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The role of health information literacy in the evaluation of online health information
No full textZdravstvena informacijska pismenost multidimenzionalan je i dinamičan koncept koji uključuje socijalne, kognitivne, ekonomske i osobne vještine pojedinca potrebne za pretraživanje, razumijevanje i korištenje zdravstvenih informacija radi poboljšanja i održavanja vlastitog zdravlja. Vrednovanje mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija, tj. njihova pouzdanost i vjerodostojnost, igra značajnu ulogu u procesu promjene zdravstvenog ponašanja. S obzirom da dosadašnja istraživanja nisu postigla konsenzus o jedinstvenom okviru za razumijevanje procesa stvaranja povjerenja u mrežne zdravstvene informacije, rezultati istraživanja pridonose konceptualnom povezivanju teorijskih konstrukata o vrednovanju informacija i kritičkih teorija iz informacijskih i komunikacijskih znanosti s konstruktima iz područja javnog zdravstva. Objedinjavanjem narativa različitih domena i sintetiziranjem odvojenih teorijskih okvira, cilj istraživanja bio je identificirati čimbenike procjene kvalitete, pouzdanosti i vjerodostojnosti mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija u konceptu zdravstvene informacijske pismenosti i srodnim konceptima (zdravstvena pismenost, informacijska pismenost, digitalna pismenost, medijska pismenost i sl.). Navedeni je pristup nadopunjen stavovima i mišljenjem studenata medicine o vrednovanju mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija kako bi se produbilo razumijevanje procesa stvaranja povjerenja u mrežne zdravstvene informacije. Istraživanje je multimetodskim pristupom provedeno u tri faze: 1. komparativnom analizom alata i testova za mjerenje zdravstvene informacijske i srodnih pismenosti kako bi se utvrdili zajednički elementi odnosno specifične kompetencije, definirala znanja i vještine potrebne za kritičku analizu mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija; 2. anketnim upitnikom kojim su ispitivani stavovi i mišljenja studenata Medicinskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu o vrednovanju mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija, te 3. polustrukturiranim intervjuom s manjom podskupinom ispitanika kako bi se nadogradile spoznaje iz anketnog upitnika vezano uz utvrđivanje čimbenika koji utječu na povjerenje u mrežne zdravstvene informacije odnosno procjenu njihove kvalitete i vjerodostojnosti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da zdravstvena informacijska pismenost igra važnu ulogu u vrednovanju mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija, primjeni zdravstvenih informacija u svakodnevnom životu i mijenjanju zdravstvenih navika. Rezultati istraživanja predstavljaju osnovu za definiranje vještina kritičkog vrednovanja mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija u svrhu povećanja razine zdravstvene informacijske pismenosti te razvoj alata za procjenu pouzdanosti mrežnih zdravstvenih informacija. Na aplikativnoj razini doktorski rad donosi preporuke za komunikacijske intervencije iz trenutne perspektive infodemije kao i planiranje javnozdravstvenih aktivnosti u budućnosti. Na praktičnoj razini rezultati istraživanja predstavljaju osnovu za raspravu o uključivanju koncepta zdravstvene informacijske pismenosti u hrvatski obrazovni sustav na svim razinama, te razvoj akcijskih planova, politika i u konačnici strategije zdravstvene informacijske pismenosti na nacionalnoj razini.Trust, authority and credibility in the digital environment have attracted the interest of many researchers in the recent years. Reliable and credible information are key factors for making numerous decisions in our everyday lives, from making political choices to choosing a healthy lifestyle. Various health-related narratives are present in the public sphere. Health advice and recommendations on vaccination, antibiotics, nutrition, exercise and numerous other topics are provided by different sources, scientific community, healthcare professionals, media, lay people, patients, social networks, etc. It was the infodemic associated with the coronavirus pandemic that again brought to the forefront the importance of reliable and credible health information and health information literacy in this complex digital environment. In such fragmented information ecosystem, characterized by the post-truth era, where misinformation and fake news spread by uninformed individuals or advocates of various conspiracy theories are considered equivalent to reliable scientific information, individuals have to choose whom to trust, based on their critical capacities and competencies, in order to make health decisions for themselves and their families. The young people of today, especially those born after the year 2000, represent the generation of digital natives, who grew up and spent their entire lives surrounded by digital technologies that have become an integral part of their lives. They think and process information differently than their predecessors. Most of them use the Internet as their primary source for accessing information, most often through smartphones, spend the vast majority of time online, increasingly use social networks for private and professional purposes, but at the same time have difficulty assessing the reliability of online information. The way they assess trust in digital information is different from the way they question information credibility in traditional media. Given that trust and credibility of information strongly influence the effect of information message itself, which, in extraordinary circumstances and public health crisis such as the coronavirus pandemic, is of vital importance for the lives of people, it is very important to understand how users decide whom to trust. Health information literacy is a multidimensional and dynamic concept that incorporates social, cognitive, economic, and personal skills to search, understand, and use health information in order to improve and maintain good health. The evaluation of online health information, i.e. its reliability and credibility, plays a significant role in the process of health behavior change. Research to date has not reached a consensus on unique framework for understanding the process of building user confidence in online health information. The focus of this doctoral dissertation are theoretical and analytical challenges of health information literacy as a multidimensional and dynamic concept, particularly in understanding the process of creating trust in online health information. By examining the attitudes and opinions of medical students about the evaluation of online health information we aimed to determine factors that influence the assessment of health information quality and credibility. The main research objective is to examine the element of information appraisal in the concept of health information literacy and to determine the processes of creating trust in health information in an online environment. The specific research objectives are as follows: 1. to identify factors and techniques for assessing the quality, reliability and credibility of online health information; 2. to determine the elements of cognitive heuristics for assessing the reliability of online health information; 3. to determine the impact of infodemic during a healthcare crisis on online health information trust issues; 4. to examine methods for assessing the quality and reliability of user-generated online health information; 5. to investigate medical students' attitudes and knowledge of the concepts and tools for assessing health information literacy. Our research aimed to determine common elements of information appraisal in the concept of health information literacy and related concepts dealing with online health information (health literacy, information literacy, media literacy, digital literacy, etc.). The research was performed using multiple methods conducted in three phases: 1. literature review and comparative analysis of selected tools and instruments for assessment of health information literacy and related concepts; 2. a survey questionnaire that examined the attitudes and opinions of medical students of the University of Zagreb School of Medicine regarding online health information appraisal, and 3. semi-structured interviews with a smaller subgroup of respondents in order to build on the findings from the survey questionnaire related to the determination of factors that influence trust in online health information, i.e. assessment of their quality and credibility. The results of our research demonstrated that medical students have the knowledge, skills and techniques necessary to assess the quality, reliability and credibility of online health information. Although medical students generally considered Internet to be a questionable source for health information, the majority reported that they always use online search engines as the first step when searching for health topics, regardless of their purpose (general interest, academic assignment, or personal or health problem among family and friends, etc.). Medical students consider the following analytical criteria when assessing the credibility of online health information: trustworthiness, completeness, objectivity and comprehensiveness of information, referencing other data sources and author disclosure. Apart from analytical criteria, medical students also use cognitive heuristics when assessing the reliability of online health information, especially user-generated content that is published and shared via social networks. Students also emphasized the importance of critical thinking, factual analysis, information verification on multiple sources, determination of source credentials as well as sharing information with family members, friends, colleagues, physicians and university professors who they consider as cognitive authorities in health communication. Research results indicate an overall positive relationship between perceived health information literacy of medical students, their ability to evaluate online health information and trust in the Internet as a source of health information. Students with high self-perceived level of e-health literacy more often use websites of government institutions and professional medical associations than other sources for online health information. Our research also revealed that the degree of trust that medical students have in online sources of