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Determinants of the security risk management in middle and large companies in the segment of the national critical infrastructure of the Republic of Croatia in accordance to ISO 31000:2018
No full textU ovom se doktorskom radu primjenom metoda multivarijatne statističke analize empirijski istražuje pretpostavljeni teorijski odnos između odrednica primjene norme ISO 31000:2018 i upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u srednjim i velikim poduzećima iz segmenta nacionalne kritične infrastrukture Republike Hrvatske. Također, istražuje se utjecaj bihevioralnih vanjskih odrednica i bihevioralnih unutarnjih odrednica na implementaciju temeljnih principa norme ISO 31000:2018. Poseban se naglasak stavlja na definiranje institucionalnih čimbenika za implementaciju norme ISO 31000:2018 te njihove povezanosti sa zrelosti upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u kontekstu poduzeća iz segmenta nacionalne kritične infrastrukure. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da stupanj implementacije i primjene norme ISO 31000:2018 ima značajan i pozitivan utjecaj na zrelost upravljanja sigurnosnim rizicima u srednjim i velikim poduzećima iz segmenta nacionalne kritične infrastrukture. Osim toga, rezultati pokazuju i da viša razina bihevioralnih unutarnjih čimbenika i viša razina bihevioralnih vanjskih čimbenika imaju značajan i pozitivan utjecaj na stupanj implementiranosti temeljnih odrednica norme ISO 31000:2018.This doctoral dissertation investigates the impact of institutional determinants of the ISO 31000:2018 standard and behavioral determinants on the management of security risks in business operations in medium and large companies that, according to the national classification belong to one of the sectors of the national critical infrastructure of the Republic of Croatia. Although there are studies in the recent literature that study the relationship between the implementation of the ISO 31000:2018 standard and behavioral factors, a comprehensive analysis of their interrelationship and impact on the management of security risks in business has not yet been made. This doctoral dissertation is therefore providing an answer to the question of how and to what extent different behavioral factors and institutional determinants of the ISO 31000:2018 standard affect the management of security risks in medium and large companies from the national critical infrastructure sector of the Republic of Croatia. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between all examined constructs. A higher expression of the institutional dimension, both at the overall level and at the level of sub-dimensions, and especially the sub-dimension of acceptance of the basic principles of the ISO standard 31000:2018, was associated with a more pronounced management of security risks, both at the level of the overall result, and and at the level of subdimensions. A higher expression of the behavioral external dimension, at the overall level, as well as at the level of both subdimensions, was associated with a higher expression of the institutional dimension at the overall level and at the level of the subdimensions. When it comes to the behavioral internal dimension, its higher expression was also associated with a higher expression of the institutional dimension, at the overall level and at the sub-dimension level. Finally, a positive connection was established between the two behavioral dimensions, as well as the connection of each of them with the maturity level of the security risk management process. The application of the basic principles of security risk management was statistically significantly positively related to all aspects of security risk management. In other words, a higher level of implementation of the application of basic principles was associated with higher knowledge, identification and analysis, response, supervision and cooperation, which confirmed hypothesis 1 of this doctoral dissertation. The above was elaborated in more detail, by elements of evaluating the maturity of security risk management, and a statistically significant correlation of the implementation and application of the basic principles of the ISO 31000:2018 standard with all the elements used to evaluate the maturity of security risk management is visible. The results of the conducted scientific research not only deepen the understanding of the security risk management process, but also emphasize the importance of implementing norms and respecting behavioral factors in this specific business segment. In addition, differences were identified between the degree of implementation of the norm in medium-sized and large companies from the national critical infrastructure segment, and differences in the results of the analysis of behavioral determinants depending on the size of the company are also very clearly visible. The results of this research have the potential to be important for future research in the field of security risk management in companies from the segment of national critical infrastructure
The impact of postoperative antihormonal therapy with anastrozole and tamoxifen on N-glycosylation patterns of IGG in women with breast cancer
No full textRak dojke trenutno je najčešće dijagnosticirani tip raka u žena. Trenutne metode nedovoljno dobro prate i
predviđaju reakcije pacijenata na liječenje antihormonskim lijekovima, izlažući pacijente potencijalno
nepoželjnim nuspojavama tih lijekova. N-glikani plazmatskih proteina i imunoglobulina G (IgG) pokazani su kao
biomarkeri mnogobrojnih bolesti, posebno onih s izraženim upalnim ili metaboličkim komponentama poput
dijabetesa, hipertenzije, kardiovaskularnih bolesti i raka. Ovo istraživanje istraživalo je strukturne promjene Nglikana
IgG-a prateći 40 pacijenata s rakom dojke Luminal A i Luminal B podtipova tijekom najviše 9 mjeseci.
Protokol je uključivao novorazvijeni automatizirani protokol koji je uključivao izolaciju IgG, denaturaciju
proteina, fluorescentno obilježavanje glikana, pročišćavanje i konačnu analizu pomoću kapilarne gel elektroforeze
s laserski induciranom fluorescencijom. Rezultati su sugerirali značajnu ulogu modificiranih glikana u progresiji
raka dojke, otkrivajući karakteristične trendove u načinu na koji anastrozol i tamoksifen izazivaju različite reakcije.
Rezultati upućuju na povezanost anastrozola sa smanjenom sijalilacijom i povećanom sržnom fukozilacijom, dok
je tamoksifen korelirao s povećanom sijalilacijom i smanjenom sržnom fukozilacijom. Ova promatranja sugeriraju
potencijalne imunomodulatorne učinke: anastrozol potencijalno slabije smanjuje upalu sistemskim smanjenjem
razina estrogena, dok tamoksifen svojim specifičnijim djelovanjem direktno manje utječe na razine estrogena u
tijelu i proizvodi manji proupalni učinak. Ovo istraživanje snažno naglašava važnost uzimanja u obzir specifičnih
karakteristika glikana kako bi se razumjeli dinamični mehanizmi koji potiču progresiju raka dojke i učinci ciljanih
terapija.Breast cancer is currently the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in women. Current methods inadequately
track and predict patient reactions to antihormonal treatments, exposing patients to potentially undesirable side
effects of these drugs. N-glycans of plasma proteins and immunoglobulin G (IgG) have been shown as biomarkers
for numerous diseases, especially those with pronounced inflammatory or metabolic components such as diabetes,
hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This study investigated structural changes in IgG N-glycans in
40 patients with Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes of breast cancer over a maximum of 9 months. The protocol
included a newly developed automated procedure involving IgG isolation, protein denaturation, glycan fluorescent
labeling, purification, and final analysis using capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence. The
results suggested a significant role of modified glycans in breast cancer progression, revealing characteristic trends
in how anastrozole and Tamoxifen induce different reactions. The results indicate the association of anastrozole
with reduced sialylation and increased core fucosylation, while Tamoxifen correlated with increased sialylation
and decreased core fucosylation. These observations suggest potential immunomodulatory effects: Anastrozole
potentially reduces inflammation less by systemically lowering estrogen levels, while Tamoxifen, with its more
specific action, directly affects estrogen levels in the body less and produces a lesser pro-inflammatory effect. This
study strongly emphasizes the importance of considering specific glycan characteristics to understand the dynamic
mechanisms driving breast cancer progression and the effects of targeted therapies
Nucelotide polymorphism rs531564 of pri-miR-124 gene in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease
No full textUpalne bolesti crijeva (UBC) kronične su imunosno posredovane bolesti genski predisponiranih osoba, čija etiopatogeneza nije potpuno razjašnjena. Posebno se ističe fenotip UBC-a kod pacijenata s primarnim sklerozirajućim kolangitisom (PSC). UK i CB u tih bolesnika dominantno zahvaćaju kolon, karakteristično su blažeg tijeka, ali uz povišen rizik razvoja kolorektalnog karcinoma, a i drugih malignih bolesti. Rezultati naše kohorte bolesnika su u skladu s dosad publiciranim podacima u literaturi.
