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Critical discourse analysis of newspaper articles reporting on the COVID-19
No full textPandemija uzrokovana koronavirusom promijenila je naĉin na koji ljudi komuniciraju i dijele informacije. Mijenjaju se razmišljanja ljudi u skladu s novim okolnostima i osobnim iskustvima. U ovoj disertaciji u okviru kritiĉke analize diskursa analiziraju se razliĉiti uĉinci pandemije na temelju korpusa koji saĉinjavaju ĉlanci ameriĉkih dnevnih novina The New York Timesa, a koji izvještavaju o svjetskoj zdravstvenoj krizi 2020. i 2021. godine. Budući da se u ovakvoj situaciji obiljeţenoj iznenadnom pandemijom jezik ne moţe odvojiti od društvenog, ekonomskog ili politiĉkog konteksta, u radu se koristi interdisciplinarni pristup kritiĉke analize diskursa. Teorijski dio disertacije ukljuĉuje sâm razvoj kritiĉke analize diskursa, razlike izmeĊu diskursa i teksta, vezu izmeĊu diskursa, moći, ideologije i hegemonije, utjecaj globalizacije na jezik, definiciju konteksta te karakteristike medijskog diskursa. Jezik se koristi za informiranje i upozoravanje ĉitatelja o širenju virusa i njegovim uĉincima, ali istovremeno utjeĉe i na kreiranje svijesti o odnosima moći, dominaciji te društvenim nejednakostima. Novinari informiraju ĉitatelje o trenutaĉnoj zdravstvenoj krizi i poduzetim mjerama te socioekonomskim uĉincima krize, što rezultira i velikim promjenama u jeziku. U analizi korpusa koristi se trodimenzijski model Normana Fairclougha u kombinaciji s analizom mikrostruktura i makrostruktura Teuna Van Dijka. Prvi dio istraţivaĉkog dijela rada odnosi se na lingvistiĉku analizu teksta koja ukljuĉuje leksik te se u radu utvrĊuje uĉestalost izraza povezanih s pandemijom uzrokovanom koronavirusom, uz analizu neologizama s obzirom na njihovu tvorbu. Osim leksika, u okviru intertekstualnosti istraţuje se i uloga upravnog i neupravnog govora, analizirajući tri aspekta: naĉin, glagole izvješćivanja i izvore. Kritiĉka analiza diskursa, kao interdisciplinarni pristup, nije usredotoĉena samo na lingvistiĉku analizu teksta, stoga se u radu analiziraju i odnosi moći koji se kanaliziraju putem jezika u okvirima socioekonomskog i politiĉkog konteksta. Na taj se naĉin ţeli postići kritiĉko promišljanje ĉitatelja o utjecaju medijskog jezika na ĉitatelje u kriznim situacijama te ukazati kako novonastala situacija mijenja naĉin izvještavanja u pisanim medijima.The pandemic caused by the coronavirus has changed the way people communicate and share information. People's thinking changes according to new circumstances and personal experiences. In this dissertation, within the framework of critical discourse analysis, the different effects of the pandemic are analyzed based on the corpus of articles from the American daily newspaper, The New York Times, which reports on the global health crisis in 2020 and 2021. Since in such a situation marked by a sudden pandemic, language cannot be separated from the social, economic or political context, the paper uses an interdisciplinary approach of critical discourse analysis. The theoretical part of the dissertation includes the very development of the critical discourse analysis, the differences between discourse and text, the connection between discourse, power, ideology and hegemony, the impact of globalization on language, the definition of context and the characteristics of media discourse. Language is used to inform and warn readers about the spread of the virus and its effects, but at the same time it also affects the creation of awareness about power relations, dominance and social inequalities. Journalists inform readers about the current health crisis and the measures taken, as well as the socioeconomic effects of the crisis, which results in major changes in the language. In the analysis of the corpus, the three-dimensional model of Norman Fairclough is used in combination with the analysis of microstructures and macrostructures of Teun Van Dijk. The first part of the research part of the paper refers to the linguistic analysis of the text, which includes the vocabulary, and the paper determines the frequency of expressions related to the pandemic caused by the coronavirus, along with the analysis of neologisms with regard to their creation. In addition to lexical, the role of direct and indirect speech is also investigated within the framework of intertextuality, where three aspects are analyzed: mode, reporting verbs and sources. Critical discourse analysis, as an interdisciplinary approach, does not focus only on the linguistic analysis of the text, and therefore the paper also analyzes the power relations that are channeled through language within the framework of the socioeconomic and political context. In this way, the aim is to achieve a critical reflection of readers on the impact of the media language on readers in crisis and to point out the way in which the newly created situation changes the way of reporting in the written media
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy outcomes and pathohistological characteristics of the placenta in the University Hospital Split
No full textUvod: Ključna značajka infekcije COVID-19 je endotelna disfunkcija uzrokovana vezanjem
virusa na ACE2 receptor na endotelnim stanicama, što dovodi do stanja koagulopatije. U općoj
populaciji COVID-19 je povezan s visokom stopom tromboembolijskih komplikacija, dok u
trudnoći povećava rizik od preeklampsije, prijevremenog poroda i drugih nepovoljnih ishoda
trudnoće kao što su pobačaj, mrtvorođenost i rana neonatalna smrt. Trudnoća je, sama po sebi,
hiperkoagulabilno stanje pa ne čudi da tijekom trudnoće i u babinju COVID-19 infekcija može
imati dodatne ili sinergističke čimbenike rizika za trombozu. Navedeno upućuje da bi COVID19 mogao biti povezan sa stanjima hiperkoagulabilnosti koja rezultiraju uteroplacentalnom
malperfuzijom. RCOG je preporučio uvođenje LMWH profilaktički za sve COVID-19
pozitivne trudnice, osim ako se porod ne očekuje unutar sljedećih 12 sati. Od morfoloških
promjena na posteljici uočena je veća učestalost MVM-a, FVM-a i povećanje periviloznog
taloženja fibrina. Pandemija je donijela mnoge restrikcije što je rezultiralo otežanim pružanjem
medicinske skrbi svima pa i trudnicama, čime se povećala mogućnost nepovoljnog tijeka i
ishoda trudnoće.
Cilj: Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je odrediti patohistološke karatkteristike posteljica iz COVID19 trudnoća s osvrtom na tromjesečje primoinfekcije i terapiju niskomolekularnim heparinom.
Sekundarni ciljevi istraživanja bili su odrediti je li za vrijeme COVID-19 pandemije došlo do
porasta nepovoljnih ishoda trudnoća, kao što su pobačaji, mrtvorođenost i rana neonatalna smrt
u KBC-u Split.
Materijali i metode: Za prvi dio istraživanja prikupljene su 104 posteljice i podatci rodilja
koje su imale pozitivan PCR test na SARS CoV-2 u trudnoći, a rodile su u vremenskom
razdoblju od 01.04.2021. do 01.09.2021. u KBC-u Split. Posteljice su poslane na
patohistološku analizu. Prikupljeni podatci su podijeljeni u tri skupine ovisno o tromjesečju
trudnoće u kojem je došlo do infekcije COVID-19 virusom, a potom na dvije skupine na
temelju primjene LMWH. U drugo istraživanje uključene su sve trudnice koje su imale
nepovoljan ishod trudnoće kao što su spontani pobačaj, intrauterina smrt ploda, kao i rana
neonatalna smrt u KBC-u Split. Ispitanice su podijeljene u dvije skupine: “prije pandemije” te
“za vrijeme pandemije” te su podatci statistički obrađeni.
Rezultati: U 38% trudnica početak infekcije COVID-19 bio je u prvom tromjesečju trudnoće,
u 27% u drugom i 35% trudnica bilo je zaraženo je u trećem tromjesečju. Pojava FVM-a bila je statistički značajno veća u skupini LMWH− i ako je početak infekcije bio u drugom
tromjesečju, dok je vjerojatnost taloženja periviloznog fibrina rasla ako se infekcija COVID19 dogodila u prvom tromjesečju trudnoće. Nije bilo statistički značajne razlike u učestalosti
nepovoljnih ishoda trudnoće u skupini prije pandemije i tijekom pandemije COVID-19.
Zaključak: Vrijeme infekcije s COVID-19 utječe na oštećenje trofoblasta i naknadni
morfološki izgled posteljice. Korištenje LMWH kod COVID-19 pozitivnih trudnica smanjuje
stopu FVM-a u ispitanim posteljicama. Naše je istraživanje pokazalo da pandemija nije imala
negativan učinak na trudnice i njihov plod. Nije bilo povećanja broja pobačaja, intrauterine
fetalne smrti ili perinatalne smrti tijekom godine pandemije. Iako naša početna hipoteza nije
potvrđena, rezultati studije pokazuju da je KBC Split uspio trudnicama pružiti kvalitetnu
zdravstvenu skrb, unatoč trenutnoj pandemiji i dodatnim ograničenjima koja su uvedena. Sve
to nije imalo negativan učinak na konačni ishod njihove trudnoće.Introduction: A key feature of the COVID-19 infection is endothelial dysfunction caused by
binding of the virus to the ACE2 receptor on endothelial cells, leading to a state of
coagulopathy. In the general population, COVID-19 is associated with a high rate of
thromboembolic complications, while in pregnancy it increases the risk of preeclampsia,
premature birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes such as miscarriage, stillbirth and early
neonatal death. Pregnancy, by itself, is a hypercoagulable state, so it is not surprising that
during pregnancy and in the puerperium the infection of COVID-19 can have additional or
synergistic risk factors for thrombosis. The above indicates that COVID-19 could be associated
with a state of hypercoagulability that results in uteroplacental malperfusion. The RCOG
recommends the introduction of LMWH prophylactically for all COVID-19 positive
pregnancies, unless delivery is expected within the next 12 hours. The morphological changes
on the placenta such as a higher frequency of MVM, FVM and an increase in perivillous fibrin
deposition were observed. The pandemic brought about many restrictions, which resulted in
difficult provision of medical care to everyone, including pregnant women, which increased
the possibility of an unfavorable pregnancy outcomes.
Aim: The main aim of the study was to determine the pathohistological characteristics of
placentas from COVID-19 pregnancies according to the trimester of primary infection and
therapy with low molecular weight heparin. The secondary objectives of the research were to
determine whether during the COVID-19 pandemic there was an increase in adverse pregnancy
outcomes, such as miscarriages, stillbirths and early neonatal deaths in KBC Split.
Matherials and methods: For the first part of the research, 104 placentas and data of mothers
who had a positive PCR test for SARS CoV-2 during pregnancy, and who gave birth in the
time period from April 1, 2021. until 01.09.2021. in The University Hospital Split, were
collected. The placentas were sent for the pathohistological analysis. The collected data were
divided into three groups depending on the trimester of pregnancy in which the infection
occurred, and then into two groups based on the use of LMWH. The second study included all
pregnant women who had an unfavorable pregnancy outcome, such as miscarriage, intrauterine
fetal death, as well as early neonatal death in The University Hospital Split. Women were
divided into two groups: "before the pandemic" and "during the pandemic", and the data were
statistically processed.