information affects their behavior when searching and evaluating online health information. In healthcare crisis situations, medical students apply additional evaluation criteria for usergenerated health information on social media. In general, medical students expressed mistrust towards social networks, especially as a source of credible health information in the context of an infodemic. Although the majority of students use social networks only passively, they also believe that social networks present a platform that has the potential, if used appropriately, to convey reliable information and improve health information literacy. Students also stressed that, during infodemic, strategic crisis communication skills should be applied for proactive dissemination of credible, factual and scientific evidence in order to contribute to a faster and more efficient containment of the spread of misinformation and fake news on social media. The results of our research have shown that online health information should be comprehensive, accurate, evidence-based, objective and up-to-date in order to convey a quality health message. According to medical students, quality of information, source credibility, comprehensibility and readability, as well as verification of information in evidence-based sources are main predictors of trust in online health information. Understanding which health channels and sources are considered most reliable among different user groups can help health professionals reach at-risk patients in order to communicate health messages more successfully and implement interventions aimed at strengthening skills that are important for health information appraisal. By analyzing medical students` attitudes and opinions about credibility of online health information, we explored ways to promote critical thinking in the digital environment in order to empower individuals to make decisions in their everyday life based on verified and credible sources of information. Placing greater emphasis on lifelong learning about health, and formal and informal health information literacy education, enables greater autonomy and empowerment of individuals, and can be viewed as part of personal development towards an improved quality of life. Health information literacy increases individual and community resistance to harmful and misleading information and reduces the impact of the infodemic on human health. Improving health information literacy among population requires joint action and cooperation between stakeholders and policymakers (government authorities, media, scientific, educational and health institutions, healthcare professionals, scientists, researchers, librarians and others). Health information literacy is an important competence of every individual, but its implications for society are much broader. They include personal and social responsibility of individuals and taking ethical actions for the benefit of the community. A modern democratic society implies engaged citizens who autonomously reflect on political, ethical and social challenges in everyday life. Empowerment in health and social care, achieved by developing critical competencies, helps in distancing oneself from various social pressures, making independent informed decisions and taking responsibility for one's own health. Croatia, unlike most other European countries, still does not have an official strategy or action plan for developing and improving health information literacy among its population. Our research results point out the importance of including health information literacy in the national health policy and education strategy, with particular emphasis on developing critical thinking skills and competencies in evidence-based approach to online health information appraisal. The results of this research contribute to the conceptual linking of theoretical constructs on information appraisal and critical theories from information and communication sciences with constructs from the field of public health. The mentioned approach resulted in unifying the narratives of different domains, and synthesizing separate theoretical frameworks, namely health information and related literacies, which adds to the value of this research. The results of this research serve as a basis for defining skills for critical appraisal of online health information in order to increase the level of health information literacy and development of tools for evaluating the reliability of online health information. On the applicative level, this doctoral dissertation provides recommendations for communication of reliable online health information from the current infodemic perspective, in planning public health activities and interventions in the future
Attitudes and Opinions of Catholic Religious Education Teachers in The Republic Of Croatia Regarding the Formal Qualifications for Implementation of the Religious Dimension of Intercultural Education
No full textDosadašnje teorijske spoznaje pokazale su da je za uspješnu provedbu interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja u školama važna kompetentnost nastavnika. Fenomen osposobljenosti nastavnika katoličkog vjeronauka, kao i način provođenja sadržaja religijske dimenzije interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja nalaze se u fokusu ovog rada. Teorijski okvir rada obuhvatio je i spojio pristup Vijeća Europe, koji religijsku dimenziju promatra pod vidom kulturno-društvenog doprinosa, i hrvatske teorijske postavke interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanje te u takvo polazište integrirao religijsku dimenziju interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja iz crkveno-teološke perspektive koja se odnosi na međureligijsko i ekumensko učenje. Ispitivanje stavova i mišljenja katoličkih vjeroučitelja o utjecaju inicijalnog obrazovanja na sposobnost za ostvarivanje religijske dimenzije interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja u nastavi katoličkog vjeronauka provedeno je anketiranjem, a u obradi rezultata primijenjena je kvantitativna analiza. Rezultati potvrđuju pozitivan smjer povezanosti između razumijevanja pojmova (interkulturalizam, religijska dimenzija interkulturalnog obrazovanja, međureligijsko i ekumensko učenje), usvojenih vještina tijekom studija potrebnih za razvoj interkulturalne kompetencije kod učenika i korištenja metoda/oblika rada u nastavi pri obradi sadržaja o religijskoj i konfesionalnoj raznolikosti. Rezultati su pokazali da katolički vjeroučitelji doprinose razvoju interkulturalne kompetencije učenika, a time i ostvarenju ciljeva interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja u javnoj školi. Katolički vjeroučitelji pokazuju otvorenost i pozitivan stav u prijenosu sadržaja koji se odnosi na religijsku i konfesionalnu raznolikost te učenika usmjeravaju prema otvorenosti, toleranciji, poštovanju drugog i drugačije. U Republici Hrvatskoj na ispitanom uzorku vjeroučitelja možemo potvrditi da se njihova osposobljenost za religijsku dimenziju interkulturalnog odgoja i obrazovanja, na razini stavova i mišljenja, očituje u povezanosti znanja, vještina i rada u nastavi.The need for education for religious diversity and coexistence has been noticed at the level of educational policies and church documents. An analysis of the educational guidelines provided by the Council of Europe and the Catholic Church on the religious dimension of intercultural education as well as the research results that obtained by Croatian authors in the field of pedagogy, both revealed a lack of research that would include the concept of religious dimension. The focus of the research part of this paper was put on the population of Catholic religious education teachers who are primarily responsible for its implementation in classes and the development of the related students' competencies. This paper provides an insight into the status of religious education teachers and their views on the competence to implement the religious dimension of intercultural education. The fundamental paradigms that serve as a basis of this paper encompass intercultural education underlining its religious dimension, as well as the area of application and achievement of its goals, which are manifested in the development of intercultural competences, methods and forms of work, all notably concerning teachers.
The paper is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on answering the questions of how intercultural education should be implemented and what meaning it has for the Croatian school system and the training of Croatian teachers. A political-pedagogical framework is adopted considering that the principles of intercultural education that are applied within the framework of public education. The paper begins with an insight into the theoretical definitions of key terms, such as interculturalism, intercultural education, religious dimension and intercultural competence. The authors of the Croatian and English-speaking areas referenced in the paper shed light on the various currents that exist within the educational concept and that lead to an understanding of intercultural education. The definition of the concept of interculturalism and the pedagogical implications it has had in Europe are presented referring to key theoreticians as well as organizations that contributed to its development. The connection between principles and outcomes at the policy level is presented with regard to educational documents in the Republic of Croatia and crucial research conducted in the field of pedagogy, which explain the concept of intercultural competence and methodical approaches that contribute to its development in the student population. The definition of intercultural education and its religious dimension is based on the analysis of the political guidelines of the Council of Europe. The religious dimension represents an integral part of the concept of intercultural education, and according to the Council of Europe reference documents, it should be incorporated into the educational policies of the member states. It is defined as a combination of knowledge about
other religions, skills and attitudes needed by young people to deal with religious diversity in society, and which help create a cohesive society. The first part provides an explanation of the basic concepts used in the research and an insight into the situation in the Croatian educational and research plan when it comes to the application of European policies.