Smatra se da miR imaju važnu ulogu u navedenoj patogenezi. Uloga miR-124 posebno je istražena, pokazujući važnost u održavanju integriteta crijevne barijere i regulaciji proinflamatornih citokina, a SNP (rs531564) gena povezan je s njezinom ekspresijom.
Cilj ovog ispitivanja bio je prvi put u ovoj populaciji analizirati učestalost genotipa navedenog SNP-a.
Nismo uspjeli pokazati značajne razlike u genotipu između ispitivane (UBC/PSC) i kontrolne skupine (UBC). Genotip GG numerički je učestaliji u bolesnika s UBC-om u odnosu na PSC, ali razlike nisu bile statistički značajne. Nije pronađena značajna razlika po genotipu za kliničke ili demografske varijable osim za bolesnike s UK-om, gdje su ispitanici s genotipom GC bili značajno mlađi te su mlađi započinjali biološku terapiju u odnosu na ispitanike s genotipom GG. Potrebna su daljnja, multicentrična istraživanja na većem uzorku kako bi se potvrdili ovi nalazi.Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic, immunologically mediated diseases of genetically predisposed individuals, whose etiopathogenesis is not fully understood. The phenotype of IBD in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is particularly notable. Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in these patients predominantly affect the colon and are characteristically milder in course but with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer as well as other malignancies. The results from our cohort of patients are consistent with previously published data in the literature.
It is believed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in the aforementioned pathogenesis. The role of miR-124 has been particularly studied, showing its importance in maintaining intestinal barrier integrity and regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, with the SNP (rs531564) gene being associated with its expression.
The aim of this study was to analyze, for the first time in this population, the frequency of genotypes of the mentioned SNP.
We did not show significant differences in genotype between the study group (IBD/PSC) and the control group (IBD). The GG genotype was numerically more prevalent in patients with IBD compared to PSC, but the differences were not statistically significant. No significant difference was found by genotype for clinical or demographic variables except for UC patients, where participants with the GC genotype were significantly younger and started biological therapy earlier compared to the GG genotype. Further multicentric studies on larger samples are needed to confirm these findings
CAUSAL VARIANTS OF THALASSEMIA SYNDROMES IN THE POPULATION OF THE CROATIAN LITTORAL AND ISTRIA
No full textCilj istraživanja: Istražiti uzročne varijante talasemijskih sindroma u populaciji Hrvatskog
primorja i Istre te ih usporediti s uzročnim varijantama u drugim populacijama. Specifični
ciljevi su ispitati hematološke, biokemijske i kliničke značajke u pojedinaca s talasemijskim
sindromima, utvrditi korelaciju genotipa i fenotipa te izraditi algoritam za molekularno
genetičku dijagnostiku talasemija.
Materijal i metode: U presječno istraživanje je uključeno 112 ispitanika iz 65 obitelji koje nisu
u međusobnom krvnom srodstvu sa sumnjom na talasemiju. Analizirani su hematološki i
biokemijski parametri. Molekularno-genetička analiza globinskih gena provedena je metodama
lančane reakcije polimerazom i sekvenciranja po Sangeru. Procjena težine talasemijskog
fenotipa je učinjena Mahidol sustavom bodovanja. U statističkoj obradi podataka korišten je
Mann-Whitney U-test.
Rezultati: Heterozigotni β-talasemijski sindrom je otkriven u 30 ispitanika i njihovih 16 prvih
srodnika u 24 obitelji iz Hrvatskog primorja i Istre koje nisu u međusobnom krvnom srodstvu.
U svih ispitanika utvrđena je mikrocitoza i hipokromija, a u 60,0% i blaga anemija. Hemoglobin
(Hb) F je bio povišen u 75,0%, a HbA2 u 60,7% ispitanika. Specifični genotipski profil u
populaciji Hrvatskog primorja i Istre čini devet uzročnih varijanti, od kojih na pet varijanti
otpada 83,2%: Hb Lepore Boston-Washington (BW), β+ IVS-I-110, β0 IVS-II-1, β0 IVS-I-1 i β+
IVS-I-6. Najčešće uzročne varijante su pretežito mediteranskog podrijetla i većinom se
podudaraju s varijantama opisanim u susjednim populacijama Mediterana i Balkana. Nisu
otkrivene nove varijante. Svi ispitanici su imali blagi oblik talasemije. Postoji dobra korelacija
genotipa i fenotipa. U ispitanika s istim genotipom i varijabilnim biokemijskim fenotipom (HbF
>5%) otkrivena je prisutnost XmnI polimorfizma, kao potencijalnog sekundarnog
modifikatora. Niti jedan ispitanik nije bio nositelj α-talasemijske varijante.
Zaključak: Molekularno-genetičko testiranje ima sve veći značaj u postavljanju precizne
dijagnoze talasemijskih sindroma, otkrivanju statusa nositelja, genetičkom savjetovanju, izradi
preventivnih programa, definiranju terapijskih ciljeva i razvoju javnozdravstvenih mjera.
Vrijedno je nastaviti istraživanja na molekularnoj karakterizaciji uzročnih varijanti β
talasemijskih sindroma na području cijele Hrvatske.Objectives: To investigate the causal variants of thalassemia syndromes in the population of the
Croatian Littoral and Istria, and compare the findings with other populations. The specific aims
are to analyze the hematological, biochemical, and clinical features in individuals with
thalassemia syndromes, to determine the correlation between genotype and phenotype, and to
design the algorithm for molecular-genetic diagnosis of thalassemia.
Material and Methods: The cross-sectional study included 112 participants from 65 unrelated
families with suspected thalassemia. Hematological and biochemical parameters were
analyzed. Molecular-genetic analysis of the globin genes was performed using polymerase
chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The assessment of thalassemic phenotype was performed
according to Mahidol scoring system. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistical data
processing.
Results: Heterozygous β-thalassemia syndrome was identified in 30 participants and their 16
first-degree relatives from 24 unrelated families from the Croatian Littoral and Istria.
Microcytosis and hypochromia were observed in all subjects, with mild anemia present in 60%.
Hemoglobin (Hb) F was elevated in 75,0%, and HbA2 in 60,7% of subjects. The specific
genotype profile in the population of the Croatian Littoral and Istria consists of nine causal
variants, five of which account for 83.2%: Hb Lepore Boston-Washington (BW), β+ IVS-I-110,
β0 IVS-II-1, β0 IVS-I-1, and β+ IVS-I-6. The most frequent causal variants are predominantly
of Mediterranean origin and largely overlap with variants reported in neighboring
Mediterranean and Balkan populations. No new variants were detected. All participants had a
mild type of disease. There is a good correlation between genotype and phenotype. In subjects
with the same genotype and a variable biochemical phenotype (HbF >5%), the presence of the
XmnI polymorphism was detected as a potential secondary modifier. None α-thalassemia
carrier was identified.