Results: In 38% of patients the onset of COVID-19 infection was the 1st trimester of
pregnancy, in 27% in the 2nd and 35% of women were infected in the 3rd trimester. FVM
occurrence was statistically significantly higher in the LMWH− group and if the onset of
infection was in the 2nd trimester, while the perivillous fibrin deposition was most likely to
happen if the COVID-19 infection occured in the 1st trimester of pregnancy. There was no
statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in the period
prior to the pandemic and during the year of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion: The onset of COVID-19 infection has the influence on trophoblast damage and
subsequent morphological appearance of the placenta. LMWH use in COVID positive
pregnant women decreases the rate of the FVM in examined placentas. Our study showed that
the pandemic did not have a negative effect on pregnant women and their fetuses. There was
no increase in miscarriage, intrauterine fetal demise, or perinatal death during the year of the
pandemic. Although our initial hypothesis was not confirmed, the study’s results do indicate
that the University Hospital of Split was able to provide pregnant women with the high-quality
health care, despite the ongoing pandemic and additional restrictions that were introduced. All
of which had no adverse effect on the final outcome of their pregnancies
Utjecaj primjene zelenih otapala i visokonaponskoga električnoga pražnjenja na ekstrakciju bioaktivnih spojeva iz odabranoga sredozemnoga bilja
No full textThe aim of the study was to investigate a sustainable food extraction method high voltage electrical discharge (HVED) with green solvents for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Mediterranean herbs rosemary and oregano. The theoretical predictive tools were used to assess the solubility of certain bioactive compounds in green solvents, to reduce solvent consumption during experimentation. Results showed that HVED is a highly efficient green extraction method that can be a sustainable alternative to conventional extraction methods. The obtained extracts were stabilized using microencapsulation which was presented as a valuable tool for preserving polyphenol stability in aqueous extracts, contributing to the development of functional foods with customizable properties.Cilj istraživanja bio je istražiti održivu metodu ekstrakcije hrane visokonaponskim električnim pražnjenjem (HVED) sa zelenim otapalima za ekstrakciju bioaktivnih spojeva iz mediteranskog bilja ružmarina i origana. Teorijski alati za predviđanje korišteni su za procjenu topljivosti određenih bioaktivnih spojeva u zelenim otapalima, kako bi se smanjila potrošnja otapala tijekom eksperimentiranja. Rezultati su pokazali da je HVED vrlo učinkovita metoda zelene ekstrakcije koja može biti održiva alternativa konvencionalnim metodama ekstrakcije. Dobiveni ekstrakti stabilizirani su pomoću mikrokapsulacije koja se pokazala kao vrijedan alat za očuvanje stabilnosti polifenola u vodenim ekstraktima, pridonoseći razvoju funkcionalne hrane s prilagodljivim svojstvima
Securitization of irregular migration in the Republic of Croatia from the critical geopolitics perspective
No full textSredišnji cilj disertacije je istražiti geopolitičke diskurse vezane uz iregularne migracije i migratorne procese u Republici Hrvatskoj koji se pojavljuju u jeku i nakon „migracijske krize“ iz 2015./2016. godine. Geopolitički diskursi u radu se promatraju u sklopu procesa sekuritizacije kao društvena konstrukcija iz koje proizlaze materijalni i nematerijalni interesi Hrvatske kao tranzitne zemlje, stoga se istraživanju pristupa iz perspektive kritičkog konstruktivizma.
Iako se migratorni procesi kao globalni fenomen mogu istraživati iz perspektive strukturalne geopolitike, rad se temelji na istraživanju iz perspektiva popularne, praktične i formalne geopolitike koje su usmjerene na državnu razinu. Koristeći teoriju sekuritizacije kritičkih sigurnosnih studija, u radu se, u okviru kritičke geopolitike, analiziraju geopolitički diskursi proizašli iz djelovanja medija (popularna geopolitika); političkih govora i državnih akcija (praktična geopolitika); i strateških studija i zakonskih akata (formalna geopolitika). Prema tome, u okviru geopolitičkih diskursa, proces sekuritizacije iregularnih migracija istražen je na diskurzivnoj, praktičnoj i normativnoj razini.
Prvi dio vremenskog okvira uključuje razdoblje od 1. listopada 2015. godine do 31. ožujka 2016. godine, odnosno od točke prekretnice „migracijske krize“ do potpisivanja sporazuma između Europske unije i Turske s ciljem zaustavljanja masovnih migracija prema EU. Drugi dio vremenskog okvira uključuje cijelu 2019. godinu za koju je, u odnosu na 2017. i 2018. godinu, karakterističan povećan broj iregularnih graničnih prelazaka iz Bosne i Hercegovine. Kako bi rezultati istraživanja bili plauzibilniji, vremenski odmak između dva istraživačka razdoblja neophodan je za istraživanje procesa sekuritizacije iregularnih migracija. Istraživanjem nije obuhvaćeno razdoblje nakon 2019. godine zbog značajnog učinka pandemije COVID-19 na smanjenje intenziteta iregularnih migracija u Hrvatskoj.
Na razini popularne geopolitike u sklopu kvalitativne analize sadržaja i primjenom koncepta uokvirivanja istražuje se jesu li iregularni migranti unutar generičkih okvira u novinskim člancima predstavljeni kao sigurnosna prijetnja. Kao jedinice analize koriste se novinski članci iz četiri domaće tiskovine: Večernjeg lista, Jutarnjeg lista, Nacionala i Globusa. Na razini praktične geopolitike istraživanju se pristupa prema istom principu, međutim jedinice analize su izjave političkih i nepolitičkih aktera u kojima prezentiraju vlastite stavove o iregularnim migrantima. Osim toga, na razini praktične geopolitike u okvirima Strategije integriranog upravljanja granicom RH kao krovnog strateškog dokumenta kojim se provodi nadzor državne granice u praktičnom pogledu, analiziraju se tehničke i operativne mjere koje su planirane ili provedene, a čiji se primjeri utvrđuju i analiziraju u sklopu navedenih tiskovina. Na razini formalne geopolitike normativnom analizom istražuju se institucionalni indikatori u sklopu pravnog okvira kako bi se utvrdilo jesu li nakon „migracijske krize“ iz 2015./2016. godine usvojene izmjene i dopune koje ukazuju na sekuritizaciju iregularnih migracija u Hrvatskoj.
Unatoč humanitarnom pristupu Hrvatske u rješavanju problema masovnih migracija prema EU tijekom 2015./2016. godine, istraživanje je pokazalo kako su iregularni migranti na diskurzivnoj razini u sklopu popularnog i praktičnog geopolitičkog diskursa u oba istraživačka razdoblja predstavljeni kao sigurnosna prijetnja. Osim toga, u sklopu istraživanja na razini praktične geopolitike utvrđen je veći broj primjera provođenja sekuritizacije iregularnih migracija kroz praksu, pogotovo tijekom 2019. godine, dok je na razini formalne geopolitike u sklopu pravnog okvira utvrđen značajan broj izmjena i dopuna prema kojima je zakonski omogućeno provođenje niza različitih mjera s ciljem suzbijanja iregularnih migracija. Pokazalo se kako iregularne migracije nisu predstavljene kao objektivna sigurnosna ugroza, nego odražavaju intersubjektivnu društvenu i političku konstrukciju kojom se proizvode geopolitičke imaginacije i geopolitički kodovi koji su usko vezani uz materijalne i nematerijalne geopolitičke interese Hrvatske.
Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju kako je u sklopu geopolitičkog diskursa prisutno jačanje postojećih geopolitičkih kodova koji su ukorijenjeni u geopolitičke imaginacije Hrvatske, ali i EU. Hrvatska sekuritizacijom iregularnih migracija nastoji zaštititi uspostavljeni sustav geopolitičkog značaja i moći EU u odnosu na države trećeg svijeta, a iregularni migranti, kao konstruirana prijetnja, predstavljaju jednu od ključnih odrednica geopolitičkog diskursa u kontekstu postizanja geopolitičkih interesa. Sekuritizacijom iregularnih migracija Hrvatska nastoji ostvariti važan nacionalni interes, a to je ulazak u Schengenski prostor. Međutim, osim ekonomskih i sigurnosnih interesa koje donosi ulazak u Schengenski prostor, sekuritizacijom iregularnih migracija Hrvatska ima za cilj zaštititi kulturnu homogenost i ustaljene europske identitete kako bi se bolje pozicionirala na međunarodnom planu i brendirala se kroz imidž sigurnog partnera zemljama Zapadne Europe s kojima dijeli slične identitete i geopolitičke interese.The main aim of the dissertation is to investigate the geopolitical discourses related to irregular migration and migratory processes in the Republic of Croatia, emerging during and after the „migration crisis“ of 2015/2016. The geopolitical discourses in the dissertation are examined as a social construction from which both material and non-material interests of Croatia as a transit country derive. Therefore, the approach to research is grounded in the perspective of critical constructivism.
Although migratory processes as a global phenomenon can be examined from the perspective of structural geopolitics, this dissertation is grounded in research from the standpoints of popular, practical, and formal geopolitics, specifically directed at the state level. Using the securitization theory of critical security studies, within the framework of critical geopolitics, the paper analyses geopolitical discourses emanating from media activities (popular geopolitics); political speeches and state actions (practical geopolitics); and strategic studies and legal acts (formal geopolitics). Consequently, within the realm of geopolitical discourses, the process of securitization of irregular migrations is investigated at discursive, practical, and normative levels.
The first part of the temporal framework encompasses the period from October 1, 2015, to March 31, 2016, marking the pivotal juncture of the „migration crisis“ to the signing of the agreement between the European Union and Turkey aimed at halting mass migrations towards the EU. The second part of the temporal framework includes the entire year of 2019, characterized by an increased number of irregular border crossings from neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina in comparison to 2017 and 2018. To enhance the credibility of the research results, a temporal gap between the two investigative periods is necessary for exploring the processes of securitization of irregular migrations. The study does not cover the period after 2019 due to the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on reducing the intensity of irregular migrations in Croatia.
At the level of popular geopolitics, as part of a qualitative content analysis utilizing the framing concept, the research investigates whether irregular migrants are portrayed as a security threat within generic frames in newspaper articles. The units of analysis consist of articles from four domestic newspapers: Večernji list, Jutarnji list, Nacional, and Globus. On the practical geopolitics level, the study is approached according to the same principle; however, the units of analysis comprise statements from political and non-political actors expressing their perspectives on irregular migrants. Additionally, within the framework of practical geopolitics under the Croatian Strategy for Integrated Border Management, recognized as the overarching strategic document for state border surveillance in practical terms, technical and operational measures that are planned or implemented are analysed. Examples of these measures are determined and scrutinized within the aforementioned publications. On the level of formal geopolitics, a normative analysis investigates institutional indicators within the legal framework to ascertain whether amendments adopted post the „migration crisis“ of 2015/2016 indicate the securitization of irregular migration in Croatia.
Despite the humanitarian approach in addressing mass migrations towards the EU during the 2015/2016 period, the research has revealed that irregular migrants, at the discursive level within both popular and practical geopolitical discourses in both investigative periods, were portrayed as a security threat. Furthermore, within practical geopolitics, a considerable number of instances of securitization of irregular migrations were identified in practice, especially during 2019. On the level of formal geopolitics within the legal framework, a significant number of amendments were noted, enabling the legal implementation of various measures aimed at suppressing irregular migrations and enhancing surveillance upon their entry, movement, and stay in Croatia and the EU. It has been demonstrated that irregular migrations are not depicted as an objective security threat but rather reflect an intersubjective social and political construction that generates geopolitical imaginations and codes closely tied to Croatia's material and non-material geopolitical interests.
