the past and why exactly those elements were highlighted. Between Kovačić's manifesto in 1900 and 1980, important texts appeared in the public domain that, each in their own way, influenced the discussion of modern architecture and its definition in a wider social context: from Kovačić to the collapse of the Habsburg Monarchy, K. Strajnić, A. G. Matoš, V. Lunaček, P. Senjanović and others join this discussion, from 1918 to the end of World War II main texts are written by D. Ibler, E. Weissmann, M. Krleža, S. Planić, B. Rajakovac, P. Knoll, Z. Požgaj, A. Albini, J. Seissel, V. Antolić, A. Freudenreich, K. Ostrogović, etc., and for the period from 1945 to 1980 (in addition to the already mentioned authors who continue to participate in the discussion) A. Mohorovičić, N. Šegvić, A. Mutnjaković, S. Sekulić-Gvozdanović, A. Pasinović, R. Ivančević, Z. Kolacio, T. Premerl, D. Venturini and many others are part of the discussion. The goal of this research is to systemize, analyze and contextualize key texts of architects (and other experts) who discussed the idea(s) of modern architecture. First of all, this implies reading and connecting the sources with the socio-historical context. Such an approach implies connecting the spheres of urban history with social history as well as political history. Zagreb stands out as an example, first of all because it is an undeniable Croatian center since the 19th century and is a logical choice due to the formation of the idea of modern architecture in Croatia in general, as well as the later center of (domestic) education of architects and their professional activity. Because of all this, the question of modern architecture often arises in the context of discussions on the city itself. In addition to the above, the intellectual history of architects and their texts also reveals the interrelationship of Croatian architecture with important external influences (Central Europe, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union and the United States), that is, it looks at the extent to which Croatian architects are international, and to what extent their texts correspond to the situation in Croatia, i.e. Zagreb. Modern architectural tendencies started emerging in Croatia at the turn of the 20th century. At the same time, a vivid intellectual discourse – on the notions of modernity, the principles of modernism, and its importance to the society – was blooming under the influence of Vienna and Otto Wagner's school of thought, especially Adolf Loos. At the beginning of the 20th century, architects were still educated at foreign universities, primarily in Vienna, but also in France and Germany. Immediately at the beginning of the interwar period, in 1919, the schooling of future architects will begin in Zagreb. Beside the important Technical College, which in 1926 would become part of the University of Zagreb as the Technical Faculty, especially the Architectural department of the Academy of Fine Arts under the leadership of Drago Ibler brought dynamics to education and different approaches to architecture in Croatia. The expansion of the city of Zagreb and the constant increase in the number of inhabitants, as well as the redefinition of the city's borders, represent a challenge not only to architects, but also to the city itself. The interwar period laid the foundations for the acceptance of modern architecture. The dissolution of Austria-Hungary in 1918 marked an important turning point which heavily influenced the intellectual discourse on modern architecture in Zagreb. The development of modern architecture and the changing political context – the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes; the later Kingdom of Yugoslavia; as well as the formation of the Independent State of Croatia in 1941 – were reflected in the discussions and nuances of the perceptions of modernity, a process which modified the role of the architect itself. During World War II the extraordinary dominance of politics directly reflected on the concept of modernity. Discussions on the principles of modern architecture continued after the end of World War II and the formation of the socialist Yugoslavia in 1945. However, the discourse was modified and adapted to the new political and social changes, which were caused by war. This led to important modifications in the presentation of the programme of modern architecture, as well the role of the architect and the architectural profession in urban environments (Zagreb in particular) and society in general. By the end of the war and the (re)establishment of Yugoslavia, modern architecture once again became the reference point of the new regime and directly connected to its modernization matrix. In doing so, modernist principles are reexamined, and in some cases ideologically harmonized. After the definitive rejection of influence from the Soviet Union, architecture took advantage of the opportunity in the coming post-war/Cold war reconstruction and construction, combining foreign influences with domestic needs. In this period, the connection between architecture and urban planning is most visible, which is especially reflected in Zagreb. This dominantly harmonious situation lasted until the end of the 1970s. The emergence of more individual approaches and stratification of principles marked the beginning of new aspirations in the form of postmodernism. By analyzing key texts on modern architecture, written primarily by architects (and also other well-informed intellectuals), essential sources for the intellectual development of the concept of modernity in Croatia and Zagreb are reevaluated and contextualized