Conclusion: Molecular-genetic testing is increasingly important for the precise diagnosis of
thalassemia syndromes, detection of carriers, genetic counseling, the development of preventive
strategies, setting therapeutic goals, and the implementation of public health programs. It is
worth to continue research on the molecular characterization of causal variants of β-thalassemia
syndromes in the Croatian population
ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF QUATERNARY PYRIDINIUM COMPOUNDS ON PHYTOPATHOGENIC POLYPHAGOUS FUNGI OF THE GENERA FUSARIUM, BOTRYOTINIA, AND SCLEROTINIA
No full textBiljne bolesti uzrokovane rodovima Fusarium, Botryotinia i Sclerotinia značajno smanjuju prinose i kvalitetu usjeva. Njihova otpornost i patogenost čine kontrolu izazovnom. Kvaterne piridinijeve soli, odnosno nikotinamidni i izonikotinamidni derivati, manje su toksični i štetni za okoliš od komercijalnih fungicida. Cilj istraživanja bio je ispitati antifungalno djelovanje kvaternih piridinijevih spojeva na F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, S. sclerotiorum i B. cinerea. U in vitro uvjetima analizirano je djelovanje na porast micelija, vijabilnost konidija/sklerocija i rast kličnih cijevi pri koncentracijama od 10 i 100 μg/mL. Rezultati in vitro istraživanja pokazali su značajno bolje antifungalno djelovanje na porast micelija S. sclerotiorum, F. oxysporum i B. cinerea u usporedbi s kontrolom. Protiv F. culmorum 100 μg/mL bila je najučinkovitija za nikotinamidne spojeve, dok je djelovanje izonikotinamidnih spojeva bilo neovisno o koncentraciji. Analiza varijance potvrdila je statistički značajno inhibitorno djelovanje na klijavost konidija B. cinerea pri čemu su niže koncentracije (10 μg/mL) bile učinkovitije. Inhibitorno djelovanje na sklerocije S. sclerotiorum bilo je veće pri višim koncentracijama (100 μg/mL). Istraživanje je također uključivalo in vivo testove na prirodnim supstratima (mrkva, pšenica, rajčica) kako bi se ispitalo antifungalno djelovanje odabranih spojeva. In vivo testovi na rajčici i mrkvi nisu pokazali potpunu inhibiciju porasta micelija pri 100 μg/mL. Nikotinamidni derivat (12) pokazao je najbolje antifungalno djelovanje, ali bez značajne razlike od kontrole. Nikotinamidni derivati (8), (9), (10) i izonikotinamidni derivat (12) pokazali su jednako djelovanje kao komercijalni fungicid na porast micelija S. sclerotiorum i B. cinerea. F. culmorum bio je najmanje osjetljiv na sve spojeve. Kvaterne piridinijeve soli imaju potencijal za razvoj ekološki prihvatljivijih fungicida što zahtijeva daljnje istraživanje i optimizaciju.Plant diseases caused by the genera Fusarium, Botryotinia, and Sclerotinia significantly reduce crop yields and quality. Their resistance and pathogenicity make control challenging. Quaternary pyridinium salts, including nicotinamide and isonicotinamide derivatives, are less toxic and environmentally harmful than commercial fungicides. This study investigated the antifungal activity of quaternary pyridinium compounds against F. oxysporum, F. culmorum, S. sclerotiorum, and B. cinerea. The effects on mycelial growth, conidial/sclerotial viability, and germ tube development were evaluated in vitro at 10 and 100 μg/ml.μg/ml. The results showed significantly better antifungal activity on S. sclerotiorum, F. oxysporum, and B. cinerea than the control. For F. culmorum, nicotinamide compounds at 100 μg/mL exhibited the highest efficacy, whereas isonicotinamide compounds showed concentration-independent effects. Similarly, analysis of variance confirmed a statistically significant inhibition of B. cinerea conidial germination, with 10 μg/mL proving more effective. Higher concentrations (100 μg/mL) inhibited S. sclerotiorum sclerotia better. In vivo, tests on carrots, wheat, and tomatoes did not show complete inhibition of mycelial growth at 100 μg/mL. The nicotinamide derivative (12) had the best antifungal effect but with no significant difference to the control. Nicotinamide derivatives (8), (9), (10) and isonicotinamide derivative (12) had a similar effect on mycelial growth of S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea as commercially available fungicides, while F. culmorum was the least sensitive to all compounds. Quaternary pyridinium salts show potential as environmentally friendly fungicides that require further research and optimization
Mathematics in Plato's philosophy
No full textU Platōnovoj filozofiji razlikuje se dijanoetička i noetička matematika. Noetička matematika izvodi se iz prve i to preispitivanjem pretpostavki o parnim i neparnim brojevima, geometrijskim likovima i različitim vrstama kutova. Naime, u Platōnovim dijalozima spomenuti brojevi suprotstavljaju se jedni drugima i traže sklad posredstvom treće vrste. U Theaitetu se ta trijada brojeva pojavljuje u stranicama međusobno nepovezanih kvadrata. U Timaju do izražaja dolaze vrste trokuta koje su primjerene tim dužinama. U Menōnu se naznačuje da se te tri dužine mogu međusobno povezati u četiri pravokutnika unutar kruga. Za izvođenje noetičke matematike potrebno je još jedno – uvid uma u postojanje četverokuta i njegove dijagonale. Matematičari se bave četverokutom samim i dijagonalom samom, a ne crtežima, ali ostaju u oblasti razuma (δίανοια). Noetička matematika ima četiri razine. Prva je razina geometrijskih tijela. Tu Platōn ističe međusobnu nepovezanost dviju vrsta pravilnih tijela, njihovu nepovezanost s kuglom i traži zahtjev za višim počelima. Ta se počela pokazuju u kretanju spomenutih dužina u dijagonalama i stranicama četiriju pravokutnika unutar kruga. Ovo kretanje je ograničavanje prema odredbi Jednog, slično onom u Philēbu. Pokreće se iz sebe samog sobom samim. Ono je živo poput duše. Kao takvo pokazuje se i na preostale dvije razine: na razini crte i na razini brojeva. Podijeljena crta nije jedna od usporedbi već sredstvo koje omogućuje izlaganje najvišeg znanja. Odnos cjeline spram većeg dijela prenesen u dijelove na crti uspostavlja raščlambu (διαίρεσις). Diobom Jednog kroz Dvojstvo na njoj se izvode brojevi različiti od matematičkih – noetički brojevi. Oni čine najvišu razinu noetičke matematike. Ovdje se četvorstvo (τετρακτύς), povezano sa slijedom rasežnosti, pokazuje kao deseterstvo podijeljeno na dvije polovice poput dijatonijske ljestvice. Noetička matematika nije beživotna apstraktna struktura nego živi organizam. Ona nije tvorevina ili izum ljudskog duha, nego dar od bogova dušama koje se mogu prema njoj okrenuti. Oslobođene od dijanoetičke matematike i njoj svojstvenog načina razmišljanja, te duše se uzdižu prema dijalektičkoj spoznaji te istinski posreduju između osjetivog i mislivog.In this dissertation, the author makes a shift in relation to most common understandings of the
position and role of mathematics in Plato's philosophy. In those interpretations, mathematics is
fixed on the area between the perceptible and the conceivable. With that, its role is determined
to enable the ascent from that which is becoming and transiting to that which is truly being.
Thus, the mathematical things are connected to the soul because they also have a position in
the middle and a mediating role. However, the area to which these interpreters fix the soul is
the area of reason (δίανοια). It is one of the powers of the soul, that which is lower of the mind
(νοῦς). From this, it follows that in mathematics, the movement of the soul is limited and does
not reach the true realization of its life-giving movement. Contrary to these views, the author
does not fix the place of mathematics in Plato in the realm of reason but recognizes it in the
realm of mind, too. He believes that Plato distinguishes between two mutually connected and
strictly distanced mathematics. The first is dianoetic, and the second is noetic. Dianoetic
mathematics is understood as what is considered mathematics today, and noetic mathematics
is on the same level as dialectics and enables its expression. As such, it truly connects with the
soul. The movement of the soul in it is not limited.