The research results demonstrate the reinforcement of existing geopolitical codes embedded in the geopolitical imaginations of both Croatia and the EU within the geopolitical discourse. Through the securitization of irregular migrations, Croatia seeks to safeguard the established system of geopolitical significance and power of the EU in relation to third-world countries. Irregular migrants, constructed as a threat, constitute a key determinant within the geopolitical discourse in the pursuit of geopolitical interests. By securitizing irregular migrations, Croatia aimed to achieve its primary national interest, entry into the Schengen area. However, beyond the economic and security interests associated with entering the Schengen area, the securitization of irregular migrations in Croatia aims to protect cultural homogeneity and entrenched European identities. This positioning is intended to enhance Croatia's international standing and brand itself as a secure partner to Western European countries with similar identities and geopolitical interests
COMPARISON OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN CARTILAGINOUS (CHONDRICHTHYES) AND BONY (OSTEICHTHYES) FISH ORIGINATING FROM THE ADRIATIC SEA
No full textHipoteza istraživanja je da se u odabranih taksonomskih skupina riba očekuju specifične
morfološke razlike probavnog sustava te razlike u lokalizaciji i enzimskoj aktivnosti bez obzira
na njihova zajednička obilježja. S ciljem provjere hipoteze odabrane su četiri vrste grabežljivih
riba slične prehrane i pridnenog staništa: mačka bljedica (Scyliorhinus canicula), pas mekaš
(Mustelus mustelus), oslić (Merluccius merluccius) i lastavica prasica (Trigla lyra). Ukupno
119 riba iz tih dviju taksonomskih skupina, hrskavičnjača i koštunjača, analizirane su u svrhu
opisa i usporedbe morfoloških značajki i enzimske aktivnosti različitih dijelova probavnog
sustava. Za potrebe istraživanja makroskopske građe probavnog sustava ribe su izmjerene i
izvagane te im je izmjerena dužina crijeva. U svrhu daljnjeg opisa makroskopske građe
nasumično je odabrano po 10 adultnih primjeraka mačaka bljedica, oslića i lastavica prasica te
9 pasa mekaša. U tih riba utvrđeni su i opisani pojedini dijelovi probavnog sustava. U svrhu
opisa mikroskopske građe uzorkovani su precizno definirani dijelovi stražnjeg dijela probavne
cijevi. Tkivne komponente prikazane su pomoću pet metoda bojenja (hematoksilin-eozinska,
Mallory-trikromska, Verhoeff-Van Giesonova, komplet za prikaz retikularnih vlakana i Alcian
Blue-PAS komplet). Za istraživanje lokalizacije i enzimske aktivnosti u probavnoj cijevi
korištene su azo-tehnike bojenja za dokaz alkalne fosfataze, kisele fosfataze, nespecifične
esteraze i aminopeptidaze. Unatoč sličnim prehrambenim navikama makroskopska i
mikroskopska građa stražnjeg dijela probavne cijevi u hrskavičnjača znatno se razlikuje od one
u koštunjača. U svih istraženih riba, iako su crijeva mjesta najintenzivnijeg metabolizma,
ostatak probavne cijevi također je, u određenoj mjeri, uključen u probavu i apsorpciju hranjivih
tvari. Istraživanje je rezultiralo novim spoznajama o morfologiji probavnog sustava mačke
bljedice, psa mekaša, oslića i lastavice prasice te je postavilo temelj za razumijevanje
fizioloških procesa probave. Znanstvene spoznaje unaprijeđene su podacima o tri vrste riba u
kojih ovakav detaljan opis građe probavnog sustava nije dosad opisan.INTRODUCTION
The digestive system consists of the digestive tract and associated glands. The digestive tract
of fish can be divided into anterior and posterior part. The posterior part of the digestive tract
consists of the foregut (esophagus and stomach), midgut (intestine) and hindgut (rectum). The
midgut refers to the intestine proper, and in most fish, it can be further subdivided into the
anterior, middle, and posterior parts. The intestine represents the longest part of the digestive
tract, thereby serving as a key location for enzymatic digestion and nutrient absorption.
For understanding of the physiology of the digestive system in fish, it is essential to have
knowledge of metabolism and digestion processes. Digestion is the foundation of metabolism.
The breakdown and absorption of nutrients determine their availability for all biological
processes. The function of digestive system involves the mechanical, chemical, secretory and
microbiological activities. Mechanical activities include the intake and processing of food into
the oral cavity, swallowing, as well as stomach and intestinal movements. Chemical activities
include the secretion and action of digestive enzymes. Secretory activities involve the secretion
from associated glands and intraepithelial mucous glands. Microbiological activities refer to
bacterial colonies that assist the digestive process and have significant role in certain fish
species. In general, between all mentioned activities, the degree of digestion highly depends on
the availability of enzymes. Based on the site of enzyme action, the digestion can be either
extracellular or cellular.
The study of the digestive system of fish is specific due to the wide diversity of species, their
habitats and diets. Accordingly, variations in the structure and function of the digestive system
are numerous. Although, there is comprehensive literature focusing on the physiology of the
digestive system, the physiology of many fish species remains insufficiently researched. This
gives rise to the question about the variations in structure and function of the digestive system
found in fish with common characteristics. Therefore, the fundamental assumption of this
research was that, among cartilaginous and bony fish, specific morphological differences in the
digestive system are expected, as well as variations in enzyme localization and activity,
regardless of their common characteristics.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
To determine variations in digestive system, this study encompasses two taxonomic groups of
fish, cartilaginous and bony fish. Within these groups, the predatory fish with similar diets and
habitats were selected. Two representatives from each group were chosen: the small-spotted
catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) and the smooth-hound (Mustelus mustelus) as representatives
of cartilaginous fish, and the European hake (Merluccius merluccius) and the piper gurnard
(Trigla lyra) as representatives of bony fish.
Fish were caught with longline fishing in the Adriatic Sea as a part of scientific project
“Improvement of cooperation between fishermen and scientists for the purpose of introducing
advanced technologies of marking of fishing tools, fish health and environmental protection”.
After measurements, fresh, ice-cold fish were dissected and the digestive tract was removed.
In this study, 30 small-spotted catsharks, 30 European hakes and 30 piper gurnards were used.
Within each species, 10 fish were used for the descriptive (topographical) investigation of
macroscopic structure of the digestive tract, 10 for histological and histochemical research and
10 for the investigation of the localization and enzymatic activity in the digestive tract.
Additionally, 29 smooth-hounds were used: 9 for the descriptive (topographical) investigation,
10 for histological and histochemical research and 10 for the investigation of the localization
and enzymatic activity in the digestive tract.
The macroscopic structure of the posterior part of digestive tract was investigated descriptively
(topographically) and morphometrically. Organ parts of the digestive system were identified
and described. For morphometric research, the digestive tract was removed from the body
cavity. The intestine length was measured, and the relative intestinal length was calculated.
Morphometric research included all 119 fish. Sampling was carried out within the anatomical
borders of the organs, in accordance with variations in the morphology of the digestive system
in cartilaginous and bony fish.
For histological and histochemical research, the tissue samples were fixed in 10% neutral
buffered formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned with microtome into 6 µm sections.
The sections were stained using five different methods: hematoxylin and eosin, Mallory
trichrome, Verhoeff-Van Gieson, Alcian Blue-PAS kit and the seven-reagent kit for
determining reticulin fibers. For the investigation of cellular digestive processes, the
distribution and intensity of alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, non-specific esterase and
aminopeptidase were investigated. The tissue samples were taken, embedded in Cryofix gel
and sectioned with cryostat into 8 µm sections. To detect the enzymatic reactions, azo-coupling
methods were used and the optical density (OD) of the reactions was measured using ImageJ
software.
RESULTS
Regarding macroscopic structure, cartilaginous fish, the small-spotted catshark and the
smooth-hound share several similarities: a short esophagus, a bifurcated stomach shaped like
an "U," a short spiral intestine and a rectum that terminates in a cloaca. The bony fish, the
European hake and the piper gurnard, also share similarities in the esophagus and stomach
(short esophagus and bifurcated stomach shaped like a "Y"). The main differences in
macroscopic structure of the bony fish were observed in the part of the digestive system from
the pyloric caeca to the rectum (presence of pyloric caeca in the piper gurnard and greater
relative intestinal length compared to the European hake). Variations in intestinal length were
observed among the studied fish species, despite similar dietary habits. In relation to the total
body length, the intestine in cartilaginous fish is relatively short, and the median value of
relative intestinal length between the small-spotted catshark and the smooth-hound is similar.
The relative intestinal length is greater in the piper gurnard than in the European hake.
Regarding microscopic structure, the digestive systems of the small-spotted catshark and the
smooth-hound share many similarities: the same type of epithelium in the esophagus, stomach
and spiral intestine, unicellular mucous glands in the epithelium of all parts except the stomach,
glands in the lamina propria of the stomach, well-developed lamina muscularis of mucosa in
the stomach and spiral intestine, a propria-submucosa in the rectum and similarly developed
muscularis of the digestive tract wall. Differences in microscopic structure between these two
species were observed in the type of epithelium lining the rectum, the content of mucous
glands, and the presence of lamina muscularis of mucosa in the part of the esophagus below
the Leydig's organ. The digestive systems of the European hake and the piper gurnard share
many similarities: the same type of covering epithelia in all segments of the posterior part of
the digestive tract, unicellular mucous glands in the epithelium of all parts except the stomach,
glands in the lamina propria of the stomach, well-developed lamina muscularis of mucosa in
the stomach but its absence in the anterior and middle part of the intestine, similarly developed
muscularis in the walls of organs, and serosa as the outer layer of the digestive tract. Differences
in microscopic structure between these two species were observed in the content of mucous
glands and in the occurrence of lamina muscularis of mucosa in the esophagus.
In this study, the OD of alkaline phosphatase was measured in the brush border of the intestines
of all investigated fish species. Enzymatic activity was detected in the epithelium of the
esophagus of the smooth-hound, European hake, and piper gurnard, as well as in the epithelium
of the rectum of the piper gurnard. Additionally, enzymatic activity was found in the layers of
connective tissue and around the blood vessels in all investigated fish species. When comparing
the mean optical densities (MOD) between the cartilaginous and the bony fish, values were
higher in the esophagus of bony fish, being highest in the piper gurnard. In the rectum, activity
was found only in bony fish and was higher in the European hake. Although, higher OD were
measured in the small-spotted catshark, the difference in the MOD of alkaline phosphatase in
the spiral intestine of cartilaginous fish was not statistically significant. In the intestine of the
bony fish, the MOD of alkaline phosphatase was higher in the European hake than in the piper
gurnard.
In the brush border, the reaction of acid phosphatase was found only in the spiral intestine of
the small-spotted catshark (0,227 ± 0,117). The activity of acid phosphatase was found in the
epithelium and connective tissue of all parts of the digestive tract. Among the cartilaginous
fish, the highest MOD was detected in the epithelium of the esophagus of the small-spotted
catshark (0,283 ± 0,047). In the smooth-hound, MOD increases up to the spiral intestine, where
it is the highest (0,194 ± 0,078) and then it declines afterwards. In the bony fish, the MOD of
acid phosphatase in the European hake shows higher values compared to the piper gurnard. In
the European hake the highest MOD were measured in the epithelium of the anterior (0,327 ±
0,079) and posterior (0,327 ± 0,063) parts of the intestine. In the piper gurnard, MOD increases
up to the pyloric caeca (0,109 ± 0,015), after which its value decreases and then gradually
increases along the length of the intestine. The MOD of acid phosphatase reactions in the
connective tissue generally follows the increase of the value in the epithelium.
In the cartilaginous fish, the activity of non-specific esterase was found along the epithelium
of the entire posterior part of the digestive tract. A similar enzymatic distribution was also
observed in the piper gurnard. Unlike the enzymatic localization in the cartilaginous fish and
the piper gurnard, enzyme activity in the European hake was only found in the epithelium of
the anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the intestine. The localization of non-specific
esterase differs in the connective tissue of the digestive tract between the cartilaginous and the
bony fish. In the cartilaginous fish, the activity of non-specific esterase was found in the
connective tissue of the stomach and spiral intestine. In the piper gurnard, enzymatic activity
was found along the connective tissue, from the stomach to the rectum. In contrast, enzymatic
activity was not found in the connective tissue of the digestive tract in the European hake. In
general, higher values of MOD of non-specific esterase were observed in the small-spotted
catshark than in the smooth-hound. The highest value in the small-spotted catshark was measured in the stomach (0,250 ± 0,085), while in the smooth-hound, it was measured in the
spiral intestine (0,132 ± 0,039). In bony fish, the enzyme is significantly more active along the
digestive system of the piper gurnard. Despite that, higher values were measured in the intestine
of the European hake. In both species of bony fish, the enzyme activity increases up to the
posterior part of the intestine where its activity is the highest.