The second part focuses on the questions of how the Church views the mentioned concepts, its position regarding the understanding of cultural and religious diversity, and how the guidelines provided in terms of education relate to the research question centred around the training of Catholic religious education teachers. This part shows the coherence of the research question with the guidelines present in the Church documents, which highlight the importance of the necessary competences that are developed in students, the use of the interdisciplinary ability of religious education, and clarify what education for interculturality means in the context of religious education. The role of the teacher is connected with the necessary teacher competencies: knowledge, expertise, sense of time, adaptation to the societal circumstances, development of attitudes and the cultivation of the emotional dimension in students. It should be noted that not all documents are directed at the person of the religious education teacher, but that the term ‘teacher’ also refers to other subjects, depending on the documents discussing the specific role of the Catholic school. Also, some documents do not closely connect the necessary skills with intercultural education, but there is a visible tendency of awareness and the need for adaptation with regard to other religions and cultures, or communication with society and education for active citizenship. Educational guidelines are represented, but to a lesser extent, which is expected to increase in the future, especially since most of the educational guidelines refer to the goals of the Catholic school in which initial education and the role of the teacher are less emphasized. Moreover, the role of religious education is mentioned to a lesser extent, and although it is linked to the goals of intercultural education, there is a lack of information with regard to the specific content by which it is to be achieved, i.e., the competencies of teachers and students. The theological approach to the research problem represents a framework with regard to dialogue (the documents emphasize the importance of interreligious and ecumenical dialogue to a greater extent), as well as the attitude towards religions and dealing with cultural diversity. The paper also points to the connection with the task of Catholic religious education classes and the education of Catholic religious education teachers. This lays the groundwork for the discussion on education for the religious dimension of intercultural competence of students and the role of teachers in mediating content on religious and cultural diversity.
Based on the synthesis of previous research from the field of pedagogy and religious pedagogy, the third part presents the methodology of the work, the results and the discussion. Quantitative research was conducted using the survey method, for the purpose of which a questionnaire had been created. The goal of the research was to examine the attitudes and opinions of Catholic religious education teachers about the impact of initial education on the ability to realize the religious dimension of intercultural education in Catholic religious education classes. Based on the set hypotheses, the research results confirmed the existence of a connection between the understanding of concepts and the ability to develop intercultural competence with methods and forms of work, as well as the differences in the development of intercultural competence among students with regard to gender and age. Differences in the ability to implement the religious dimension of intercultural education with regard to socio-demographic characteristics (gender, age, level of education, intercultural experiences) have not been determined. This research has shown that when it comes to religious education classes, teachers implement the religious dimension to a certain extent, at the level of knowledge acquired during their initial study and training, but also at the level of the development of intercultural competence among students. Based on the presented results and the theoretical framework, this paper links, for the very first time in a systematic way, the views of the Council of Europe, which perceives the religious dimension through learning about religions in a way that contributes to the goals of peace, equality and justice, and the views of the Church on the importance of education for intercultural dialogue through religious education based on learning about other religions and confessions from a Catholic perspective
Rad ne sadrži naslov na drugom jeziku.
No full textThis thesis investigates the influence of specimen width on the mode-I fracture toughness of adhesively bonded plate-like specimens. First, the influence of different double cantilever beam (DCB) loading arrangements on the measured fracture toughness is investigated and an accurate method for determination of the traction-separation law of the interface using the direct approach with the digital image correlation (DIC) is presented. An additional set of DCB experiments with three different specimen widths is conducted to study the influence of the width on the measured fracture toughness. A novel technique for measuring the relative displacement of the plates with full-field DIC, termed Symmetry Based Top Surface Analysis (SBTSA), is developed to measure the actual crack position and shape, as well as the crack area increments. By using this value in the finite-difference form of the definition of critical energy release rate (Area method) any dependence on the beam theory assumptions is avoided. Experimental results suggest that wider specimens have substantially higher fracture toughness. An original numerical model was developed using the Q4U3 plate elements connected by the kinematically compatible interface elements with an embedded exponential traction-separation law. A numerical study of the efficiency and robustness indicates good convergence properties of the proposed model. The aforementioned approach to compute the fracture toughness using SBTSA and the Area method was validated by means of virtual experiments. The comparison of experimental and numerical results for DCB specimens with different widths shows good agreement of the global load-displacement response, with an excellent agreement of the crack front shape and size of the damage process zone.Doktorski rad istražuje utjecaj širine uzorka na lomnu otpornost lijepljenih slojevitih plošnih nosača. Za početak se preispituje utjecaj različitih prihvata testa dvostruke konzole na izračun lomne otpornosti te se predstavlja precizna metoda određivanja konstitutivnog zakona ljepila direktnim pristupom uz tehniku korelacije digitalne slike kako bi se odredili materijalni parametri međusloja (eng. interface). U sljedećem setu eksperimenata s tri različite širine na testu dvostruke konzole se ispituje isključivo utjecaj širine uzorka na lomnu otpornost. Originalna tehnika mjerenja relativnih pomaka ploča duž kontinuirane 2D domene pod nazivom SBTSA (eng. Symmetry Based Top Surface Analysis) je razvijena kako bi se mjerila stvarna pozicija i oblik pukotine te inkrementi površine pukotine. Koristeći tako određenu vrijednost inkrementa za definiciju kritične promjene oslobođene energije u formi konačnih razlika (metoda površine) se nigdje ne usvaja pretpostavka gredne teorije. Eksperimentalni rezultati ukazuju da uzorci plošne geometrije imaju značajno veću lomnu žilavost. Originalan numerički model je razvijen koristeći Q4U3 konačne elemente ploče koji su spojeni pomoću kinematički kompatibilnog elementa međusloja s izvedenim eksponencijalnim konstitutivnim zakonom. Numerička studija efikasnosti i robusnosti ukazuje na dobra konvergencijska svojstva predloženoga modela. Ranije navedeni pristup izračuna lomne žilavosti pomoću SBTSA metode i metode površine je validiran na virtualnim eksperimentima pomoću numeričkog modela. Usporedba eksperimentalnih i numeričkih rezultata pokazuje dobro poklapanje sila-pomak krivulje uz odlično poklapanje oblika pukotine i veličine plastične zone
State Security Service in Communist Croatia and Surveillance of Foreigners from 1980 to 1990
No full textU radu autor na temelju neobjavljene arhivske dokumentacije i recentne znanstvene literature analizira nadzor stranih državljana koji je provodila Služba državne sigurnosti Centar Split u razdoblju od 1980., odnosno nakon smrti Josipa Broza Tita, do 1990. i početka raspada komunističke Jugoslavije. Decentralizacijom Službe državne bezbednosti nakon Brijunskog plenuma stvorene su republičke i pokrajinske službe. Na teritoriju komunističke Hrvatske za poslove zaštite postojećeg političkog poretka bila je zadužena Služba državne sigurnosti koja se dijelila na sjedište/centralu te centre i njihove ispostave. Djelovanje službe prikazat će se na primjeru Centra Službe državne sigurnosti Split. Za teritorij Dalmacije bio je nadležan Centar Split sa ispostavama u Zadru, Šibeniku i Dubrovniku. Glavne zadaće splitskog centra bile su primjena propisane metodologije rada službe prema uspostavljenim linijama rada: unutarnji neprijatelj, jugoslavenska emigracija i strane obavještajne službe. Sukladno tome, Centar Split nadzirao je strane državljane i prema njima primjenjivao metode operativnog rada te operativno-tehnička sredstva s ciljem detektiranja mogućeg obavještajnog djelovanja stranih službi usmjerenog protiv Jugoslavije. Naglasak rada stavljen je na strane države koje su prepoznate kao nositelji obavještajnih aktivnosti, na ulogu i zadaće Centra Split unutar jugoslavenskog obavještajno-sigurnosnog sustava, kategorije nadziranih stranaca i na operativan rad splitskog centra. U konačnici, iznijet će se ocjena rada Centra Split usmjerenog prema stranim državljanima, a u odnosu na oblike operativnog rada te korištena operativno-tehničkih sredstva.The security and intelligence system of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRJ) was one of the main tools for the sustainability of the communist regime during the Cold War era. After the end of World War II, the Yugoslav intelligence services had the primary task dealing with political dissidents and opponents of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ) in order to ensure political monopoly and absolute dominance in all institutions of state power. During this period the Yugoslav intelligence services were strictly centralized and fully subordinated to the political goals of the KPJ, headed by Josip Broz Tito. After the formation of the Yugoslav security and intelligence system in peacetime conditions, the Administration for State Security (Uprava za državnu bezbednost – UDBA) had the dominant role in maintaining the established regime. After its reorganization after the Brijuni plenum, it was re-named into Service for State Security (Služba državne bezbednosti – SDB), while its decentralization resulted in the formation of services in the federal republics and autonomous provinces.