Some researchers talk about dialectical mathematics, but by that, they do not imply any
mathematics different from the dianoetic one. There is talk about the possibility of mathematics
to express the deepest philosophical thoughts through it, about some use of mathematics for
philosophical purposes and about the ontologization of mathematics. In contrast, the author
believes that in Plato, it is not a question of some philosophical use of mathematics, of some
ontologization of it, but of a strictly thought-based derivation of noetic mathematics from
dianoethics. It has its own area, a completely different way of thinking, and it has an entirely
different purpose.
In Politeia, Plato talks about the need to question assumptions about some matters of
mathematics. These are the existence of even and odd numbers, geometric figures, and different
types of angles (Resp. 510c). They are joined by the phenomenon of the quadrilateral and its
diagonal (510d). Plato does not take these examples by chance. He lists only those that are
relevant to dialectics, so philosophers should reconsider them. In Plato's philosophy, even and
odd numbers relate within themselves and to each other, oppose each other, and seek harmony
through the third kind. When, in some arrangements, these numbers are not connected and
included in the whole, Plato asks for their connection and inclusion. Thus, in Theaitet, squares
whose sides are √2, √3, and √5 are placed separately from each other. The mutual
incommensurability of these lengths is emphasized, but the need to connect them, that is, unify
them at a higher level, is pointed out. Menon suggests that these three lengths can be connected
to each other in three rectangles within a circle. In the Timaeus, the cosmos cannot be thought
through principles that are associated only with even and odd numbers. The third kind must
also be included. Without them, the former remain disconnected within themselves and
between themselves. This trinity of numbers is also manifested in regular geometric bodies and
the figures and lengths associated with them. This is where the types of angles, i.e., triangles,
come to the fore. It goes beyond the division into straight, sharp, and blunt. There is a need to
find triangles with those lengths that will enable the above-mentioned connections within
regular bodies and figures.
In order to perform noetic mathematics, one more thing is needed – the noetic insight into the
phenomena of the quadrilateral and its diagonals (510d). Mathematicians deal with the
quadrilateral itself and the diagonal itself and not with drawings, but that is not enough to
produce the instrumentation to perform noetic mathematics. With the help of such
instrumentation, what is not possible in dianoetic geometry should be performed: connecting
the above-mentioned lengths by their exiting from the diagonal of one rectangle into the side
of another. In this exposure, they are not only connected to each other, but also to the circle as
a line.
Noetic mathematics has four levels: the level of geometric bodies, the level of geometric
figures, the level of line, and the level of numbers. On these four levels, the expression of all
beings is made possible in different ways. At the level of geometric bodies, all beings are
known through the triad consisting of a sphere and two types of regular geometric bodies. The
sphere represents the perfect model by which the changing physical world (κόσμος) was
created. The structure of that world is recognized in the structure of four regular bodies
(tetrahedron, cube, octahedron, and icosahedron). The fifth body (dodecahedron) is positioned
as a space (χώρα) “the mother and Receptacle of what has come to be visible“ (Tim. 51a). Plato
points out that the connection is present only within three regular solids, in those in whose faces
the triangles are based on an odd number, on the length √3. There is no connection with a body
whose surface is a triangle based on an even number at length √2 and with a body whose surface
is based on a third type of number at length √5. That is why he speaks of the existence of higher
principles than these, which are shown in regular geometric bodies. The path leads to noetic
mathematics at higher levels, first at the level of geometric figures. However, in order to
establish it, it is not enough to place regular polygons in a row one behind the other and add a
circle at the end of that row. No lengths in that series are connected, neither to each other nor
to the circle. Mathematicians will stop there, but philosophers should not leave the assumptions
made by mathematicians about circles and polygons unexamined. With the indispensable help
of noetic insight into the phenomenon of the quadrilateral and its diagonal, they should make
a breakthrough from dianoetic mathematics. Plato encourages this necessary insight in many
places in his dialogues, specially in Theaetetus, Menon, Politics, and Politeia.
In Theaitet, unrelated squares with sides √2, √3, and √5 are connected to each other by
establishing a system of squares in which one arises from the other by the exit of the diagonal
into the side. The procedure is carried out until the length of √17 is established. The division
of these lengths is sought according to the principle that needs to be discovered. In the dialogue,
the rational principle is stated, but the principle of mind is also implied. All lengths from length
1 to this last one are divided into those that can be entered in the circle of radius 1 and the
others. Among the others, the first one of importance is the one that cannot be inscribed in a
circle because it is larger than the diameter. These are written in the circle as 1, √2, √3, and √4.
The triad of numbers is missing the third type, represented by the number √5. It appears at the
first length and cannot be entered in the circle. Menon suggests that all these lengths can be
connected to each other as sides and diagonals in a circle of inscribed rectangles. In Politics,
the process of transferring the diagonal of a square of length √4 to the side of the square is
interpreted as a loss of power (δύναμις). This indicates that what is going on in the metaphysical
sense is viewed here through geometric derivatives.
The third level of noetic mathematics is exposition about divided line. The author believes that
in Plato's exposition of the highest knowledge, that of the Good, the line is not one of similes
but rather what is directly spoken through philosophically. It has primacy before the sun's
simile and the myth about cave. These are only pictorial representations of what is directly
expressed through the divided line and other parts of noetic mathematics. Interpreters see a lot
of unspoken things about the divided line, but due to their preconceived notions about the line
as a comparison, they do not see important omissions. First of all, it is about the ratio by which
the line should be divided and the length. The ratio determined when dividing the line does not
come from outside. It is the ratio that is initially established between the whole and the larger
part, and then, by analogy, it is transferred to the parts established by division. The question
arises as to the reasons for such a division. The answer to this question is that by dividing the
relationship of the whole to the larger part, transferred into parts, it establishes not only an
analogy but also a diaeresis (ἀναλογίαν καὶ διαίρεσιν, Resp. 534a). For the division of a line to
be a diaresis, the setting up of a relationship within it must begin from the relation of the whole
to the greater part and go all the way to establishing the provision of what is sought in it. At
the beginning, a greater and smaller part is established, and in the further division, the greater
and the smaller prevail through the establishment of the mean. First, the first mean is
established, the mean of the entire line. This is followed by the mean in the middle of the greater
part of the line and then the mean in the middle of the smaller one. Ultimately, the mean is
established in the mean of the (first) mean.
The ratio by which the line is divided by Euclid is called the division in extreme and mean
ratio, and according to Proclus' testimony, Plato called it the section (τομός). He does not
explicitly mention it anywhere in his dialogues, but according to some researchers (J.B.
Kennedy, J. Bremer), Plato incorporated it into their structure. Furthermore, many valuable
things (τιμιώτερα) are attached to Plato's section. Among them is the one that was at the center
of Konrad Gaiser's interest - the sequence of dimensions. Namely, the segments of the divided
line order from length 1 through lengths 1/a, 1/a2, and 1/a3 up to the last one whose length is
1/a6. The first three are the dimensions of the perceptible (length, width, depth), and the
remaining three are the dimensionlessness of the conceivable - first length, first width, and first
depth (πρῶτον μῆκος, πρῶτον πλάτος, πρῶτον βάθος). In the establishment of the first mean,
the conceivable dimensionlessness of length enters the same sensible dimension. The same
happens with the conceivable dimensionlessness of width. Ultimately, in the establishment of
the mean in the mean, the thinkable depth enters in the sensible one. Thus, the thing in the
middle of the line is shown not only as a perceptible thing but also as a thinkable one. Its idea
is no longer separated from it but is present in it. The appearance of the idea of an individual
sensible thing also implies the appearance of the idea of the Good. It shows itself on the line as
in its own place (ἐν τῇ αὑτοῦ χώρᾳ, 516b4–7).