The OD of aminopeptidase was measured in the brush border of the intestines of all the
investigated fish species. Additional activity was also found in the epithelium of the esophagus,
as well as in the brush border of the pyloric caeca of the piper gurnard and in the rectum of the
European hake. In the cartilaginous fish, the MOD of aminopeptidase were higher and more
variable in the smooth-hound. The enzymatic distribution suggests that the spiral intestine is
the primary site for protein digestion and absorption in these fish. In the smooth-hound,
aminopeptidase activity was also measured in the basal part of the esophageal epithelium. In
the bony fish, higher MOD of aminopeptidase were found in the brush border of all parts of
the European hake's intestine. The highest value was measured in the brush border of the
middle part of the intestine proper (0,314 ± 0,093). Additional activity was also found in the
basal part of the esophageal epithelium, as well as in the brush border of the pyloric caeca of
the piper gurnard and in the rectum of the European hake.
CONCLUSIONS
The macroscopic structure of the posterior part of the digestive system shows similarities
between the small-spotted catshark and the smooth-hound, while it differs between the
European hake and the piper gurnard. The structure in the cartilaginous fish is significantly
different from that found in the bony fish. Despite similar dietary habits, variations in the
intestinal length were observed among individual specimens within the same species, as well
as between the studied fish species. In all studied fish, the intestine is shorter than the total
body length. In the piper gurnard, additional mechanisms have developed to aid the digestion
and absorption of nutrients due to the harder-to-digest chitin shells of crustaceans that dominate
in their diet.
The microscopic structure of the posterior part of the digestive tract differs between the
investigated fish species. The type of the covering epithelia in the esophagus and rectum shows
significant differences, as does the development of the lamina muscularis of mucosa along
various segments of the digestive tract. Mucous glands were found in all parts of the digestive
tract except the stomach. The composition of the secretions in different parts varies between
the investigated fish species.
In all investigated fish species, the intestines are the site of the most intense metabolism. In the
small-spotted catshark, the main site of fat digestion is stomach, while in the other studied fish,
it is the intestine. Although, the breakdown and absorption of proteins are intensive in the
intestine, they also occur in other parts of the digestive tract
Experimental analysis of water vapor condensation in spiral tubes in the presence of non-condensable gases
No full textPoznavanje procesa prijenosa topline neophodno je za pravilno projektiranje toplinskih
aparata koji se koriste u naftnoj, kemijskoj, prehrambenoj i farmaceutskoj industriji te
energetici. Kondenzacija vodene pare uz prisutnost nekondenzirajućih plinova predstavlja
proces prijenosa topline koji je često zastupljen u navedenim industrijskim granama. U ovom
radu se provodi eksperimentalno istraživanje i analiza procesa kondenzacije vodene pare u
vertikalnim spiralnim cijevima izmjenjivača topline rekuperativnog tipa. U svrhu provođenja
istraživanja razvijena je i izrađena mjerna linija koja omogućuje ispitivanja toplinskih
karakteristika izmjenjivača topline u kondenzacijskom i toplovodnom režimu rada, uz i bez
prisutnosti nekondenzirajućih plinova. Opisani su postupci i metodologija mjerenja u oba
režima rada, definiran je parametar negativnog utjecaja prisutnosti nekondenzirajućih plinova,
te je detaljno prikazana metodologija usporedbe negativnih utjecaja prisutnosti
nekondenzirajućih plinova na kondenzaciju vodene pare u spiralnim cijevima s drugim
konvencionalnim izmjenjivačkim površinama. Dodatno je prikazana metodologija razvoja
proračunskog modela prisilne konvekcije oko spiralnih cijevi koji je potreban za provođenje
prethodno navedene usporedbe.
Mjerni rezultati prilikom kondenzacije vodene pare unutar spiralnih cijevi uz prisutnost zraka
kao nekondenzirajućeg plina prikazani su i interpretirani u odgovarajućim tablicama i
dijagramima. Nadalje, prikazani su i interpretirani rezultati mjerenja u toplovodnom režimu
rada, uz prikaz razvijenog proračunskog modela prisilne konvekcije vode oko snopa spiralnih
cijevi. Rezultati provedenog eksperimentalnog istraživanja kondenzacije vodene pare uz
prisutnost zraka u spiralnim cijevima su zatim uspoređeni s rezultatima izračuna kondenzacije
vodene pare uz prisutnost zraka kao nekondenzirajućeg plina prema proračunskim modelima
kondenzacije u ravnim horizontalnim i vertikalnim cijevima koji predstavljaju druge
konvencionalne izmjenjivačke površine, a sve uz pridruživanje izračunatih sastavljenih
standardnih mjernih nesigurnosti.A water vapor condensation in the presence of non-condensable gases (NCG) is a very
common phenomenon in process plants of various industries. The presence of even a small
amount of NCG during water vapor condensation can significantly reduce the heat transfer
coefficients and the efficiency of the heat exchanger. Heat exchangers with spiral tubes are
widely used as condensers in process plants. Knowing the above mentioned heat transfer
mechanism is necessary for optimal design of thermal appliances (apparatus) and process plants
in general. A review of the open literature revealed that there are a number of works dealing
with the water vapor condensation with and without the presence of NCG in straight tubes of
all orientations. There are number of works dealing with condensation of refrigerants in spiral
tubes used in refrigeration technology. However, when we talk about water vapor condensation
in spiral tubes, it is evident from the review of the open literature that this area is still not
sufficiently investigated, especially if NCG are present in mixture with water vapor. For this
reason, in the present study an experimental analysis of water vapor condensation in vertical
spiral tubes in the presence of NCG was conducted.
Based on theoretical knowledge about the positive effects of the appearance of secondary flows
in spiral tubes, and the negative effects of NCG presence on the condensation, the hypothesis
of this work is that the negative effects of NCG presence during the water vapor condensation
in spiral tubes are smaller comparing with other conventional geometries of heat transfer
surfaces.
The experimental research and analysis was performed with the following objectives:
- Develop an experimental line for enabling an examination of water vapor condensation in
heat exchangers with spiral tubes, with and without the presence of NCG.
- Based on the experimental analysis, quantify the negative effects of NCG presence on the
water vapor condensation in heat exchangers with spiral tubes.
- Analyze and compare the negative effects of NCG presence on the water vapor
condensation in spiral tubes and other conventional geometries of heat transfer surfaces.
The experimental investigation and analysis resulted in the following:
1. Multi-purpose experimental line for enabling an investigation of thermal behavior in heat
exchangers was developed and produced. The experimental line enables examinations of
the thermal characteristics of heat exchangers with spiral tubes in single phase and two
phase flow, with or without the presence of air as a non-condensing gas. As part of the
measuring line, a system for venting non-condensable gases after the condensation process
and a system that ensures that only the condensation process takes place on the complete
heat transfer surface are integrated. With certain modifications, it is possible to use the same
experimental line for examination of thermal behavior in other types of heat exchangers
and to use other non-condensable gases. As such, it represents valuable equipment for
further experimental research in the field of heat transfer.
2. Experimental methods of water vapor condensation analysis in the presence of NCG inside
spiral tubes have been developed. Measurement procedures and methodology, analysis of
results and comparisons with other conventional heat exchanger surfaces are described in
detail. Furthermore, the methodology of developing a model of forced convection around
spiral tubes is presented.
3. Based on the obtained measurement data, the negative effects of NCG presence on the water
vapor condensation in spiral tubes were quantified. Negative effects are defined through the
negative effect parameter (ε), which represents the ratio of the mean heat flux during
condensation in the presence of NCG and the mean heat flux during condensation without
the presence of NCG. It has been shown that with the increase of air mass fraction in the
mixture with water vapor, the values of parameter of negative effects decrease, that is, that
the negative effects of the presence of non-condensable gases are increasing.
4. Based on the obtained measurement data, in-tube heat transfer coefficients were calculated.
Their dependence on the mass fraction of air as a NCG during the condensation of water
vapor in spiral tubes is shown. With the increase of air mass fraction in the mixture with
water vapor, the values of the heat transfer coefficients decrease. A significant decrease
occurs in cases of air mass fraction in vapour up to 5 %. With a further increase in the air
mass fraction, the value of the heat transfer coefficients continues to decrease, but with a
lower intensity. Furthermore, the dependence of heat transfer coefficients on water vapor
mass fluxes is presented. For approximately the same air mass fractions and temperature
potentials, the values of the heat transfer coefficients increase with an increase of water
vapor mass fluxes.
5. The quantified negative effects of the a NCG presence on the water vapor condensation in
spiral tubes were compared with the corresponding negative effects in horizontal and
vertical tubes, as other conventional geometries of heat transfer surfaces, with the addition
of calculated combined standard measurement uncertainties. Comparable negative effects
of NCG presence on the water vapor condensation in horizontal and vertical tubes are
calculated according to models from literature. The comparison confirms the hypothesis
that the negative effects of NCG presence during the water vapor condensation in spiral
tubes are smaller compared to the same in other conventional heat transfer surfaces, with
the following remarks:
- The analysis carried out included a comparison of the negative effects of NCG
presence during the condensation of water vapor in spiral tubes with the same
negative effects in horizontal and vertical tubes, as conventional heat exchanger
surfaces.
- The analysis of the results explicitly confirms that the negative effect of NCG
presence on the water vapor condensation in spiral tubes is smaller compared to the
same in horizontal tubes.
- The analysis shows that the negative effect of the NCG presence on the water vapor
condensation in spiral tubes is smaller compared to the same in vertical tubes, which
is shown with non-negligible certainty for air mass fractions greater than 9.3 %. For
smaller air mass fractions, there are indications that the conclusions could be the
same, but it is definitely advisable to conduct additional research.
6. Based on the obtained measurement data in single phase flow, a calculation model of forced
convection of water around bundle of spiral tubes is developed
The impact of the tertiarisation of economy on the objective determinants of the quality of life
No full textPolazište, ujedno i stremljenje svakoga društva, jest ostvariti ekonomski razvoj. Ekonomski
razvoj predstavlja proces koji uključuje održivi i uključivi rast koji se uspješno pretače u
poboljšanje kvalitete života. U tome pogledu kao mjera ekonomskoga razvoja prepoznata je
kvaliteta života.
Proces razvoja sagledava se u kontekstu strukturne transformacije, procesa koji opisuje, ali i
pokreće ekonomski razvoj. Strukturnu transformaciju u suvremeno doba obilježava
tercijarizacija. Tercijarizacija predstavlja proces u kojem uslužne djelatnosti povećavaju
razmjernu važnost u agregatnoj strukturi gospodarstva, a pritom u pravilu bilježe relativno nižu
produktivnost u odnosu na proizvodni sektor te mogu imati negativan učinak na ekonomski
rast. Međutim, ekonomski rast samo je jedna komponenta razvoja, stoga, odmičući se od
jednodimenzionalnoga promatranja ekonomskoga razvoja kroz ekonomski rast, analiziran je
odnos između strukturne transformacije kao pokretača razvoja i objektivnih odrednica kvalitete
života kao mjera razvoja.
Cilj je ovog doktorskog rada proširiti znanstvene spoznaje o tercijarizaciji i njezinim
potencijalnim efektima na ekonomski razvoj promatran u svojoj multidimenzionalnosti.
Svrha istraživanja jest istražiti utjecaj tercijarizacije kao sastavnice i determinante
ekonomskoga razvoja na kvalitetu životu, mjerenu njezinim objektivnim odrednicama u
zemljama Europske unije, odnosno istražiti međuovisnost zaposlenosti u tercijarnome sektoru
i indeksa ljudskoga blagostanja – HDI-a.
Za potrebe empirijskoga istraživanja u radu su korištene dvije istraživačke metode: kvalitativna
i kvantitativna. Metodom triangulacije premošćene su tradicionalne podjele između ove dvije
metode u korist obogaćenijeg i sveobuhvatnijeg istraživanja.