On the territory of the Socialist Republic of Croatia (SRH), the Service for State Security (Služba državne sigurnosti – SDS), which was organizationally divided into a headquarter and territorial units – centers and branch offices, was tasked with the protection of the regime. In accordance with this structure, on the territory of northern and central Dalmatia, the SDS Center Split was active, which was tasked to conduct the activities of the Service, including its repressive and punitive function, in line with the established so called lines of work: internal enemy, Yugoslav emigration and foreign intelligence services. In contemporary social interest and historiographic research on the subject of the SDS’s activities in communist Croatia, less attention is dedicated to the fact that the surveillance, use of operational-technical methods and conduct of various intelligence and counterintelligence activities towards foreign nationals on the territory of SRH and SFRJ were also among the tasks of the Service. The SDS monitored individuals or groups from foreign states whom the communist regime categorized as potential threats or were suspected to work for a foreign intelligence service and conduct intelligence activities that could pose a threat to the ruling regime
Normative framework of the criminal offense "Abuse of trust in business dealings" and practical challenges of modern economic crime
No full textGospodarsko kazneno pravo na području Hrvatske počelo se razvijati početkom XII. stoljeća.
Gospodarska kaznena djela promjenjivog su karaktera, pa zbog toga kazneno pravo uglavnom
kasni za novim pojavnim oblicima tih kaznenih djela. Razumijevanje razvitka tih pojavnih
oblika važno nam je da bismo razumjeli postojeću pravnu regulativu te da bismo mogli razlučiti
nezakonito od zakonitog gospodarskog poslovanja.
Prateći austrougarsko kazneno zakonodavstvo, naše zakonodavstvo razvijalo se usporedno te
bismo mogli reći da je gospodarsko-kaznenopravna regulativa bila modernog karaktera sve do
1939. Deset godina poslije dolazi do prekida kaznenopravnog kontinuiteta te se u sklopu SFRJ
razvija novi oblik gospodarskog kaznenog prava, koji nije poznavao privatno vlasništvo.
Takav oblik zakonodavstva sasvim je dobro funkcionirao u socijalističkom ustrojstvu, no nakon
osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske te prelaskom na tržišno gospodarstvo kaznenopravno
zakonodavstvo kasnilo je s razvitkom gospodarskih kaznenih djela. Gospodarsko kazneno
pravo i dalje je obuhvaćalo neke oblike kaznenih djela koji su prethodno spadali ponajprije u
službenička kaznena djela. U tome je ležao uteg, koji i danas opterećuje domaće pravosuđe kroz
predmete koji su u tijeku. Naime kada smo konačno dobili moderno gospodarsko kazneno
pravo, koje razlučuje privatno od državnog vlasništva te službenička kaznena djela od „pravih“
gospodarskih kaznenih djela, u praksi su se pojavile nedoumice kako riješiti optužnice
podignute po ranijim kaznenim zakonima, u kojima te razlike nisu bile najjasnije.
Kaznenopravna teorija nije imala nedoumica kada je naš zakonodavac propisao kazneno djelo
zlouporabe povjerenja u gospodarskom poslovanju iz čl. 246. KZ-a po uzoru na njemački
Untreue iz čl. 266. StGB-a. No kaznenopravna praksa odlučila je uglavnom krenuti drugim
putem tvrdeći da za postojanje tog kaznenog djela nije bitno da šteta doista i nastupi. Takvi
zaključci doveli su nas do pravne nesigurnosti, koja je potvrđena i odlukom Ustavnog suda
Republike Hrvatske o tom pitanju. Proučavanjem sudske prakse uočeni su i drugi problemi,
koji se zapravo nastavljaju na spomenuti problem. Tu je ponajprije pitanje supočinitelja, koji
nema svojstvo odgovorne osobe onako kako ga traži zakonski opis ovog kaznenog djela. Naime
da bi netko bio odgovorna osoba u pravnoj osobi, ponajprije je potrebno da je dužan brinuti se
za imovinske interese pravne osobe koju zastupa. Praksa ovdje pogrešno rješava slučajeve u
kojima takva odgovorna osoba kao supočinitelj pribavlja korist svojoj pravnoj osobi. Razmotrit
6
će se i poredbenopravna rješenja koja nudi nama u ovom pitanju sličan slovenski Kazneni zakon
i sudska praksa, a prikazat će se i rješenje koje nudi zakonodavstvo s područja Velike Britanije.
Time će biti ponuđen odgovor na dva temeljna istraživačka pitanja.
Konačno, ali ne i manje važno, rad će objasniti i određene pojavne oblike gospodarskog
kriminaliteta koji su nastali na području Republike Hrvatske kao rezultat provedene tranzicije
i procesa privatizacije, a koji su desetljećima bili prisutni u domaćem gospodarskom
kriminalitetu. Ti oblici gospodarskog kriminaliteta, osim što su sami po sebi zanimljivi, važni
su nam i za razumijevanje potrebe strožeg kažnjavanja težih oblika gospodarskih kaznenih
djela, ponajprije spomenutog kaznenog djela zlouporabe povjerenja u gospodarskom
poslovanju iz čl. 246. KZ-a. U navedenom dijelu razmotrit će se je li razmjerno blago
kažnjavanje tog kaznenog djela u njegovu teškom obliku opravdano te bi li svrha kažnjavanja
za ta kaznena djela bila upotpunjena uvođenjem obligatorne sporedne novčane kazne, ili bi ona
ipak trebala ostati na fakultativnoj razini. U tu svrhu, a radi razjašnjenja ove hipoteze, prikazat
će se i rezultati istraživanja koje je u vidu intervjua s praktičarima provedeno putem upitnika.Economic criminal law began to develop in the territory of the Republic of Croatia at the
beginning of the 12th century. century. Economic crimes are of a changing nature, so criminal
law generally lags behind new forms of these crimes. Understanding the development of these
phenomena is important for us in order to understand the existing legal regulations and to be
able to distinguish illegal from legal business operations.