The division of the line derived according to the above-mentioned Plato's section has its
beginning, its course, and its completion determined by it. In Politea, the performance was
completed only halfway. This is an example of Plato's omission of knowledge. In this partial
performance, the third dimension does not enter a relationship with its conceivable
dimensionlessness, and thus, neither does the second with its and neither does the first with its.
This omission of knowledge is related to that of fourness (τετρακτύς). This mystery of
Pythagoreanism and Platonism is infinitely more than the sequence of the first four natural
numbers (1, 2, 3, and 4). It is a structure that also includes the remaining numbers of the decade.
These four numbers are the poles of numbers 8, 7, 6, and 5. Number 1 is in polarization with
number 8, number 2 with number 7, number 3 with number 6, and number 4 with number 5. A
polarized decade is a request to establish harmony. Accordingly, number 5 enters number 2,
number 6 enters number 3, and number 7 enters number 4. This insertion of one number
corresponds to the insertion of one divided line section into another. These two interrelated
omissions of knowledge serve two purposes. The first is the usual one: Plato does not want to
entrust the more valuable things (τιμιώτερα) of his philosophy to the letter. The second is
specific to these two cases. Namely, the presentation of the divided line and τετρακτύς stops
when the dimensions of the sensible world are retrieved. It does not go beyond the dimensions.
This sharpens the attitude towards the conceivable. The transition to the conceivable does not
occur in the soul in a continuous movement but in a reversal (ψυχῆς περιαγωγὴ).
This connection of the mathematical through the line and τετρακτύς with the soul may seem
presumptuous. However, it can be supported by a theme from the Timaeus. Here, the soul is
also understood as length. It is divided in a similar way as the line in Politeia. The difference
is that the line is divided according to Plato's section, and the length of the soul is divided into
sections that determine musical intervals. These two divisions are related. This can be seen,
among other things, by the fact that they express the mediation between the extremes and the
juxtaposition of the dimensions of the sensible and the thinkable. Mathematicians’ narrow
assumptions about even and odd numbers also come to the fore. At the basis of the division of
the mixture of the length of the soul are two four-membered geometric sequences. Both
sequences derive from number 1. In the first, a sequence of even numbers derives from that
number (1, 2, 4, 8), and in the second, a sequence of odd numbers (1, 3, 9, 27). Those two
sequences allow an octave (1:2), a fifth (2:3), a fourth (3:4) and one of the major seconds (8:9).
To establish the remaining intervals, the major third (4:5), minor third (5:6), major sixth (3:5),
minor sixth (5:8), another major second (9:10), and minor second (15:16) it is necessary to
include the numbers of the third series in those two series (3/5, 5, 15, 45). Without this
inclusion, the mixture of souls is not a true mixture of souls. This third series of divisions of
the soul allows mediation and the possibility of constructing a true diatonic scale feasible on a
monochord whose string is divided into sixteen equal parts.
The fourth, highest level of noetic mathematics is the level of numbers. These are not the
numbers of dianoetic mathematics. They are fundamentally different from them. According to
Aristotle's testimony, Plato knew such numbers. These are numbers that are not counted, and
they are not added or multiplied: the One (τὸ ἕν), Duality (δυάς, δυάδα) or Great and Small (τὸ
μέγα καὶ τὸ μικρὸν) and the numbers that are generated from them by the participation (κατὰ
μέθεξιν) of the Great and the Small in the One, that is, in the indefinite Duality (ἀόριστος δυάς).
These numbers are mutually incomparable because they are incommensurable (ἀσίμβλετοι
ἀριθμοί). There is no before and after between them; they do not differ in size. There is not an
infinite number of them, but only ten. There have been many attempts to reconstruct that
teaching. However, in these reconstructions, their difference compared to mathematical ones
has been ignored. Mainly trying to find out the way in which the generation is performed and
the order in which it is achieved. Some believe that it is an order of magnitude like the order
of mathematical numbers. L. Robin determines some inherent, intrinsic order. J. Stenzel seeks
their origin and order in Plato's method of diaresis. K. Gaiser tries to recognize noetic numbers
in the sequence of dimensions, in their emanation from the One. Since the sequence of
dimensions is determined by the set of numbers from 1 to 4, that set also represents the noetic
numbers. According to the principle of indeterminate Duality, numbers that begin with an even
number, the number 2, are derived first and then those that begin with an odd number 3. The
number 5, which belongs to the third type of numbers, was seen as an exception. A. Toeplitz
believes that noetic numbers are generated in a certain ratio and formed as by striking a stamp
into a plastic material (ἐκμαγεῖον). Van der Wielen recognizes the generation of numbers in
the division of the line, similar to that in Politeia. In each of these points of view, the author
encounters something close but, at the same time, unacceptable. He believes that the genesis
of noetic numbers is comparable to the division of the line in Politeia, but it is not just a similar
division but the same division. He also believes that in that division the ratio of the whole line
and the greater part is transferred as a stamp to further divisions up to the last one. There is a
diaresis at work here, but it is far from dividing number 1 into numbers 2 and 3 and so on.
Gaiser is right to insist on a sequence of dimensions, but it is established not only up to the
third dimension but up to the same number of the dimensionlessness. Finally, the order of
noetic numbers does not correspond to the order of natural numbers: it is intrinsic to their
nature, but it is not the order established by Robin.