U cilju produbljivanja spoznaja o kvaliteti život kao mjeri ekonomskoga razvoja provedeno je
kvalitativno istraživanje metodom dubinskih intervjua. Provedenim kvalitativnim istraživanjem
kao ključne domene objektivne dimenzije kvalitete života kao mjere razvoja detektirani su
materijalni uvjeti života, zdravlje i obrazovanje.
Provedenom ekonometrijskom analizom (dinamičkom panel analizom) ispitana je veza između
tercijarizacije i objektivnih odrednica kvalitete života u 27 zemalja članica Europske unije.
Dokazan je pozitivan i statistički značajan utjecaj tercijarizacije na objektivne odrednice
kvalitete života. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su temeljnu znanstvenu hipotezu da strukturna
transformacija ima značajan utjecaj na ekonomski razvoj i bolje opisuje promjene u kvaliteti
života od ekonomskoga rasta.
Svrha ovog doktorskog rada je doprinijeti povećanju znanstvenih činjenica i empirijski
argumentirati saznanja o tercijarizaciji i njezinu utjecaju na ekonomski razvoj u zemljama
Europske unije i tako pomoći u stvaranju podloge za učinkovitije donošenje odluka u procesu
usmjeravanja strukturnih promjena, a kako bi se poboljšala kvaliteta života i ostvario
ekonomski razvoj.
Znanstveni doprinos ostvaren je u teorijskom, metodološkom i aplikativnom području.
Znanstveni teorijski doprinos ogleda se u sustavnom i kritičkom pregledu te sintezi postojeće
znanstvene literature s tri različita područja: ekonomski razvoj, kvaliteta života i strukturna
transformacija. Metodološki doprinos ogleda se odabiru dvije metode istraživanja na način da
se rezultati kvalitativnog istraživanja koriste kao input za kvantitativno istraživanje.
Aplikativni doprinos istraživanja ogleda se u prikazanom utjecaju tercijarizacije na kvalitetu
života, a što predstavlja spoznaju koja može biti od koristi donositeljima ekonomskih politika.The foundation, as well as the aspiration of every society, is to attain economic development.
Economic development represents a process that encompasses sustainable and inclusive
growth, effectively translating into improvements in the quality of life. In this context, the
quality of life is perceived as a measure of economic development.
Economic development is examined in the context of structural transformation, a process that
describes but also initiates development. The contemporary structural transformation is
predominantly embodied in tertiarization. Tertiarization denotes a process in which services
increase their relative significance in the overall economic structure, albeit often characterized
by relatively lower productivity compared to the manufacturing sector, with a possible adverse
impact on economic growth. Nonetheless, economic growth constitutes merely one facet of
development. Thus, we move beyond a unidimensional scrutiny of economic development
solely through economic growth and scrutinize the correlation between structural
transformation as a developmental catalyst and the objective determinants of the quality of life
as a measure of development.
The objective of this thesis is to amplify the understanding of tertiarization and its potential
implications for economic development as perceived in its multidimensional nature.
The purpose of this research is to delve into the ramifications of tertiarization, functioning as
both a constituent and a determinant of economic development, on the quality of life measured
by its objective determinants across the European Union member countries that is, to investigate
the interdependence of employment within the tertiary sector and the Human Development
Index (HDI).
For the purpose of empirical inquiry, two distinct research methodologies were employed in
the study: qualitative and quantitative. The triangulation method was implemented to transcend
conventional dichotomies between these approaches, fostering a more enriched and
comprehensive research framework.
To enhance our understanding of the quality of life as an indicator of economic development,
qualitative research employing in-depth interviews was conducted. Through the conducted
qualitative research, the material living conditions, health and education were identified as the
pivotal domains of the objective dimension of the quality of life as a measure of development.
The empirical examination, employing econometric analysis (dynamic panel analysis),
scrutinizes the relationship between tertiarization and the objective determinants that shape the
quality of life across the 27 EU member states. The findings conclusively establish a positive
and statistically significant influence of tertiarization on these objective determinants of the
quality of life. Consequently, the research outcomes corroborate the foundational scientific
hypothesis that structural transformation exerts a significant impact on economic development
and describes changes in the quality of life better than economic growth.
The central purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to augment the existing body of scientific
knowledge and to empirically substantiate the understanding surrounding tertiarization's effects
on economic development within the European Union countries. By doing so, it aims to
establish a robust foundation for more effective decision-making throughout the course of
guiding structural alterations. This endeavor ultimately seeks to enhance the quality of life and
facilitate the attainment of economic development objectives.
The scientific contribution has been achieved in the theoretical, methodological, and applied
domains. The scientific theoretical contribution is evident in a systematic and critical review
and synthesis of existing scientific literature in three distinct areas: economic development,
quality of life, and structural transformation. The methodological contribution is reflected in
the selection of two research methods, where the results of qualitative research serve as input
for quantitative research. The applied contribution of the research is demonstrated in the
presented impact of tertiarization on the quality of life, providing insights that can be beneficial
for policymakers in the economic domain
Uloga socio-emocionalnih kompetencija u profesionalnoj dobrobiti učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere
No full textExperiencing stress and emotional challenges combined with lack of personal and organizational resources for coping is one of the primary reasons teachers decide to leave the profession. Attrition rates are especially high in early-career teachers, which has important implications for educational systems internationally. Therefore, strengthening teachers’ personal resources could prove central for retaining teachers in the profession. The aim of this study was to explore the role of social and emotional competencies (SEC) in early-career teachers’ occupational well-being, examine the dynamic relationships between these two constructs, and investigate their role in fostering teacher commitment and preventing attrition. The study utilized a longitudinal, full-panel research design with two time points. In total, 911 teachers with up to 5 years of experience participated in the study. Regarding the reciprocal effects between teachers’ SEC and occupational well-being, only empathy was found to be reciprocally positively related to job satisfaction. It was also the only aspect of SEC which predicted future levels of teacher commitment, which points to the important role of empathy for feeling satisfied with the teaching profession and the decision to stay in it. Job satisfaction predicted future levels of self-awareness, but not vice versa, and none of the aspects of SEC predicted future burnout symptoms. Burnout (specifically, cognitive impairment) did, however, predict all aspects of SEC, which brings into question the established view of SEC as predictors of occupational well-being. The results also confirmed the prominent role of job satisfaction and burnout in predicting teacher commitment. Indirect effects were not found in this study. Overall, these findings present the foundation for the inclusion of SEC in teacher induction programmes, as well as highlight the importance of burnout prevention and fostering job satisfaction in order to keep teachers in the profession.Uvod Brojna istraživanja pokazuju da je učiteljska profesija jedna od najstresnijih profesija (Brackett i sur., 2010; Maslach i sur., 2001; Stoeber i Rennert, 2008) te da stres vezan uz posao u kombinaciji s nedostatkom osobnih i organizacijskih resursa za suočavanje predstavlja jedan od primarnih razloga zbog kojeg učitelji odlučuju napustiti profesiju (Montgomery i Rupp, 2005). Napuštanje profesije postaje sve veći izazov na međunarodnoj razini, a aspekti profesionalne dobrobiti pokazuju se ključnima za donošenje odluke o napuštanju učiteljske profesije (Schaufeli i Bakker, 2004; Skaalvik i Skaalvik, 2011). Otprilike trećina hrvatskih učitelja izražava želju napustiti učiteljsku profesiju (Radeka i Sorić, 2006), a Hrvatska se u posljednje vrijeme suočava s problemom privlačenja, zapošljavanja i zadržavanja učitelja (Marušić i sur., 2017). Prema tome, podizanje svijesti o profesionalnoj dobrobiti učitelja može biti korisno ne samo za učitelje i njihove učenike, već i za čitave obrazovne sustave i zajednice. Budući da učiteljsko napuštanje profesije ima značajne posljedice na makro razini, ključno je identificirati učitelje koji su u najvećem riziku od napuštanja profesije kako bi im se mogla pružiti primjerena podrška. Prema nedavnim analizama učiteljskog napuštanja profesije, gotovo polovica novih učitelja odlučuje napustiti profesiju tijekom prvih 5 godina karijere (Sims i Jerrim, 2020). Ovaj nalaz sugerira da su stope napuštanja profesije posebno visoke kod učitelja na početku karijere, koji često imaju poteškoća u prijelazu sa fakulteta na posao zbog količine stresa i emocionalnih izazova s kojima su suočeni u početnim godinama poučavanja (Friedman, 2000). S druge strane, mentalnom zdravlju učitelja i njihovoj profesionalnoj dobrobiti ne posvećuje se dovoljno pažnje tijekom inicijalnog obrazovanja i početnih godina poučavanja. To ukazuje na važnost utvrđivanja prediktora odluke o napuštanju učiteljske profesije kako bi se učiteljima pružila podrška tijekom tranzicije u profesiju i na taj način pridonijelo prevenciji ranog napuštanja profesije kroz jačanje odanosti profesiji. Jedan od načina da se poveća profesionalna dobrobit učitelja i njihova motivacija za ostanak u profesiji je jačanje njihovih socio-emocionalnih kompetencija (SEK) – svijesti o sebi, regulacije emocija i empatije. Cilj i problemi istraživanja Cilj ovog istraživanja je istražiti kompleksne odnose između socio-emocionalnih kompetencija, profesionalne dobrobiti i odanosti profesiji učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere. Pritom su definirana dva istraživačka problema: (1) istražiti odnos između socio-emocionalnih kompetencija (svijesti o sebi, regulacije emocija i empatije) i profesionalne dobrobiti (sagorijevanja i zadovoljstva poslom) učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere; te (2) istražiti prirodu izravnih i neizravnih doprinosa socio-emocionalnih kompetencija (svijesti o sebi, regulacije emocija i empatije) i profesionalne dobrobiti (sagorijevanja i zadovoljstva poslom) učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere u predikciji odanosti učiteljskoj profesiji. Metoda Podaci korišteni u ovom radu prikupljeni su u sklopu projekta TeachWell kojeg je financirala Hrvatska zaklada za znanost, a nositelj projekta bio je Institut za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu. Kako bi se odgovorilo na istraživačka pitanja, istraživanje je provedeno longitudinalno u dvije vremenske točke tijekom školske godine 2022./2023. Ovakav nacrt istraživanja omogućuje testiranje recipročnih učinaka, kao i neizravnih učinaka, što je prednost longitudinalnih nacrta u odnosu na transverzalne (Schaie, 1983; Maxwell i Cole, 2007). Sudionici U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 911 predmetnih učitelja s do 5 godina iskustva (M = 33 mjeseca, SD = 18,39). 