7
Following the Austro-Hungarian criminal legislation, our legislation developed in parallel, and
we could say that the economic criminal law regulation was of a modern character until 1939.
Ten years later, there was a break in criminal law continuity, and a new form of economic
criminal law was developed within the SFRY, which did not recognize private property .
This form of legislation functioned quite well in the socialist system, but after the independence
of the Republic of Croatia and the transition to a market economy, criminal law legislation
lagged behind the development of economic crimes. Economic criminal law still included some
forms of criminal offenses that previously belonged primarily to official criminal offenses. This
was the weight that still burdens the domestic judiciary through ongoing cases. Because when
we finally got a modern form of economic criminal law that distinguishes private from state
property and official crimes from "real" economic crimes, doubts arose in practice about how
to resolve indictments brought under earlier criminal laws in which these differences were not
the clearest. Criminal law theory had no doubts when our legislator prescribed the criminal
offense of breach of trust in economic operations from Art. 246 of the CC based on the German
"Untreue" from Art. 266 StGB. However, the criminal law practice decided to go the other way,
claiming that damage is not essential for the existence of this criminal act. Such conclusions
led us to legal uncertainty, which was also confirmed by the decision of the Constitutional Court
of the Republic of Croatia on this issue. By studying the judicial practice, other problems were
observed which actually continue on the mentioned problem. There is primarily the issue of an
accomplice who does not have the capacity of a responsible person as required by the legal
description of this criminal act. Namely, in order for someone to be a responsible person in a
legal entity, it is primarily necessary that he is obliged to take care of the property interests of
the legal entity he represents. The practice here wrongly resolves cases in which such a
responsible person, as an accomplice, obtains a benefit for his legal entity. Comparative legal
solutions offered by similar Slovenian criminal law and court practice will be considered, and
the solution offered by legislation from Great Britain will also be presented. This will provide
an answer to the two fundamental hypotheses of this paper.
Last but not least, the paper will also explain certain emerging forms of economic crime that
arose in the territory of the Republic of Croatia as a result of the implemented transition and
privatization process, and which have been present in domestic economic crime for decades.
These forms of economic crime, apart from being interesting in themselves, are also important
for our understanding of the need for stricter punishment of more serious forms of economic
8
crimes, primarily the mentioned criminal offense of breach of trust in economic operations from
Art. 246. CC. In the aforementioned part, it will be considered whether the relatively mild
punishment of this criminal offense in its serious form is justified and whether the purpose of
punishment for these criminal offenses would be completed by the introduction of a mandatory
secondary fine or it should still remain at the optional level. For this purpose, and in order to
clarify this hypothesis, the results of the research conducted in the form of interviews with
practitioners through questionnaires will be presented
Fotonaponski toplinski kolektor s organskim fazno-promjenjivim materijalom
No full textThe doctoral thesis encompasses a combined research effort presented by compiling eight papers published in distinguished scientific journals. It entails a detailed analysis of the mentioned scientific investigations and findings related to the development of the novel photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector design, meticulously documented and presented in a coherent and systematic manner. Analysis of the state of the art in PVT collector design revealed a research gap regarding the technical solutions of conventional hybrid solar collectors, i.e., PVT collectors, leading to investigating ways to improve performances by implementing phase change materials (PCM). Phase change materials have limited thermophysical properties, so an approach to enhance properties using nanotechnology was considered. Suitable nano-enhanced phase change materials (NEPCM) for energy technologies were analyzed, based on which the research of novel NEPCMs was carried out. Thus, novel NEPCMs were subjected to thermal characteristics testing using the Transient Plane Source (TPS) method. Due to the potential toxicity of NEPCMs and high unit cost, novel hybrid phase change materials of animalistic origin were designed and subjected to thermal properties testing using the TPS method. Furthermore, the existing PVT systems with incorporated phase change materials were analyzed to determine the possible PCM implementation modalities in the novel PVT collector system. Based on this analysis, a new PVT design was conceptualized and subsequently successfully subjected to experimental field testing in Mediterranean climate circumstances. Finally, a multi-parameter numerical model of the novel PVT-PCM collector was developed and verified.Doktorski rad obuhvaća objedinjeno istraživanje predstavljeno kompilacijom osam radova objavljenih u uglednim znanstvenim časopisima. Uključuje detaljnu analizu spomenutih znanstvenih istraživanja i rezultata koji se odnose na razvoj novog dizajna fotonaponskog toplinskog (FNT) kolektora, koji je pomno dokumentiran i predstavljen na koherentan i sustavan način. Analiza dosadašnjih znanstvenih spoznaja ustanovila je jaz u istraživanju u pogledu tehničkih rješenja konvencionalnih hibridnih solarnih kolektora, tj. FNT kolektora, što je dovelo do istraživanja načina poboljšanja performansi implementacijom fazno-promjenjivih materijala (FPM). Fazno-promjenjivi materijali imaju limitirana termofizikalna svojstva, pa je razmatran pristup poboljšanju svojstava primjenom nanotehnologije. Analizirani su prikladni nano-poboljšani fazno-promjenjivi materijali (NPFPM) za tehnologije u energetici, na temelju kojih je provedeno istraživanje novih NPFPM-ova. Stoga su novi NPFPM-ovi podvrgnuti ispitivanju toplinskih karakteristika korištenjem Transient Plane Source (TPS) metode. Zbog potencijalne toksičnosti i cijene NPFPM-ova, dizajnirani su novi fazno-promjenjivi hibridni materijali životinjskog podrijetla, koji su podvrgnuti ispitivanju toplinskih svojstava pomoću TPS metode. Nadalje, analizirani su postojeći FNT sustavi s ugrađenim fazno-promjenjivim materijalima kako bi se odredili mogući modaliteti implementacije FPM-a u novi FNT kolektorski sustav. Na temelju ove analize osmišljen je novi FNT dizajn koji je potom uspješno podvrgnut eksperimentalnom ispitivanju u okolnostima Mediteranske klime. Konačno, razvijen je i verificiran višeparametarski numerički model novog FNT-FPM kolektora
'Post-Yugoslav literature' – the construction of the field
No full textRad se bavi analitičkom konstrukcijom postjugoslavenskog književnog polja, shvaćajući ga kao strukturirani socioliterarni prostor koji nudi okvir za tumačenje književnosti eksjugoslavenskih i postjugoslavenskih autorica i autora izvan rakursa nacionalne književnosti kao dominantne književnopovijesne paradigme. Utoliko, oslanja se na rekonstrukciju različitih koncepcija zajedničke jugoslavenske književnosti u tzv. prvoj i tzv. drugoj Jugoslaviji, kao i na uvide dalekosežnog obrata od proučavanja nacionalne prema proučavanju svjetske književnosti na prijelomu 20. i 21. stoljeća. Metodološko utemeljenje pronalazi u sociologiji književnosti Pierrea Bourdieua, koju prethodno podvrgava kritičkoj analizi. Postjugoslavensko književno polje zatim koncipira s obzirom na njegove linije kontinuiteta i točke diskontinuiteta spram jugoslavenskog književnog polja, istražujući reartikulaciju autonomnog autorskog pozicioniranja povijesno omogućenog socijalističkom artikulacijom književnosti u uvjetima njezine kapitalističke reartikulacije. Slijedeći zamisao Svetozara Petrovića o kreativnoj i individualnoj izgradnji književnopovijesne vizije i kombinirajući je s burdjeovskim konceptom stanja polja kao osnovnog historiografsko-periodizacijskog mehanizma, predlaže dekadnu podjelu postjugoslavenske književnosti na razdoblja devedesetih godina dvadesetog stoljeća te nultih i desetih godina dvadeset i prvog stoljeća, obilježena vlastitim specifičnim logikama. Unutar tako razvijene matrice pristupa književnim tekstovima i socioliterarnim fenomenima razumijevajući ih mimo nacionalne optike, a unutar šireg društvenog konteksta.The aim of the dissertation is the analytical construction of the post-Yugoslav literary field, understood as a structured socioliterary space that provides a framework