Dividing the line by Plato's section leads to the numbers 0.6180339, 0.3819660, 0.2360679,
0.1458980, 0.0901699. Together with the numbers 0.7639320, 0.8951019, and 0.9099300,
with which they are connected, they form a whole of ten numbers. In the first seven decimal
places of each of them, we can make out numbers that are different from mathematical
numbers. They correspond to those in τετρακτύς. The number in the first position is connected
to the self-polarized number in the sixth position, the number in the second position to the selfpolarized
number in the third position, and the number in the fourth position to the selfpolarized
number in the seventh position. The digits in these numbers should be understood as
separate numbers, not as tenths, hundredths, thousandths, etc. It is an order of numbers from 0
to 9 where the first tetrad of the τετρακτύς connects to the second and numbers 0 and 9 together
with 1 and 8 express One and Nothing. These numbers do not seek to express a specific
magnitude but are rather viewed as systems in which their members are arranged in a special
way and thus placed in special relationships, different from quantitative ones. They are like
words and sentences. From seven-membered noetic numbers, six-membered numbers are
formed, which express the limiting and the one being limited: 1458 9 7 (8541 0 2) and 3819 6
60 (6180 3 39), then four-membered numbers 23 67 (76 32) and 47 25 (52 74) that express
indefinite and definite Duality and then again four-membered expressing the One that is, 19
80; One that is not 18 90. They form the composition of noetic numbers. This composition is
performed in the first seventy-two digits of an extraordinary number, the number π. Each of
those digits in that number is not only a digit of that number but also a noetic number. All those
noetic numbers and only those numbers are present in those seventy-two digits of the number
π. And they are not only present; they are moving. And they move the same way that lengths
move from one rectang
Effects of bioash on chemical characteristics of acidic soils, yield and mineral composition of agricultural crops
No full textBiopepeo je nusproizvod nastao spaljivanjem certificirane šumske biomase te ima
specifična fizikalno-kemijska i mineraloška svojstva. S obzirom na to da sadrži
visoke količine hraniva (P, K, Ca i Mg) te je izrazito alkalan (pH > 12), pretpostavka
je da će imati značajni melioracijski učinak u kiselim i hranivima siromašnim tlima te
utjecati na povećanje prinosa u biljnoj proizvodnji. Navedena pretpostavka testirana
je tijekom dvogodišnjeg poljskog istraživanja u uvjetima ekološke poljoprivredne
proizvodnje, na dvije lokacije koje odlikuju kisela lesivirana tla na području
Đakovštine. Ciljevi istraživanja bili su utvrditi utjecaj rastućih doza biopepela na: i)
kemijske značajke (pH, EC, sadržaj makro i mikroelemenata) istraživanih tala te ii)
visinu prinosa i mineralni sastav biljnih organa testnih kultura. Istraživanje je
organizirano prema slučajnom bloknom rasporedu s pet doza biopepela (0,0 − 17,2
t/ha) u tri repeticije na ukupno 30 pokusnih parcela. Preliminarnim istraživanjem
utvrđen je kemijski sastav biopepela: pH, EC, topivost, ukupni sadržaj C, P2O5, K2O,
CaO, MgO, MnO, Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, Na2O, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo i Co. Daljnjim analizama
utvrđen je sadržaj neesencijalnih toksičnih metala (Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg i As), policikličkih
aromatskih ugljikovodika (PAH) i polikloriranih bifenila (PCB) koji je bio ispod
maksimalno dozvoljenih količina za primjenu u poljoprivednom tlu. Analiza XRD-om
pokazala je ujednačen mineralni sastav biopepela u kojem su prevladavali kalcit,
kvarc, hidroksilapatit, arkanit, portlandit, piroluzit, kristobalit i fairchildit. SEM-EDS
analiza potvrdila je složenu strukturu nano- i mikročestica biopepela različitih
veličina i oblika, s visokom zastupljenošću Ca, Mg, P, K i Si, te dobro razvijenom
površinom. Analiza SIMS-a utvrdila je dominantne elemente: K, Ca, Si, Mg, Fe i Na
te njihove specifične izotope. Spektri FTIR-ATR biopepela potvrdili su prisutnost
alkalijskih oksida. Radiološke analize utvrdile su razine prirodnih radionuklida u
biopepelu (40K, 238U, 226Ra) koje su bile niže od razina detektiranih u komercijalnim
mineralnim gnojivima. Kondicioniranje luvisola s biopepelom značajno je povisilo pH
tla na obje lokacije, kao i udjele makro (P2O5 i K2O, ukupni Ca, C i H) i
mikroelemenata (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn i Mo) te neesencijalnog teškog metala (Cd) bez
ugrožavanja tla od (an)organske kontaminacije (toksični metali, PAH i PCB). Iako
se EC tla značajno povisio nakon prve vegetacijske sezone, taj trend nije uočen
nakon druge vegetacije, što ukazuje na ispiranje iona. Primjena biopepela značajno
je povećala prinos zrna i suhu tvar stabljike prosa i suncokreta, suhu tvar korijena
prosa te svježi prinos sjemenki buče. Ovi pozitivni učinci bili su praćeni značajnim
porastom udjela makroelemenata (Ca, C, N i S) i mikroelemenata (Fe, Mn i Zn), kao
i povećanom akumulacijom određenih makroelemenata (Ca, Mg, C, N, H i S),
mikroelemenata (Zn, Fe, Mn i Mo) te korisnog elementa natrija (Na) u različitim
biljnim organima. Dobiveni rezultati doprinose novim znanstvenim spoznajama o
melioracijskim učincima biopepela na kemijska svojstva kiselih tala siromašnih
makro- i mikroelementima u uvjetima ekološke proizvodnje. Također potvrđuju
njegov pozitivan utjecaj na usvajanje hraniva u biljku, uz naglašenu potrebu za
utvrđivanjem optimalnih doza primjene biopepela koje ne uzrokuju negativne učinke
na okoliš ili biljke.Bioash is a nutrient-rich and highly alkaline (pH > 12) co-product from certified
biomass-fueled plants, characterized by its complex physico-chemical and
mineralogical properties. Given its high concentrations of minerals (> 200 different
types) and essential nutrients such as P, K, Ca and Mg, it is hypothesized that
bioash could have a significant ameliorative effect on acidic and nutrient-poor soils,
ultimately enhancing crop yields.
This study hypothesized that increasing doses of bioash (0.0 – 17.2 t/ha) would i)
improve certain physico-chemical soil properties (such as pH, phytoavailable P2O5
and K2O, and electrical conductivity – EC) in acidic soils, and ii) increase the yield
and mineral composition of selected crops. The hypothesis was tested over two
years under organic open-field conditions characterized by highly acidic Luvisol at
two locations (Široko Polje and Ivandvor) in the Đakovo region. The primary
objectives were to assess the impact of increased bioash doses on i) chemical
changes in soil properties (pH, EC, macro-microelement content), and ii) increase
the vegetative and dry matter yield and mineral composition of crop tissues.
The research was conducted using a randomized block design with five bioash
application rates (0.0, 4.5, 8.0, 13.0, and 17.2 t/ha), each replicated three times
across 30 experimental plots. Each plot covered an area of 6 × 50 m². Over the
course of two consecutive years, sunflower, millet, and pumpkin were grown under
consistent agricultural practices across all treatments, adhering to organic farming
standards without irrigation. Bioash was applied using applicator for dusty materials
and immediately incorporated into the topsoil layer using a seeder. Soil and plant
samples were collected from four randomly selected subplots within each
experimental plot, resulting in composite samples representing each treatment.
Before bioash application, comprehensive pedological surveys were performed at
each location, including opening soil profiles, sampling soil across genetic horizons,
and collecting surface soil samples. These surveys established baseline soil
conditions, describing the initial physico-chemical properties and morphological
characteristics of the soils under study. At the end of the growing seasons, soil
samples were re-evaluated using the same methodologies to determine changes in
soil properties. Additionally, representative plant tissue samples were collected at
the technological maturity stage to assess dry matter content and mineral
composition. Preliminary analyses determined the physico-chemical composition of
the bioash (pH, EC, solubility, total C content, P2O5, K2O, CaO, MgO, MnO, Fe2O3,
Al2O3, SiO2, Na2O, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mo and Co) verifying those levels of heavy metals
(Cd, Pb, Cr, Hg and As), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; 16 congeners),
and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; 7 indicator congeners) were below the
maximum permissible limits for agricultural use. Further analyses characterized the
bioash chemical properties, supplemented by advanced microscopic,
spectroscopic, and radiological techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis
revealed a relatively uniform mineral composition of the investigated bioash,
predominantly consisting of calcite, quartz, hydroxyapatite, arcanite, portlandite,
pyrolusite, cristobalite, and fairchildite. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was used to examine surface
morphology and elemental composition, confirming a complex mixture of nano- and
micro-sized particles rich in Ca, Mg, P, K, and Si. Secondary ion mass spectrometry
(SIMS) analysis identified dominant elements such as K, Ca, Si, Mg, Fe, and Na,
along with their specific isotopes in the spectrum. Fourier-transform infrared
spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) indicated characteristic
bands rich in alkali-activated oxides. High-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry
(HRGS) was employed to measure the activity concentrations of radionuclides of
interest (238U, 232Th, 226Ra, 210Pb, 40K, and 137Cs), demonstrating lower average
activity of some radionuclides in bioash compared to commonly used mineral
fertilizers in Croatian conventional agroecosystems.
At the Široko Polje location, conditioning the Luvisol with bioash increased soil pH
by up to 3.6 units and enhanced levels of macroelements (bioavailable P2O5 and
K2O, and total Ca, C and H), micorelements (Zn, Cu, Mn and Mo) and toxic metal
(Cd) without causing (in)organic contamination (toxic metals, PAHs, PCBs).