530 učitelja sudjelovalo je samo u prvoj točci mjerenja, 183 učitelja sudjelovalo je samo u drugoj točci mjerenja, a 198 učitelja sudjelovalo je u obje vremenske točke. Prosječna dob sudionika bila je 31 godinu (M = 30,72, SD = 5,73), a većinu uzorka činile su žene (80,2%). Ukupno su sudjelovali učitelji iz 370 škola (40% svih škola u Hrvatskoj). Instrumenti Svijest o sebi mjerena je subskalom svijesti o sebi iz upitnika Social and Emotional Competencies Questionnaire (SEC-Q; Zych i sur., 2018). Empatija je mjerena upitnikom Basic Empathy Questionnaire (BES, Jolliffe i Farrington, 2006) koji mjeri dva aspekta empatije: kognitivnu i afektivnu empatiju. Regulacija emocija mjerena je upitnikom Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross i John, 2003) koji mjeri korištenje dviju strategija regulacije emocija: kognitivnu reprocjenu i emocionalnu supresiju. Zadovoljstvo poslom mjereno je subskalom zadovoljstva profesijom iz Međunarodnog istraživanja o učenju i poučavanju (TALIS; OECD, 2019). Sagorijevanje je mjereno upitnikom Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT; Schaufeli i sur., 2020) koji mjeri četiri ključna simptoma sagorijevanja na poslu – iscrpljenost, psihološku distanciranost, narušeno kognitivno funkcioniranje i narušeno emocionalno funkcioniranje. Odanost profesiji mjerena je jednom česticom iz skale planirane ustrajnosti u učiteljskoj profesiji Watt i Richardsona (2008) koja mjeri namjeru ostanka u učiteljskoj profesiji. Postupak Prije prikupljanja podataka dobivena je suglasnost Ministarstva znanosti i obrazovanja za provedbu projekta TeachWell, a istraživanje je odobreno od strane Etičkog povjerenstva Instituta za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu. Dio istraživanja koji je proveden u sklopu ove disertacije odobrilo je i Etičko povjerenstvo Odsjeka za psihologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Sudjelovanje u istraživanju bilo je dobrovoljno i anonimno. Učitelji su sudjelovali u istraživanju ispunjavanjem online upitnika koji im je distribuiran putem e-maila. Statistička analiza podataka Analiza podataka provedena je u nekoliko koraka. Prvo je provedena detaljna analiza podataka koji nedostaju i analiza osipanja, budući da su podaci prikupljeni longitudinalno. Drugo, budući da ovo istraživanje sadrži hijerarhijski organizirane podatke (učitelji su ugniježđeni unutar škola), izračunati su koeficijenti intraklasne korelacije (ICC) kako bi se istražilo objašnjava li hijerarhijska organizacija podataka varijabilitet analiziranih varijabli. Treće, izračunate su deskriptivna statistika i bivarijatne korelacije. Četvrto, kako bi se razlučilo koji mjerni modeli najbolje odgovaraju podacima, testirani su različiti faktorsko analitički modeli (CFA, ESEM) za svaku od ispitivanih varijabli. U petom je koraku bilo potrebno testirati longitudinalnu invarijantnost mjerenja kako bi se utvrdilo mjere li instrumenti iste konstrukte tijekom vremena. Konačno, pretpostavljeni recipročni odnosi između socio-emocionalnih kompetencija učitelja i njihove profesionalne dobrobiti te njihova uloga u predikciji odanosti profesiji analizirani su unutar okvira modeliranja strukturalnim jednadžbama (SEM), korištenjem autoregresijskih križnih modela, analitičke strategije koja se koristi za opisivanje recipročnih odnosa između varijabli tijekom vremena. Podaci su analizirani uz pomoć programa IBM SPSS 20.0 i Mplus 8.2. Rezultati i rasprava Recipročni odnosi utvrđeni su između empatije i zadovoljstva poslom – afektivna empatija je predviđala buduće zadovoljstvo poslom, dok je zadovoljstvo poslom predviđalo buduće razine kognitivne empatije. Ovaj je nalaz potvrdio hipotezu da će učitelji koji su empatičniji biti zadovoljniji poslom, ali i da zadovoljstvo poslom može povećati kapacitete koje učitelji imaju za empatiju. Istražujući odnos između svijesti o sebi i zadovoljstva poslom, pronađeno je da zadovoljstvo poslom pozitivno predviđa buduće razine svijesti o sebi, ali ne i obrnuto. Suprotno našoj hipotezi, nisu pronađeni recipročni odnosi između regulacije emocija i zadovoljstva poslom. Nadalje, nisu pronađeni recipročni odnosi ni između SEK i sagorijevanja. Umjesto toga, čini se da doživljavanje nekih simptoma sagorijevanja predviđa SEK učitelja. Naime, utvrđeno je da narušeno kognitivno funkcioniranje negativno predviđa svijest o sebi, ali svijest o sebi ne predviđa nijedan od simptoma sagorijevanja. Kada je u pitanju odnos između regulacije emocija i sagorijevanja, ni reprocjena ni supresija nisu predvidjele nijedan simptom sagorijevanja. Međutim, narušeno kognitivno funkcioniranje negativno je predviđalo buduću upotrebu strategije reprocjene, što podupire našu hipotezu da sagorijevanje negativno predviđa sposobnost emocionalne regulacije. Također, premda ni kognitivna ni afektivna empatija nisu značajno predvidjele nijedan od simptoma sagorijevanja, narušeno kognitivno funkcioniranje je značajno negativno predvidjelo buduće razine afektivne empatije. Ovi rezultati idu u prilog teoriji očuvanja resursa (Hobfoll, 1989), prema kojoj doživljaj sagorijevanja dodatno umanjuje resurse koji su dostupni za suočavanje sa stresom i emocionalnim izazovima. Čini se da nedostatak koncentracije i poteškoće s fokusiranjem na poslu, kao i doživljaj nezadovoljstva na poslu, mogu negativno utjecati na socio-emocionalne kompetencije učitelja, te tako umanjuju osobne resurse koji su učiteljima na raspolaganju. S druge strane, zadovoljstvo poslom ima potencijal jačati resurse učitelja kroz veću svijest o sebi i vlastitim emocijama te povećanje kapaciteta za kognitivnu empatiju, tj. zauzimanje tuđe perspektive i razumijevanje tuđih emocija, što je u skladu s teorijom proširenja i izgradnje (Frederickson, 2004). Rezultati dijela istraživanja o ulozi SEK i profesionalne dobrobiti u predikciji budućih razina odanosti učiteljskoj profesiji ukazuju da empatija značajno predviđa odanost profesiji, dok svijest o sebi i regulacija emocija ne. Nadalje, čini se da je zadovoljstvo poslom jasan prediktor buduće odanosti profesiji, kao i psihološka distanciranost (jedan od ključnih simptoma sagorijevanja). Ovi rezultati također su u skladu s teorijom očuvanja resursa (Hobfoll, 1989), prema kojoj sagorijevanje vodi prema ponašanjima koja preveniraju daljnji gubitak resursa kako bi se očuvala psihološka dobrobit, u ovom slučaju prema napuštanju profesije. Rezultati također ukazuju da nema medijacijskih efekata – efekti empatije, zadovoljstva poslom, te sagorijevanja na odanost profesiji bili su isključivo izravni, bez posredovanja drugih varijabli uključenih u modele. Metodološki nedostaci ovog istraživanja u prvome se redu tiču visoke stope osipanja, korištenja metode samoprocjene te istraživačkog nacrta koji ne omogućuje donošenje zaključaka o kauzalnosti. S druge strane, doprinosi ovog istraživanja uključuju korištenje longitudinalnog nacrta, primjenu metodologije eksploratornog strukturalnog modeliranja te provedbu istraživanja na osobito ranjivoj skupini učitelja, onima u ranoj fazi karijere. Zaključak Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na važnost empatije, zadovoljstva poslom i sagorijevanja u predikciji odanosti profesiji kod učitelja u ranoj fazi karijere. Prema tome, programi za razvoj socio-emocionalnih kompetencija mogu biti koristan alat za osnaživanje učitelja i pomoć pri suočavanju s emocionalno izazovnim situacijama, posebno tijekom inicijalnog obrazovanja i u početnim godinama poučavanja. Nadalje, s obzirom na istaknutu ulogu sagorijevanja i zadovoljstva poslom u odanosti profesiji učitelja u ranoj karijeri, rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na potrebu kontinuiranog i sustavnog praćenja simptoma sagorijevanja i zadovoljstva poslom kod učitelja, te provedbu politika koje pomažu u poticanju njihovog zadovoljstva poslom i u prevenciji sagorijevanja. Ti bi procesi mogli biti ključni za zadržavanje novih učitelja u profesiji, posebno s obzirom na to koliko je izazovno postalo njihovo zapošljavanje
Life Strategies and Survival Strategies of Individuals and Households in Post-transitional Croatia
No full textŽivotne strategije i strategije preživljavanja obrasci su djelovanja kojima pojedinci i kućanstva nastoje održavati i poboljšavati svoje uvjete života. Ova doktorska disertacija prva je studija životnih strategija u Hrvatskoj koja kvalitativnom metodologijom istražuje pojedince i kućanstva sa širokim rasponom sociodemografskih karakteristika, kao i prva studija koja u ovom području primjenjuje bourdieuovski teorijski pristup. Ciljevi rada su identificirati i opisati različite tipove životnih strategija u Hrvatskoj te kapitale, resurse i prakse na kojima se one temelje, kao i doprinijeti promišljanju povezanosti društvenih nejednakosti, društvenog razvoja i strategija. Teorijski okvir disertacije naslanja se na Bourdieuovu teoriju prakse te na tradiciju istraživanja strategija kućanstava, posebice u postsocijalističkim zemljama. Životne strategije su definirane kao društveni fenomen, što znači da su obrasci praksi i narativi društvenih agenata (pojedinaca i kućanstava) povezani sa njihovim društvenim pozicijama i trajektorijama, ali i sa širim društvenim procesima. Da bi se mogle analizirati specifičnosti strategija u hrvatskom posttranzicijskom društvu, teorijski okvir je nadograđen novim pojmovima (tjelesni resursi, deaktivacije kapitala, horizonti budućnosti i potreba), kao i konceptima koji omogućuju istraživanje struktura „crony“ i neoliberalnog kapitalizma u (post)bourdieuovskom ključu (Petrić i sur., 2022). Metodologija istraživanja utemeljena je u relacijskoj epistemologiji, interpretativnom konstruktivističkom strukturalizmu te pristupu višestruke studije slučaja (Bourdieu, 1990; Stake, 2005; Reed, 2008). Podatci su prikupljeni 2015. godine kroz trideset polustrukturiranih intervjua, uz pripadajuće mikroetnografske bilješke i podatke o kapitalima pojedinaca i kućanstava. Više vrsta analitičkih postupaka kategorizacije i povezivanja i relacijski pristup teoriji omogućili su rekonstrukciju pet tipova životnih strategija, te njihovih obilježja i podvrsta. Osnovni tipovi tako utvrđenih strategija su: 1. Životne strategije napredovanja; 2. Životne strategije očuvanja položaja; 3. Životne strategije kompenzacije položaja; 4. Životne strategije snalaženja; i, 5. Životne strategije preživljavanja. Životne strategije napredovanja obrasci su dugoročnog poboljšanja uvjeta života na temelju visokoga obujma kapitala i razina investicija, uz uzlazne karijere te poduzetničke projekte. Životne strategije očuvanja položaja obilježavaju stalni prihodi ali i manji obujam kapitala i razine investicija nego kod strategija napredovanja. Životne strategije kompenzacije obrasci su praksi kojima su društveni agenti težili nadoknaditi uvjete života koje su izgubili uslijed nepovoljnih strukturnih promjena i slamanja prethodne strategije. Životne strategije snalaženja obilježavao je niski obujam kapitala (posebice devalvirani kulturni kapital), te istaknuto diskontinuirane radne trajektorije i nestalnost uvjeta života. Temeljna karakteristika ovih strategija bila je oslanjanje na (tjelesne) resurse te na dispozicije „snalaženja“ i „prilagodljivosti“, kao i normalizacija prekarnosti. Konačno, životne strategije preživljavanja identificirane su kao obrasci praksi usmjereni opstanku u strukturno izrazito nepovoljnim okolnostima. Obilježavali su ih izrazito niski, devalvirani i deaktivirani kapitali, radikalno sužavanje horizonta potreba, te primarni cilj održavanja uvjeta života koji su uglavnom omogućavali tek nešto više od pukog fizičkog preživljavanja. Istraživanje životnih strategija u Hrvatskoj upućuje na postojanje velikih društvenih nejednakosti i na izrazito nepovoljne uvjete života dijela kućanstava. Vidljiva je dugoročna „šteta“ postsocijalističke transformacije, kao i porast nejednakosti tijekom ekonomske krize, uz pojavu „novih siromašnih“ (isp. Šućur, 2014; Rubinić, 2019). Po načinima na koje preživljava dio kućanstava, Hrvatsku se može ubrojiti u društva u kojima velik dio zaštitnih funkcija sustava socijalne sigurnosti ne osigurava država, već obitelj i mreže društvene solidarnosti. Rezultati upućuju i na to da je društvenu polarizaciju potrebno promišljati ne samo u kategorijama materijalne deprivacije (u kojoj se nalaze pojedinci i kućanstva sa strategijama preživljavanja), već i u širenju fenomena prekarnosti kojoj su posebice bila izložena mnoga kućanstva sa životnim strategijama kompenzacije i snalaženja. S obzirom na sve navedeno, može se zaključiti da su obilježja hrvatskog društvenoekonomskog razvoja i u zreloj fazi tranzicije i u posttranzicijskom razdoblju nastavila stvarati izazove i strukturne pritiske na strategije pojedinaca i kućanstava. Iznimka su bili samo agenti s velikim količinama kapitala i/ili kapitalom vrijednim unutar mehanizama „crony“ kapitalističke države. Konačno, u ovoj disertaciji identificirana raznolikost strategija i njihovih strukturnih okolnosti upućuje na nužnost daljnjeg promišljanja nejednakog razvoja u Hrvatskoj.Life strategies and survival strategies are patterns of action by which individuals and households strive to maintain and improve their conditions of existence. This doctoral dissertation is the first study of life strategies in Croatia that uses qualitative methodology to research individuals and households with a wide range of sociodemographic characteristics while applying a Bourdieusian theoretical approach. The goals of the study are to identify and describe different types of life strategies in Croatia and the forms of capital, resources, and practices on which they are based, as well as to contribute to sociological thinking about the intersection of social inequalities, social development, and life strategies. The theoretical framework of the dissertation is based on Bourdieu's theory of practice and the tradition of household strategies research, especially in post-socialist countries. Life strategies are defined as a social