for interpreting the literature of ex-Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav authors beyond the scope of national literature as the dominant paradigm of the history of literature. In order to achieve this goal, we preliminarily reject the 'myth of complete rupture' (Lacko Vidulić), i.e. the myth of a break in the history of all (post-)Yugoslav national literatures that coincides with the dissolution of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, and which different national narratives implicitly rely upon, aiming to retrospectively present local national literatures as victims of Yugoslav cultural policies. Following the concept of an international literary field (Casanova), instead of a chronological break we introduce a structural rupture that divides each individual national literary field in the ex-Yugoslav region in half, structuring them with regards to the antagonism between their constitutive national and international poles. Post-Yugoslav literary field then emerges as a zone of alliances between transnational, anational, and antinational agents, i.e., agents positioned closer to the international pole. Thus understood, the post-Yugoslav literary field is characterized by continuity, as well as discontinuity in relation to the Yugoslav literary field. Continuity is established in relation to the cosmopolitan line of Yugoslav literature, and if we want to emphasize it, we can follow Casanova's idea of the world literary republic and speak of the literary republic of Yugoslavia that exists even after the Yugoslav state disintegrated. On the other hand, if we want to emphasize discontinuity, we primarily consider the transition from a socialist to a capitalist mode of societal organization. In order to ground our research project in previous studies, we reconstruct the somewhat overlooked line of various conceptions of a common Yugoslav literature. This line rests upon two short, but historically pivotal intervals (the period of the creation of the First Yugoslavia at the end of the second decade of the 20th century and the period of far-reaching conflicts inside the League of Communists of Yugoslavia in the 1960s) and four key figures (Pavle Popović and Antun Barac in the first period, and Svetozar Petrović and Sveta Lukić in the second). In this reconstruction, we follow Casanova's thesis about the historical autonomization of national literatures, which we apply to the discipline of history of literature. It becomes apparent that Yugoslav literature gradually achieves autonomy through these conceptions. While in the first period it is predominantly tied to the (failed) project of building the Yugoslav nation, in the second period, with Lukić, it appears as a distinct socioliterary space positioned between national literatures and world literature, and with Petrović, as a socially overdetermined individual and creative vision of the history of common Yugoslav literature which coexists with national visions, but at the same time opposes them. The historiographic tradition that breaks with the concept(s) of Yugoslav literature and leads from Yugoslav literary comparativism in the 1980s to intercultural literary history as the main alternative to histories of ex-Yugoslav national literatures is discarded, as this line of research ultimately remains tied to the national framework. Instead, we adopt the controversial notion of post-Yugoslav literature, rejecting it's main critiques (Milutinović, Brebanović) and aligning with the conceptualization of post-Yugoslav literature as a field (Bourdieu), proposed by Dean Duda. In the context of our work, its main advantage is that, considering the social context of literature, it allows for the rearticulation of former conceptions of Yugoslav literature in a new context. This primarily applies to the concepts of Lukić and Petrović, who in the 1960s moved beyond a national understanding of literature. To apply the Bourdieuvian model to the study of post-Yugoslav literature, we preliminary subject it to a critical analysis, discussing its core concepts (field, capital, habitus) and lateral terminological framework (agents, illusio, different forms of capital, class, hysteresis), and rejecting standard critiques of alleged reductionism in Bourdieu's sociology of literature. It's theoretical reductionism, on the other hand, becomes apparent in the Bourdieu's understanding of economics, which he reduces to market relations. This leads us to a three-fold correction of the Bourdieuvian model: its analytical potentials come to the fore when applied to phenomena beyond strictly defined capitalist class relations, when it considers the economic specificities of the literary field expressed through the concept of 'the double life of writer' (Lahire), and when it reveals structural homologies between the literary text and the literary field as the primary zone of its social contextualization, rather than the entire social field. We argue that this three-fold limitation makes it especially suitable for studying the postYugoslav (literary) condition. Subsequently, we construct the post-Yugoslav literary field on five levels of analysis, as established by Bourdieu and his later interpreter Robert Speller. The first level encompasses the position of the literary field within a broader field of power, and here we identify points of discontinuity between the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav contexts. The second level encompasses relationships within the literary field itself, revealing lines of continuity that connect the Yugoslav and post-Yugoslav socioliterary spaces. The third level involves the habitus of literary authors – drawing on Bourdieu's concept of hysteresis, here we analyze continuity-within-the-discontinuity of (post)Yugoslav literature. On the fourth level, formulated by Speller, we encounter literary text and develop an analysis of the specific genre system of post-Yugoslav literature. The fifth level, also coming from Speller, concerns the transnational extension of Bourdieu's model, which establishes relations of literary autonomy and heteronomy not based on an economic axis, but rather on the axis of the division between the national and international poles of the field. Here we complement Casanova's approach with the concepts of relative vertical differentiation (Buchholz) and strategic exoticization (Brouillette). This sets up an analytical perspective that allows us to read post-Yugoslav literature within its social context, in relation to its Yugoslav past and nationally coded contemporaneity, as well as in the global context towards which post-Yugoslav authors are predominantly oriented. The methodology of our approach is then tested through the hystorical reconstruction of the development of post-Yugoslav literature, spanning from the collapse of the common Yugoslav literary field in the late 1980s up to now. We adopt Bourdieuvian concept of the state of the field as the fundamental mechanism of periodization, and distinguish three successive states of the post-Yugoslav literary field that essentially coincide with the decades of the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s. We find the initial point of the construction of a common field in the initiative to establish the Yugoslav anti-nationalistic Independent Writers group just prior to the state's dissolution. In the 1990s, we identify the first state of field construction through individual initiatives and contacts devoided of a solid infrastructural support. Among the numerous examples, we pay particular attention to the media backlash against six female writers dubbed the 'witches from Rio,' as well as the Nenad Veličković's novel Konačari (1997), short story collection Sarajevski Marlboro (1994) by Miljenko Jergović and David Albahari's novel Gec i Majer (1998). The aughts are characterized by the logic of constructing a field's infrastructure that doesn't rely on the institutions and funding of the newly emerged post-Yugoslav states, which makes it precarious and evidently exposed to the capitalist rearticulation of the literary field relations. In the aughts, special attention is devoted to the founding of Group 99, the essay collection Zabranjeno čitanje (2001) by Dubravka Ugrešić, and the novel Komo (2006) by Srđan Valjarević. The third state of the post-Yugoslav literary field, finally, is characterized by its discursive integration through essayistic and theoretical recognition of the common post-Yugoslav literary space. In the 2010s, we pay special attention to the interpretation of the paradigmatic essay collection Balkansko brvno (2014) by Aleš Debeljak, and the analysis of the authorial trajectories of Rumena Bužarovska and Lana Bastašić, two out of six co-authors of the prominently post-Yugoslav diary collection Dnevnik 2020. (2021) In the conclusion of the dissertation, results of the conducted research are summarized
Rad ne sadrži naslov na drugom jeziku.