Although soil EC initially increased significantly after the first vegetation season
(from 0.081 to 0.288 mS/cm), this effect was not observed after the second
vegetation season, suggesting salt leaching. Bioash also significantly increased
grain yield and shoot dry matter in millet and sunflower, as well as root dry matter in
millet, correlating with increased concentrations (Ca, C, Fe, Mn and Zn) and
accumulations of macroelements (Ca, Mg, C, N, H, and S) and microelements (Zn,
Fe, Na and Mo) in plant tissues.
At Ivandvor, bioash application raised soil pH by up to 3.3 units and increased
macroelements (bioavailable P2O5 and K2O, total content of Ca and C), and
microelements (Zn and Mn) and toxic metal (Cd) in soil. Although Cd concentrations
increased in the soil during the first vegetation season, they were unaffected in the
second vegetation season. The EC of the soil rise significantly after the first season
(from 0.040 to 0.201 mS/cm) across all bioash treatments compared to the Control,
but this trend was not sustained into the second vegetation season, except at the
highest bioash dose (17.2 t/ha), where EC increased notably (from 0.051 to 0.155
mS/cm). The changes induced by bioash application positively impacted the growth
and yield of sunflower and pumpkin. Sunflower showed notable increases in grain,
shoot, and root yields compared to Control, and in pumpkin significantly increased
fresh grain yield. Bioash application altered the concentration of macroelements
(Ca, N and S) and microelements (Fe, Mn and Zn) and accumulation of
macroelements (Ca, Mg, C, N, H and S), microelements (Zn, Mn and Fe), useful
element (Na) and toxic element (Cd) in specific crop tissues.
The findings of this research provide valuable insights into the ameliorative effects
of bioash on acidic, nutrient-poor soils under organic farming conditions. They
highlight its role in enhancing nutrient uptake by plants and establishing optimal
bioash doses without adverse effects. In this context, bioash offers a sustainable
approach to utilizing acidic soils for cultivating economically important crops,
enhancing soil fertility while reducing dependence on commercially expensive soil
amendments, and facilitating the efficient and environmentally friendly disposal of
biomass plant by-products
EVALUATION OF CONTRAST-ENHANCED DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY AND DEVELOPEMENT OF A SCORING SYSTEM BASED ON BI-RADS CLASSIFICATION
No full textNaslov: Evalvacija kontrastne digitalne mamografije i razvoj bodovnika prema klasifikaciji
BI-RADS.
Uvod: Cilj je ove studije procjena kontrastne digitalne mamografije (CEM-a) te usporedba
lezija dojke na CEM-u i na magnetnoj rezonanciji (MR-u) dojke na osnovu pet morfoloških
i dinamičkih obilježja lezije. Predlažemo dijagram tijeka, odnosno bodovnik za klasifikaciju
lezija dojke u BI-RADS sustav na CEM-u temeljen na postojećemu bodovniku za
klasifikaciju lezija dojke u BI-RADS sustav na MR-u, koji se zove Kaiserov zbroj (KS,
prema engl. Kaiser score).
Materijali i metode: U studiju je uključen 81 ispitanik (žene i muškarci prosječne dobi
61,6 ± 11,8 godina). Kod svih je ispitanika uočeno patološko zasjenjenje na nalazu
digitalne mamografije (MG-a). Ispitanicima je učinjen ultrazvuk dojke (UZV), CEM, MR i
biopsija sumnjivih lezija širokom iglom (CNB, prema engl. core-needle biopsy). Biopsijom
su kod 58 ispitanika potvrđene zloćudne lezije, a kod 23 ispitanika dobroćudne lezije. Za
sve je lezije izračunat KS.
Rezultati: Kod pacijenata sa zloćudnim lezijama KS dobiven MR-om bio je 9 (IQR 8 – 9),
njegov ekvivalent na CEM-u također je bio 9 (IQR 8 – 9), a BI-RADS je bio 5 (IQR 4 – 5).
Kod pacijenata s dobroćudnim lezijama KS dobiven MR-om bio je 3 (IQR 2 – 3), njegov
ekvivalent na CEM-u bio je 3 (IQR 1,7 – 5), a BI-RADS je bio 3 (IQR 0 – 4). Nije bilo
značajne razlike između ROC-AUC vrijednosti CEM-a i MR-a (p = 0,749).
Zaključak: Nije bilo značajnih razlika u rezultatima KS-a između CEM-a i MR-a dojke.
Bodovnik koji predlažemo za klasifikaciju lezija dojke u BI-RADS sustav na CEM-u može
biti upotrijebljen u kliničkoj praksi jednako već postojećemu bodovniku za MR.Title: Evaluation of Contrast-enhanced Mammography and Development of Flowchart for
BI-RADS Classification of Breast Lesions.
Introduction: This study aims to evaluate contrast-enhanced digital mammography
(CEM) and compare breast lesions on CEM and breast magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) using five morphological and dynamic characteristics of the lesions. We propose a
flowchart, or a scoring system, for classifying breast lesions in the BI-RADS system on
CEM, based on the existing scoring system for classifying breast lesions in the BI-RADS
system on MRI, called the Kaiser score (KS).
Materials and methods: The study included 81 participants (both women and men of
average age 61.6 ± 11.8 years) who exhibited pathological opacities on digital
mammography (MG) findings. Breast ultrasound (US), CEM, MR, and Core-Needle
Biopsy (CNB) of suspicious lesions were performed on the participants. Malignant lesions
were confirmed by biopsy in 58 participants, while benign lesions were confirmed in 23
participants. KS was calculated for all lesions.
Results: In the patients with malignant lesions, the MRI-derived KS was 9 (IQR 8–9), its
CEM equivalent was 9 (IQR 8–9), and BI-RADS was 5 (IQR 4–5). In patients with benign
lesions, MRI-derived KS was 3 (IQR 2–3), its CEM equivalent was 3 (IQR 1.7–5), and
BIRADS was 3 (IQR 0–4). There was no significant difference between the ROC-AUC of
CEM and MRI (p = 0,749).