phenomenon, which means that the patterns of practice and narratives of social agents (individuals and households) are connected to their social positions and trajectories, but also to wider social processes. The theoretical framework was upgraded with newly devised concepts (physical resources, deactivation of capital, future horizons) as well as the concepts that enable the (post)Bourdieusian research of ‘crony’ structures and neoliberal capitalism in Croatia (Petrić et al., 2022). The research methodology is based on relational epistemology, interpretive constructivist structuralism and the multiple case study approach (Bourdieu, 1990; Stake, 2005; Reed, 2008). The data was collected in 2015 through thirty semi-structured interviews, along with micro-ethnographic notes and data on individual and household capitals. Several types of analytical procedures of linking and categorization enabled the reconstruction of five types of life strategies, as well as their characteristics and subtypes. The basic types of strategies determined in this way are: 1. Life strategies of social advancement; 2. Life strategies of preserving the social position; 3. Life strategies of compensating; 4. Life strategies of getting by; and, 5. Life strategies of surviving. Life strategies of advancement are patterns of long-term improvement in living conditions based on high volumes of capital and investment levels, along with ascending careers and entrepreneurial projects. Life strategies of preserving the social position are characterized by secure incomes from salaries, but significantly lower capital volumes and investment levels than those within the strategies of advancement. Life strategies of compensating are patterns of practices by which social agents seek to compensate for the living conditions they lost due to unfavourable structural changes and the breakdown of their previous strategies. Life strategies of getting by are marked by a low amount of capital (especially devalued cultural capital), prominently discontinuous work trajectories and the instability of living conditions. The fundamental characteristic of these strategies was the reliance on (physical) resources and dispositions of ‘coping’ and ‘adaptability’, as well as the normalization of precariousness. Finally, life strategies of surviving are identified as patterns of practice aimed at survival in structurally extremely unfavourable circumstances. They were characterized by extremely low, devalued and deactivated capitals, a radical narrowing of the horizon of needs, and the primary goal of maintaining conditions of existence which enabled little more than mere physical survival. Research into life strategies in Croatia points to the existence of significant social inequalities and extremely unfavourable living conditions for some households. The longterm ‘damage’ of the post-socialist transformation is clearly visible, as well as the increase in inequality during the economic crisis, along with the emergence of the ‘new poor’ (cf. Šućur, 2014; Rubinić, 2019). According to the ways in which some households survive, Croatia can be counted among societies where a large part of the protective functions of the social security system is not provided by the state, but by the family and social solidarity networks. The results indicate that social polarization needs to be considered not only in the categories of material deprivation (in which individuals and households with survival strategies are found), but also in the spread of the phenomenon of precariousness to which many households with life strategies of compensating and getting by were especially exposed. It can be concluded that the characteristics of Croatian socio-economic development both in the mature phase of the transition and in the post-transition period continued to create challenges and structural pressures on the strategies of individuals and households. The only exceptions were agents with large amounts of capital and/or capital valuable within the ‘crony’ mechanisms of the capitalist state. Finally, the diversity of strategies and their structural circumstances identified in this dissertation points to the necessity of further reflection on the unequal development in Croatia
Croatian causerie film in the Yugoslav cinema after 1945
No full textCilj rada jest odrediti korpus hrvatskih i jugoslavenskih filmova od 1945. do 1990. koji pristupom podsjećaju na književnu vrstu kozerije, definirati ove filmove kao pripadnike filmske vrste kozerijski film, dosad nepoznate u domaćoj filmskoj literaturi, te opisati njihove glavne karakteristike. U potrazi za kozerijskim filmovima provedeno je temeljito istraživanje u hrvatskoj kinematografiji i ograničeno istraživanje u kinematografijama ostalih republika socijalističke Jugoslavije. Istražen je društveni i kinematografski kontekst tog razdoblja s naglaskom na jugoslavenskom dokumentarnom filmu. Kozerijske filmove odlikuje ležeran i zabavan pristup ozbiljnim društvenim temama, a glavni nositelj ovakva pristupa naratorov je govor. Većinom se radi o propagandnim ili obrazovnim filmovima s temama poput turizma, životinjskog svijeta i prometnih pravila, ali postoje i brojni nenamjenski kozerijski filmovi. Razdoblje procvata kozerijskih filmova trajalo je od kraja 1950-ih do polovice 1960-ih. Za razliku od Turkovićeve definicije „kozerijskog dokumentarizma“, uočeno je da se radi o hibridnoj vrsti u kojoj se spajaju dokumentarno, igrano i animirano. Međutim, svaki kozerijski film mora posjedovati barem minimalnu razinu dokumentarnosti. Definirane su glavne karakteristike kozerijskih filmova: humor, rodovska hibridnost, bogatstvo pripovjedačkih postupaka, subjektivnost naratorova govora i autoreferencijalnost. Teorijski okvir definiranja ovih karakteristika preuzet je iz stručne literature. Preduvjeti stvaranja kozerijskih filmova bili su oslobađanje jugoslavenske kinematografije od ideoloških stega te umetanje fikcije i poetskog naratora u dokumentarni film. Poticaji za njihovo stvaranje bili su utjecaj stranoga kozerijskog filma, efikasnost kozerijskog pristupa u ostvarivanju namjenskih ciljeva filmova te kozerijski senzibilitet njihovih autora. Jedan od poticaja bila je i atmosfera modernističke „uzrujanosti“ i stilske slobode 1950-ih, ali izravni utjecaj modernističkog filma osjetio se jedino u slučaju autorskoga kozerijskog filma, koji se razvio 1960-ih. Odumiranje kozerijskih filmova, koje je započelo krajem 1960-ih, dogodilo se zbog dominacije direktnog filma i filma istine, dokumentarnih vrsta koje u Jugoslaviji nisu mogle trpjeti kozerijske karakteristike, te pojave televizije koja je preuzela kozerijski pristup ozbiljnim temama.A causerie film is a hybrid type of film with documentary quality at its core that tends to inform, educate or persuade viewers on serious social issues in a casual and entertaining way based on the narrator's subjective speech and constructed, often fictional scenes. Although a causerie film is a hybrid genre, it originates in the classical expository documentary and follows its basic postulates. In this doctoral thesis, we will use the term “narrator's speech” for voice-over: “narrator” because of the tendency of causerie films to tell stories and “speech” to emphasise the importance of the content, but also the physical aspects of the voice-over. All causerie films have at least a minimum level of documentary quality. In other words, they deal with real social issues, which are important for the local community, and to do so, they use at least a minimum amount of documentary means. Also, all causerie films are characterized by a certain level of construction, either through fictional stories and characters or through the subjective speech of the narrator. All causerie films deal with social issues in a casual and entertaining way. They usually achieve casualness through humour and subjectivity. Finally, all causerie films possess stylistic freedom, which allows them to use all available stylistic devices in imaginative and playful ways. This doctoral thesis deals with causerie films produced in the period of the Yugoslav cinema from 1945 to 1990. The primary focus of the research were causerie films made in Croatia (CRO), a republic that was a part of the socialist Yugoslavia. In addition to the thorough research done in the field of the Croatian cinema, limited research on causerie filmmaking was done for other Yugoslav republics (Slovenia SLO, Bosnia and Herzegovina BiH, Serbia SRB, Montenegro MNE, Macedonia MKD). A total of 132 causerie films were found, of which 71 were Croatian. Causerie films, or their precursors, in the Croatian and Yugoslav cinema began to be produced in the early 1950s. The main features of first causerie films were mixing of documentary and feature elements, subjectivity of the narrator's speech and selfreferentiality (Because of That Thing This Morning / Radi onoga jutros, Radenko Ostojić, 1951, CRO; A story from the cavalry / Priča iz konjice, Boško Vučinić, 1952, SRB, etc.). Humour in causerie films started appearing more frequently only in the mid-1950s (One Day in the City of Rijeka / Jedan dan u Rijeci, Ante Babaja, 1955, CRO, etc.). Causerie films reached their climax period at the end of the 1950s and this lasted to the mid-1960s, when an average of six causerie films per year were produced in Croatia, while during the same period in Yugoslavia, it is assumed that about fifteen to twenty such films were produced annually. The making of causerie films was obviously a trend in Yugoslavia at that time, as indicated also by the thematic and stylistic similarities between them. In the second half of the 1960s, the production of causerie films began to decline and continued to do so until the end of the 1980s. Causerie films were mostly commissioned films that achieved their educational or promotional goals through a casual causerie approach. Tourism promotion films were regularly made with causerie approach (Come to Montenegro / Dođite u Crnu Goru, Branislav Bastać, 1960, MNE; Sunny Adriatic / Sunčani Jadran, Frano Vodopivec, 1965, CRO, etc.), as were educational films about traffic rules (At the Wheel / Za volanom, Branislav Bastać, 1958, MNE; Dangerous Games / Opasne igre, Nikša Fulgosi, 1963, CRO, etc.) and educational films about nature (Summer of Bear Cubs / Ljeto medvjedića, Branko Marjanović, 1963, CRO; Small Wonders of the Great Nature / Mala čuda veliki prirode 1, Branko Marjanović, 1971, CRO, etc.). Many advertising films of 3 to 6 minutes were also made in causerie style (Factory Evropa / Evropa, Aleksandar Markus, 1953, MKD; Juicer / Sokovnik, Nikša Fulgosi, 1961, CRO, etc.). A large number of causerie films were not commissioned. They were general informative films about some localities, occupations, social customs, etc. (Goodbye, City of Krapina / Doviđenja Krapino, Branko Bauer, 1956, CRO; The Fair / Vašar, Svetozar Pavlović, 1959, SRB, etc.). Finally, in the 1960s, a significant number of auteur causerie films were made, that differed by their personal authorial approach (My Flat / Moj stan, Zvonimir Berković, 1962, CRO; Stamp / Pečat, Branko Čelović, 1965, SRB etc.). The existence of causerie films in the Croatian cinema was first noticed by film scholar Hrvoje Turković. He named this type of film after the literary genre called causerie (2010a: 193-194). Until then, the causerie film was an unknown concept in the Yugoslav literature, as well as in the historical overviews of world documentary films. Most of the films that we refer to as causerie films were not even mentioned in the Yugoslav literature or were mentioned only marginally. When they were mentioned, their causerie traits, such as subjectivity and constructed humour, went frequently unnoticed or were defined as poetical, satirical, etc. When these causerie traits were noted in literature, they were often evaluated negatively, because they were considered not to correspond to the postulates of a documentary film. The precondition for the creation of causerie films was the liberation from the strict rules of ideological propaganda in the post-war Yugoslav society and its cinema. In the 1950s, Yugoslav documentary films reduced or completely rejected propagandist rhetoric and began to turn to peacetime and civic themes. Also, a commissioned film, which is a type of film that often uses the causerie approach, began to develop in the Yugoslav cinema. The stylistic preconditions for the development of causerie films were an increasing influence of construction and fiction in the documentary fabric of the film, which paved the way for the subsequent genre hybridization of causerie films, and the development of poetic narrators in the documentary film, which paved the way for the development of the subjective, casual and witty narrator's speech of the causerie film. Several factors stimulated the emergence of causerie films in Yugoslavia. Causerie films appeared in the world already in the 1930s and continued to be produced during the 1940s and 1950s, for