No full textCilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi učinkovitost dvaju različitih modela (metoda demonstracije i metoda učenja putem video isječaka), odnosno dvaju različitih pristupa učenju specifičnih motoričkih znanja za vrijeme nastave na Kineziološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu na predmetu Sportsko plivanje. Uz glavni cilj, parcijalni ciljevi bili su: utvrditi kojim modelom studenti efikasnije savladavaju specifično znanje plivanja kod četiri plivačke tehnike, pripadajućih startova i okreta; utvrditi povezanost morfoloških karakteristika sa znanjem plivanja sve četiri plivačke tehnike i pripadajućih startova i okreta te; utvrditi povezanost postignutih rezultata plivanja na 50 i 25 metara kod sve četiri tehnike sa znanjem plivanja četiri plivačke tehnike te pripadajućih startova i okreta. Istraživanje je provedeno na polaznicima nastave predmeta Sportsko plivanje pri Kineziološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu te je ispitano ukupno 98 studenata muškog spola, pri čemu se pazilo da nitko od ispitanika nikada nije prošao školu plivanja. Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni u dvije, veličinom podjednake grupe (N1= 43, N2=55). Uzorak varijabli činile su tri skupine varijabli, a to su: morfološke karakteristike ispitanika, motoričke sposobnosti ispitanika i varijable za procjenu uspješnosti plivanja. Eksperiment je trajao četiri mjeseca, a nastava se odvijala 3 puta tjedno po 45 minuta, dok su antropometrijska mjerenja prikupljena na početku testiranja. Jedna grupa je plivačka znanja učila uz pomoć demonstratora u vodi, dok su se za drugu grupu prikazivali video isječci pojedinih vježbi i tehnika uz verbalna objašnjenja profesora. Prije samog eksperimenta definirali su se i opisali kriteriji ocjenjivanja za svaku tehniku plivanja na Likertovoj skali ocjena. U konačnici je dobivena ocjena za svaku komponentu, odnosno element svake pojedine tehnike plivanja (start, tehnička izvedba i okret). Prije korištenja multivarijantnih statističkih metoda, za sve korištene varijable izračunati su parametri Cronbachove Alphe, međučestična korelacija te primijenjena analiza varijance za ponovljena mjerenja s ciljem identifikacije statističke značajnosti među pojedinim česticama, a pri čemu su rezultati pokazali vrlo visoku pouzdanost mjernog instrumenta. Za sve varijable izračunati su pokazatelji deskriptivne statistike. Normalitet distribucije ispitan je Kolmogorov-Smirnovljevim testom s Lilliefors korekcijom. S ciljem ispitivanja validnosti podataka primijenjena je faktorska analiza pod komponentnim modelom s Guttman-Kaiserovim kriterijem za određivanje broja ekstrahiranih parametara, pri čemu 7 su ekstrahirana tri faktora. S ciljem identifikacije razlika u primijenjenim modelima učenja u svim promatranim tehnikama koristila se dvofaktorska (2×3) analiza varijance, a u slučaju značajnog glavnog efekta primijenjena je Bonferronijeva post hoc korekcija. Kod izvedbe tehnike plivanja nije identificirana statistički značajna razlika između grupa, dok su očekivano pronađene statistički značajne razlike između komponenti tehnike (start, tehnička izvedba i okret). Za potrebe utvrđivanja značajne povezanosti između morfoloških karakteristika i usvajanja specifičnih motoričkih plivačkih znanja, kao i za potrebe utvrđivanja značajne povezanosti između vremena plivanja na 25 i 50 metara i usvajanja specifičnih plivačkih motoričkih znanja, koristila se kanonička korelacijska analiza. Rezultati su pokazali kako ne postoji statistički značajna povezanost između morfoloških karakteristika i usvajanja specifičnih motoričkih plivačkih znanja, dok je utvrđena statistički značajna povezanost između motoričkih sposobnosti i usvajanja specifičnih motoričkih plivačkih znanja. Konačno, možemo zaključiti kako je implementacija suvremenih multimedijskih sadržaja u obrazovni proces poželjna metoda poučavanja, usmjerena i na teorijska i na praktična plivačka znanja, a s obzirom da su mlade generacije dominantni nositelji razvoja tehnologije, uvođenje multimedijskih alata u obrazovni proces trebalo bi rezultirati pozitivnim feedbackom.The aim of the research was to determine the effectiveness of two different models (the demonstration method and the method of learning through video clips), that is, two different approaches to learning specific motor skills during classes at the Faculty of Kinesiology in the Swimming subject. In addition to the main goal, the partial goals were: to determine which is best model for students to master more efficiently a specific swimming skill in four swimming techniques, associated starts and turns; to determine the connection of morphological characteristics with swimming skill of all four swimming techniques and associated starts and turns, and; determine the connection between the achieved swimming results at 50 and 25 meters in all four techniques with the skill of swimming in the four swimming techniques and associated starts and turns. The research was conducted on the participants of the Swimming classes at the Faculty of Kinesiology at the University of Zagreb, and a total of 98 male students were examined, making sure that none of the respondents had ever attended swimming school. The respondents were divided into two groups of equal size (N1= 43, N2=55). The sample of variables consisted of three groups of variables, which were: morphological characteristics of the subjects, motor skills of the subjects and variables for evaluating swimming performance. The experiment lasted four months, and classes were held 3 times a week for 45 minutes, while anthropometric measurements were collected before the start of the research. One group learned swimming skills with the help of demonstrators in the water, while for the other group, video clips of individual exercises and techniques were shown with verbal explanations by the professor. Before the experiment started, evaluation criteria were defined and described for each swimming technique on a Likert rating scale. At the end, a score was obtained for each component, that is, the element of each technique (start, technical performance and turn). Before using multivariate statistical methods, Cronbach Alpha parameters, interparticle correlation and applied analysis of variance for repeated measurements were calculated for all variables used with the aim of identifying statistical significance among individual particles. The results showed very high reliability of the measuring instrument. Descriptive statistics indicators were calculated for all variables. The normality of the distribution was tested with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test with Lilliefors correction. To examine the validity of the data, a factor analysis was applied 9 under the component model with the Guttman-Kaiser criterion for determining the number of extracted parameters, whereby three factors were extracted. To identify differences in the applied learning models in all observed techniques, a two-factor (2×3) analysis of variance was used, and in the case of a significant main effect, Bonferroni's post hoc correction was applied. In swimming technique, no statistically significant difference was identified between the groups, while, as expected, statistically significant differences were found between the technique components (start, technical performance and turn). Canonical correlation analysis was used to establish a significant relationship between morphological characteristics and the acquisition of specific swimming motor skills, as well as to determine a significant relationship between swimming time at 25 and 50 meters and the acquisition of specific swimming motor skills. The results showed that there is no connection between morphological characteristics and learning of specific motor swimming skills, while a statistically significant connection was established between motor abilities and learning of specific motor swimming skills. Finally, we can conclude that the implementation of modern multimedia content in the educational process is a desirable teaching method, focused on both theoretical and practical swimming skill and considering that young generations are dominant carriers of technology development, the introduction of multimedia tools in the educational process should result in positive feedback
Association of gallstone disease with personality dimensions
No full textRanije studije pronašle su povezanost kolelitijaze s rizikom razvoja depresije i emocionalnom nestabilnosti, kao i osobina ličnosti s metaboličkim faktorima rizika za razvoj kolelitijaze. Povezanost ličnosti s kolelitijazom do sada nije detljnije ispitana.