Conclusion: There were no significant differences in Kaiser score results between breast
CEM and MRI. The scoring system that we propose for classifying breast lesions in the
BI-RADS system on CEM can be used in clinical practice, much as the existing scoring
system for breast MRI
Razvoj tankofilmnih organskih solarnih ćelija zasnovanih na višefaznim heterospojevima novih skvarainskih derivata
No full textIn this dissertation, previously prepared novel squaraine compounds were characterized for photovoltaic application in order to study the effect of molecular design on the ease of processing and performance of small molecule bulk-heterojunction solar cells. The synthesized squaraines act as electron donors and were thus blended with a model acceptor in order to fabricate photovoltaic devices. Upon determining all of the necessary physical and optoelectronic properties, it was determined that prolonged alkyl chains at the ends of the molecule promote solubility in non-polar solvents, such as chloroform. Then, a preliminary study of the appropriate architecture and processing of organic semiconductor thin films was performed and the compounds were assembled into solar cells and characterized by their current-voltage characteristics. Further optimization of the best two solar cells, SQ5c
(2,4-bis(4-(benzyl(isopropyl)amino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclobuta-1,3-diene-1,3-bis(olate) and SSQ-1 (2,4-bis(4-(diisobutylamino)-2,6-dihydroxyphenyl)cyclobut-1-ene-1,3-bis(olate) was performed in order to obtain a better nanomorphology of the layer, increasing the device parameters and efficiency. In-depth analysis was done on the best and worst performing solar cells, where atomic force microscopy and grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering were utilized to obtain structural and morphological properties of the bulk-heterojunction and to investigate influence of different parameters (domain size, crystallinity, preferred orientation) on the device performance. Finally, best performing solar cells underwent a recombination study, where it was confirmed that a low hole mobility of the squaraine derivatives limits device performance by inducing a high charge carrier imbalance, which hinders the transport. It was also revealed that by improving the crystallinity of the squaraine constituent of the bulk heterojunction, short-circuit current of the solar cell increases, most likely due to a better balance between charge carrier mobility.U ovoj disertaciji, prethodno pripravljeni novi derivati skvaraina, karakterizirani su za fotonaponske primjene u svrhu određivanja utjecaja molekulskog dizajna na lakoću obrade i učinkovitost solarnih ćelija zasnovanih na makro-heterospojevima malih organskih molekula. Sintetizirani skvaraini preuzimaju ulogu elektron donora te su se miješali sa modelnim elektron akceptorskim materijalom kako bi se pripravile solarne ćelije. Nakon određivanja svih potrebnih fizikalnih i optoelektroničkih svojstava, pokazalo se kako produljeni alkilni lanci na krajevima molekule povećavaju topljivost u nepolarnim organskim otapalima, poput kloroforma. Zatim je obavljeno preliminarno istraživanje u svrhu određivanja prikladne arhitekture i metode sinteze tankih filmova organskih poluvodiča. Svi prikladni spojevi upotrjebljeni su u fotonaponskim ćelijama te je određena strujno-naponska karakteristika priređenih ćelija. Daljnja optimizacija dvaju najboljih sustava, SQ5c
(2,4-bis(4-(benzil(izopropil)amino)-2,6-dihidroksifenil)ciklobuta-1,3-dien-1,3-bis(olat) i SSQ-1 (2,4-bis(4-(diizobutilamino)-2,6-dihidroksifenil)ciklobut-1-en-1,3-bis(olat), provedena je kako bi se postigla bolja nanomorfologija sloja te time poboljšali parametri solarne ćelije i njena učinkovitost. Dubinska analiza provedena je na najboljim i najlošijim sustavima, gdje su mikroskopija atomskih sila i rendgensko raspršenje za široke kutove pri malom upadnom kutu upotrijebljeni kako bi se utvrdio utjecaj veličine domena, kristalnosti i preferirane orijentacije na rad solarne ćelije. Naposljetku, mehanizmi rekombinacije ispitani su za najbolje solarne ćelije pri čemu je utvrđeno da niska pokretljivost šupljina skvarainskih derivate ograničava rad fotonaponskih ćelija jer stvara veliku neravnotežu s visokim pokretljivostima elektrona akceptorskog sloja. Isto tako, primijećeno je da povećanjem kristalnosti skvarainskog dijela filma, raste i struja kratkog spoja, najvjerojatnije zbog bolje ravnoteže pokretljivosti između nosioca naboja
THE EFFECT OF AEROSOL FROM TOBACCO HEATING SYSTEM AND TOBACCO CIGARETTE SMOKE ON PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND ITS SPECIFIC MICROBIOME
No full textCiljevi istraživanja: Utvrditi i usporediti parodontni status putem parodontnih indeksa (PPD
(engl. Probing Pocket Depth, hrv. dubina sondiranja parodontnog džepa), GR ( engl. Gingival
Recession, hrv. recesija gingive), TM ( engl. Tooth Mobility, hrv. mobilnost zuba), FD ( engl.
Furcation Defect, hrv. furkacijski defekt), CAL ( engl. Clinical Attachment Level , hrv. razina
kliničkog pričvrstka), FMPS (engl. Full Mouth Plaque Score) i FMBS ( engl. Full Mouth Bleeding
Score) između skupina nepušača, pušača cigareta i pušača bezdimnih cigareta (IQOS).
Sekvenciranjem 16S rRNA gena parodontnih patogenih bakterija u nepušača, pušača cigareta i
korisnika IQOS-a dobit će se uvid u bakterijske vrste (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans,
Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, Parvimonas micra,
Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum) i odrediti te usporediti
ukupno bakterijsko opterećenje sve tri skupine.
Ispitanici i metode: Opažajno presječno istraživanje je uključilo 66 punoljetnih ispitanika (22
muškog i 42 ženskog spola) uparenih po dobi, spolu i pušačkom statusu. Formirane su tri skupine
:I.skupinu čine pušači običnih cigareta, II.skupinu korisnici sustava za zagrijavanje duhana
(IQOS), a III. skupinu nepušači. Ispitanici su dodatno podijeljeni u dvije podskupine ovisno o
prisutstvu ili odsutstvu parodontitisa (P).
Rezultati: Pronađene su statistički značajne više vrijednosti PPD, GR, FMPS, FMBS i CAL-a u
pušača običnih cigareta u odnosu na druge dvije skupine. Vrijednosti PPD i CAL-a su bile
statistički značajno manje u skupini konzumenata IQOS-a. Prevalencija parodontnih patogena u
subgingivnom dentalnom plaku je veća u pušača bez obzira da li se duhan zagrijava ili sagorijeva.
Parodontitis ima izraženiji učinak na ukupno bakterijsko opterećenje i raznolikost subgingivno
smještenih bakterija u odnosu na efekt koji ima izloženosti duhanu.
Zaključak: Izlaganje aerosolu grijanog duhana ima manje štetan utjecaj mjerljiv parodontnim
indeksima PPD i CAL nego dim obične cigarete. Na količinu subgingivnih parodontnih patogena
više utječe parodontitis nego pušenje, neovisno o tome da li se pritom duhan zagrijava ili gori.
Pušenje običnih cigareta pokazuje tendenciju povećanja broja parodontopatogenih bakterija.Objectives: To determine and compare the periodontal status, by using periodontal indices (PPD
(Probing Pocket Depth), GR (Gingival Recession), TM (Tooth Mobility), FD (Furcation Defect),
CAL (Clinical Attachment Level), FMPS (Full Mouth Plaque Score) and FMBS (Full Mouth
Bleeding Score) between groups of non-smokers, cigarette smokers and IQOS users. By
sequencing the 16S rRNA genes of periodontal pathogenic bacteria in non-smokers, cigarette
smokers and IQOS users, we will gain insight into the bacterial species (Aggregatibacter
actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tanerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia,
Parvimonas micra, Campylobacter rectus, Eubacterium nodatum, Fusobacterium nucleatum) and
determine and compare the total bacterial load in all three groups.
Patients and methods: An observational cross-sectional study included 66 adult subjects (22 male
and 42 female) matched according to age, gender and smoking status. Three groups were formed:
group I. group included smokers of regular cigarettes, group II. included users of the tobacco
heating system (IQOS), and non-smokers were in the III. group. The subjects were further divided
into two subgroups depending on the presence or absence of periodontitis (P).
Results: A statistically significant higher values of PPD, GR, FMPS, FMBS and CAL were found
in regular cigarette smokers compared to the other two groups. PPD and CAL values were
statistically significantly lower in the group of IQOS consumers. The prevalence of periodontal
pathogens in subgingival dental plaque is higher in smokers regardless of whether the tobacco is
heated or burned. Periodontitis has a more pronounced effect on the total bacterial load and the
diversity of subgingival bacteria compared to the effect of tobacco exposure.
Conclusion: Exposure to the aerosol of heated tobacco has a less harmful effect measured by the
periodontal indices PPD and CAL than the smoke of ordinary cigarettes. The amount of
subgingival periodontal pathogens is more affected by periodontitis than by smoking, regardless
of whether the tobacco is heated or burned. Smoking classic cigarettes shows a tendency to
increase the number of periodontopathogenic bacteria