example British, American and Czechoslovakian causerie films (The Factory of Illusions / Továrna na iluse, Jiří Weiss, 1938, CS; Safety in Offices, 1944, USA, etc.). Yugoslav filmmakers had the opportunity to watch these films and be inspired by them, as evidenced by the preserved film copies of foreign causerie films distributed in Yugoslavia (It Doesn't Hurt, [1944?], [USA?]; Topographic Symbols, 1952, USA, etc.). The appearance of causerie films was certainly stimulated by the awareness of the usefulness of the causerie approach in achieving educational and promotional goals. Namely, during the period of the development of causerie films, it was already a well-known fact that humour, entertainment, emotionality, casualness and other similar characteristics can help in teaching, educating and persuading the audience. Also, the appearance of causerie films can be attributed to the artistic sensibility of its authors. Causerie films in the Croatian cinema were created by many distinguished, artistically ambitious directors inclined to humour, irony and satire (Zvonimir Berković, Obrad Gluščević, Branko Marjanović, Branko Bauer etc.). In the cinemas of other Yugoslav republics, causerie films were also created by artistically ambitious directors (Puriša Đorđević, France Kosmač, Branko Čelović, Vefik Hadžismajlović, Branislav Bastać, etc.). In creating the causerie impression, screenwriters and authors of the narrator's texts of causerie films played an extremely important role. Most of them in their previous film and literary work showed a sensibility close to causerie, favouring humour, irony, satire and a playful verbal style (Kruno Quien, Boro Pavlović, Matija Bećković, Božidar Violić, etc.). Some of them wrote literary causeries (Drago Gervais, Veselko Tenžera, Fadil Hadžić, etc.) Finally, the development of Croatian and Yugoslav causerie films was stimulated by the socalled “modernist upheaval” – the modernist departure from the conventions of classical art that occurred in the 1950s in various artistic disciplines and the atmosphere of stylistic freedom that reigned at that time (Turković, 2009: 92-98). The causerie film was particularly influenced by the general modernist characteristics of “subjectivity” through the narrator's subjective speech and "reflexivity" through self-referentiality (Kovács, 2007: 62). It is important to note that causerie films differed from modernist films by using these characteristics superficially and casually, without complex analysis of the subject's intimacy and without the reflexion on the relationship between fiction and reality. There are four main characteristics of causerie films: genre hybridity, richness of narration, subjectivity of the narrator's speech and humour. Self-referentiality is also an important characteristic, but it appears in a limited number of films. Genre hybridity means an extremely complex relationship between documentary and fiction in causerie films, which most often develops as a relationship between documentary and feature film, but sometimes as a mixture of documentary and animation. Although Noel Carrol considered that in almost all cases it is possible to clearly determine the genre of a film (2006: 154-171), the example of the complex mixing of types in the causerie film indicates that in many cases it is not possible to clearly recognize the genre determination of the film. That's why we defined the causerie film as a hybrid film type. The image of certain causerie films is based on unconstructed documentary scenes of the outside world, and it is the narrator's speech that, with its subjectivity and humour, gives these films the causerie quality of construction (See You in Pula / Doviđenja u Puli, Mladen Feman, 1961, CRO, etc.). In some of these films, the narrator's speech gives non-constructed scenes their fictional quality by telling stories and turning filmed people and animals into protagonists of those stories (Tram Number 2 / Tramvaj dvojka, Oto Deneš, 1958, SRB, etc.). However, in many causerie films, rudimentary stories are developed through the image as well as through the narrator's speech (Baltazar Travels / Baltazar putuje, Davor Šošić, 1959, CRO; Classified Ads / Mali oglasi, Miodrag Paskuči, 1960, MNE, etc.). These films use various stylistic devices common to feature films (acting, close-ups, establishing shots, editing of motion, etc.). They often use professional actors (Antun Nalis, Zvonko Lepetić, Tito Strozzi, Zdenka Heršak, etc.). Some of the causerie films about traffic rules directed by Nikša Fulgosi are inspired by the popular genres of melodrama, thriller and teen movie, showing that casualness in the causerie does not necessarily need to be realized through humour (Beware of One Drink / Čuvaj se čašice, 1963, CRO; Dangerous Games). Despite the strong presence of fiction, causerie films always maintain the impression of documentary quality, that is, they maintain the impression of films that describe current social reality. For example, they never have complex plots, but instead develop rudimentary stories. These films almost never use dialogues, but rather the narrator's retelling or commenting on the events. The narrator's speech in fictional scenes is often injected with informative, educational or persuasive comments. Also, causerie films often mix fictional scenes and documentary footage. In this way, causerie films talk about social reality through fiction. In other words, when we watch fictional events in a causerie film, we have the impression that we are watching events that regularly happen or could very easily happen in the real world and that represent knowledge about that world. In addition to feature film characteristics, animation is also intertwined with documentary in causerie film. A special case is the animated causerie film Costumed Rendezvous / Kostimirani rendez-vous (Borivoj Dovniković-Bordo, 1965, CRO) about the history of fashion, in which documentary and animation are equally represented, which is why we can name this film an animated documentary made in the period before that term was defined (cf. Honess Roe, 2013). Another main characteristic of causerie films is the wealth of narrative devices. The narrative in these films ranges from minimalist stories with two events (Our Free Time / Naše slobodno vrijeme, Stipe Delić, 1960, CRO, etc.) to stories that resemble those in classical fictional films (Beware Of One Drink, etc.). The main medium of narration is the narrator's speech. Narrators often use the technique of “simultaneous narration” (Genette, 1980: 217-219), which is rarely used in film and literature and which narrates events that happen in the present time, that is, they are narrated at the same time in which they happen (Student days / Studentski dani, Davor Šošić, 1958, CRO; What's a Workers' Council / Što je to radnički savjet, Dušan Makavejev, 1959, CRO, etc.). By anchoring the action in the present, this technique strengthens the impression of documentary quality of the fictional story. However, the narrator also narrates events that happened in the past, often in the form of “analepses” (flashbacks), but at the same time strengthens the impression of documentary quality of narration by clearly determining the “transfer point” in the present time (ibid.: 40, 45) from which the story is narrated (Snow and Flowers / Iz snega v cvetje, Jože Bevc, 1962, SLO; Vacation in Croatia / Odmor u Hrvstskoj, Zvonimir Berković, 1981, CRO, etc.). Using stylistic freedom, causerie films even develop hypothetical “prolepses” (ibid.: 40) to show what could happen in the future (Tonight at 6 PM / Večeras u šest, Aleksandar Aranđelović, 1961, SRB; The Bridge / Most, Zlatko Sudović, 1965, CRO, etc). Causerie films also use the narrative technique of focalization. Often, they play with the technique of “internal focalization”, dealing with the character's perspective and its limitations (Genette, 1980: 189-190). In this case, they usually use “double focalization” (ibid.: 208-209). With this technique, internal focalization through the narrator's speech develops in parallel with “zero focalization” through the image, which represents a non-focalized representation of “objective reality” (ibid.: 189). Using double focalization, causerie films imaginatively combine their fictional and documentary aspirations (My First Ride / Moja prva vožnja, Vladimir Pavlović, 1963, CRO; Grey Mullet / Cipol od porta, Branko Kalačić, 1972, SRB, etc.). Following the documentary aspiration of causerie films, the narrator's speech occasionally abandons the internal focalization and replaces it with zero focalization, that is, the narrators turns from a character with limited knowledge into an omniscient one (White Harvests / Bijele žetve, Krsto Škanata, 1958, CRO; Sunny Adriatic, What's a Workers' Council, etc.). Causerie films also imaginatively play with “narrative levels” (Genette, 1980: 227-234, 243- 252). They do this through the narrator's speech. For example, in certain films, the “homodiegetic narrator” (narrator-character) starts narrating from the “extradiegetic perspective” (after the event being recounted) and suddenly switches to the “intradiegetic perspective” (the time of the event) having limited knowledge of the event (The Camp of Joy / Logor radosti, Vladan Slijepčević, 1956, SRB; The Road Is Not Only Yours / Put nije samo vaš, Nikša Fulgosi, 1963, CRO etc.). By playing with narrative levels, causerie films sometimes manifest self-referentiality. For example, they use the technique of “metalepsis” (ibid.: 234-235) in which the heterodiegetic narrators, from their extradiegetic perspective, influence and change events at the intradiegetic level. They give the characters instructions that they follow, “order” the film to rewind, etc. (Because of That Thing This Morning; The Secret / Skrivnost, Zvone Sintič, 1959, SLO, etc.). This self-referential technique, as well as other narrative devices, doesn't serve to create a complex aesthetic structure or encourage the viewer to think deeply about the nature of the fiction, but is another way of playfully and creatively approaching the tasks of information, education or persuasion. The third main characteristic of causerie films is the subjectivity of the narrator's speech. Although causerie films, like classical expository documentaries, present “objective truths” about the world, they do so with the presence of a strong subjectivity. The narrator's speech of the causerie film narrates and comments on the events on the screen by using a rich range of emotional reactions (from angry to happy, from ironic to sentimental, etc.). They express their emotions by speaking in an extremely rich range of voice colours, pitches, and volumes. Because of this demanding nature of the narrator's speech, many of the narrators of causerie films were professional actors (Branko Bonacci, Boris Buzančić, Mato Ergović, Petar Kralj, etc.). The narrators express their distinct subjectivity also through addressing the characters of the film or the viewers, which is an indicator of the film's high “self-consciousness” (Bordwell, 1985: 57-61) and another causerie contribution to self-referentiality. They address the viewer or viewers in the second person singular or plural in order to tell them something or warn them about something (Two Boys / Dva dječaka, Ratomir Ivković, 1955, CRO, etc.). Occasionally, the viewers are invited to do something together with the narrator in the firstperson plural, as if they are together at the intradiegetic level (1001 Drawings / 1001 crtež, Dušan Vukotić, 1960, CRO, etc.). When they act as homodiegetic narrators, they emphasize their subjectivity by naming or even pointing to themselves in the scene of the film (Memories of One Summer / Uspomene jednog leta, Oto Deneš, 1963, SRB, etc.). The heterodiegetic narrator often addresses the characters of the film, this time not with the intention of influencing their behaviour, but with the intention of conveying the informative, educational or persuasive message to the viewer of the film in a casual way (Day of Rest / Dan odmora, Obrad Gluščević, 1957, CRO; Come to Montenegro, etc.). Interestingly, in causerie films, the materialization of the narratee during narration (cf. Gilić, 2007: 88-99) often occurs. Namely, the narrator's speech in these cases consists of a conversation between two or more narrators, where one functions as a speaker (narrator) and the other as a listener to whom the speech is addressed (narratee). The narratees occasionally react to the speaker's messages by commenting and asking questions (Sunny Adriatic; Folk Costume / Narodna noša, Mako Sajko, 1975, SLO, etc.). In this way, the narratees materialize their presence, which very rarely happens in films. The last main characteristic of causerie films is humour. It follows a Renaissance vision of humour. It's a mixture of hedonistic pleasure and pedagogical engagement. As in the Renaissance, when causerie films teach through humour, they do so through mild