U ovom istraživanju cilj je utvrditi postoje li razlike u osobinama ličnosti između osoba sa i bez kolelitijaze. Također cilj je ispitati povezanost dimenzija ličnosti s komponentama lipidograma, glukoze natašte te indeksa tjelesne mase u skupini s kolelitijazom te u cjelokupnom uzorku.
Uključeno je 308 ispitanika, (68.2%žena), prosječne dobi 49.2 godine (sd=9.24) od čega je u 154 ispitanika UZV pregledom utvrđeno postojanje kolelitijaze. Kontrolna skupina su ispitanici bez kolelitijaze. Skupine su izjednačene prema spolu i dobi. Osobine ličnosti procijenjene su pomoću Upitnika temperamenta i karaktera (TCI-R-140). Svim ispitanicima je izračunat BMI, izmjerena razina glukoze i lipida u krvi te prikupljeni sociodemografski podaci.
Dobiveni rezultati su pokazali da su se skupine značajno razlikovale u osobinama ličnosti na dimenziji temperamenta HA i dimenziji karaktera SD te u metaboličkim parametrima i BMI. U logističkoj regresiji, dimenzija temperamenta HA pokazala se značajnim prediktorom prisutnosti kolelitijaze. Unutar skupine s kolelitijazom dimenzija karaktera CO se značajno razlikovala između razina gotovo svih metaboličkih varijabli (osim glukoze na tašte ), a dimenzije NS i HA bile su se značajno razlikovale prema pušenju, a NS prama korištenju alkohola.
Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da se osobine ličnosti značajno razlikuju u osoba sa i bez kolelitijaze. To bi moglo ukazati na dodatne patofiziološke obrasce nastanka kolelitijaze.The connection between personality and cholelithiasis has not been examined in detail so far.
In this research, the goal is to determine whether there are differences in personality traits between people with and without cholelithiasis and relationship between personality dimensions and lipidogram, fasting glucose and BMI. 308 subjects were included of which 154 subjects were diagnosed with cholelithiasis. The control group is subjects without cholelithiasis. Personality traits were assessed using the TCI-140 Questionnaire. BMI, blood glucose, lipid levels and sociodemographic data were collected for all subjects.
The groups differed significantly in personality traits on the HA i SD dimension and in metabolic parameters and BMI. In logistic regression, the HA proved to be a significant predictor of the presence of cholelithiasis. Within the group with cholelithiasis, the dimension CO differed significantly between the levels of almost all metabolic variables, and the dimensions NS and HA differed significantly according to smoking, and NS according to alcohol use.
The results show that personality traits are significantly different in people with cholelithiasis. This could indicate additional pathophysiological patterns of cholelithiasis formation
Oslikavanje trodimenzijske kvarkovsko-gluonske strukture protona analizom duboko virtualnih raspršenja elektrona
No full textThe study of the structure of the proton has been an ongoing effort ever since its first experimental discovery in 1917 by Rutherford. As experimental methods progressed, and the properties of the proton, such as its mass, spin and charge, were uncovered, the question of its underlying structure arose. Experiments conducted in 1969 at SLAC undoubtedly confirmed the fact that the proton is not an elementary particle, but that it consists of smaller particles, which we now recognize as quarks and gluons. From that point on, physicists tried to understand how exactly the interplay of quarks and gluons inside the proton gives rise to its properties. One of the ways we can experimentally study the proton is through hard exclusive processes, such as deeply virtual Compton scattering (DVCS) and deeply virtual meson production (DVMP), which give access to a class of functions called generalized parton distributions (GPDs). GPDs describe the three dimensional structure of the proton, and they are a potential solution to the proton spin puzzle. It is currently not possible to extract GPDs from measurements directly, since they are convoluted with hard scattering amplitudes inside cross sections, and deconvolution is in itself an ill-posed problem. These functions are also not possible to calculate from first principles due to the non-perturbative nature of QCD, so we rely on modeling and machine learning methods in order to extract them from measurements. In this work we present recent results on the extraction of GPDs and relevant form factors from DVCS and DVMP data. Using the more recent proton DVCS data, we extract the set of leading Compton form factors (CFFs) with uncertainties and, by adding neutron DVCS data, we separate the contributions of up and down quarks to the CFF H. We make simultaneous fits to high energy deep inelastic scattering, DVCS and DVMP data at low x and study the impact of next-to-leading order (NLO) corrections, as well as the possibility of a unique description of these processes with twist-2 GPDs. We demonstrate a sizeable impact of NLO corrections and that extraction of unique GPDs becomes possible at NLO.Proučavanje strukture protona započelo je prije više od 100 godina. Od prvog Rutherfordovog otkrića 1917., kada se smatralo da je proton točkasta čestica, preko razumijevanja da ipak ima podstrukturu, pa do mjerenja dubokog neelastičnog raspršenja 1969. na SLAC-u, gdje se potvrdilo da je ta podstruktura netrivijalna, proučavanje protona, osnovne građevne jedinice svemira, predstavlja uzbudljivo i rastuće područje u fizici. U ovom radu bavit ćemo se strukturom protona kroz proučavanje generaliziranih partonskih distribucija (GPD-ova). GPD-ovi predstavljaju interesantno područje istraživanja utoliko što objašnjavaju trodimenzijsku raspodjelu kvarkova i gluona u protonu, daju rješenje zagonetke protonskog spina, kao i mnoga druga svojstva. Povijesni tijek eksperimentalnog ispitivanja svojstava protona krenuo je s elastičnim raspršenjem. Nabijena proba, tipično elektron, sudara se s protonom i raspršuje se na njemu. Elektromagnetska interakcija probe s protonom, koja se prenosi virtualnim fotonima, daje nam uvid u raspodjelu električnog naboja protona. Već se ovakvim eksperimentom može vidjeti da proton nije točkasta čestica, nego da posjeduje prostornu protežnost. Povećavanjem energije elektrona dolazimo u režim neelastičnog raspršenja, gdje struktura protona apsorbira dio energije elektrona. Elektromagnetska svojstva protona razotkrivena ovim eksperimentom ne mogu doći od elementarne čestice, čime se nazire netrivijalna podstruktura protona