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Iskorištavanje nusproizvoda i otpada iz prerade šećerne repe (Beta Vulgaris L.) primjenom netoplinskih tehnika ekstrakcije
No full textAs the world's population grows, so does the demand for other, alternative sources of proteins and food in general. Some of the potential sources are by-products and waste from sugar beet processing. In this context, the aim of this research was to determine and optimize the process parameters of non-thermal extraction techniques (high-power ultrasound - UAE and high-voltage electrical discharge - HVED) on the yield of proteins and other bioactive compounds from sugar beet leaves. Special emphasis is on the extraction of the RuBisCO enzyme and the extraction of the most abundant sugar beet flavonoid - Vitexin. Although both non-thermal techniques have clear advantages over conventional thermal extraction techniques, slightly better results were obtained with UAE. The recorded results are in favour with a better and safer future, enabling the realization of the concept of "zero waste" and the concept of circular economy.Porastom svjetske populacije raste i potražnja za drugim, alternativnim izvorima hrane. Neki od potencijalnih izvora su i nusproizvodi te otpad iz prerade šećerne repe. U tom pogledu, cilj ovog istraživanje bio je utvrditi te optimirati procesne parametre netoplinskih tehnika ekstrakcije (ultrazvuk visoke snage – UAE i visokonaponsko električno pražnjenje – HVED) na prinos proteina te drugih bioaktivnih komponenti iz lišća šećerne repe. Naglasak je posebno stavljen na ekstrakciju RuBisCO enzima te na ekstrakciju najzastupljenijeg flavonoida šećerne repe – Vitexina. Iako obje netoplinske tehnike pokazuje značajne prednosti u odnosu na konvencionalne, toplinske tehnike ekstrakcije, nešto bolji rezultati zabilježeni su kod ultrazvučno tretiranih uzoraka. Zabilježeni rezultati daju nadu za bolju i sigurniju budućnost, omogućujući realizaciju "zero waste" koncepta te koncepta kružne ekonomije
Heurističko raspoređivanje zadataka u svrhu optimizacije performanci upravljačkih sustava za rad u stvarnom vremenu
No full textIn computer-driven control systems, real-time operation is crucial for maintaining stability and
achieving the required level of performance. While some systems demand strict adherence to
deadlines, many control applications can tolerate occasional deadline misses without jeopardizing overall functionality. These applications are modeled using weakly hard real-time constraints, which define acceptable bounds on the frequency and distribution of missed deadlines.
The ability to miss task deadlines to a certain degree provides more scheduling slack and flexibility and thus permits the design of more cost-effective systems. In weakly hard real-time
systems, the performance is evaluated using the quality of service metric, which quantifies the
ratio of successfully completed task instances in the total number of task instances.
This thesis investigates the methods to enhance the quality of service in weakly hard realtime systems by integrating optimized scheduling heuristics evolved using genetic programming. Firstly, the problem of job priority assignment is addressed, and two heuristic approaches
are proposed. The first approach involves embedding optimized priority assignment heuristics
into existing meta-algorithms for task scheduling. These meta-algorithms incorporate mechanisms that prevent violations of the weakly hard real-time constraints, while the optimized
heuristics maximize the resulting quality of service. In the second approach, the optimized
heuristics are employed as standalone scheduling algorithms. This approach ensures compliance with the weakly hard real-time constraints without relying on the complexity of metaalgorithms. Both methods yield a significant improvement of the quality of service in overloaded conditions, compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms.
Additionally, an enhancement to the priority assignment heuristics is presented, which includes heuristic acceptance tests. The acceptance tests enable early rejection of jobs that are
unable to complete on time, thereby avoiding the waste of processor time on jobs whose occasional rejection is acceptable. The acceptance tests are coevolved with the priority assignment
heuristics using a cooperative coevolutionary approach. The developed heuristic acceptance
tests have low algorithmic complexity compared to the state-of-the-art algorithm that provides
acceptance tests, and are therefore suitable for real-time execution.
To validate the applicability of the proposed methods for implementation in control systems
based on real-time embedded platforms, the obtained scheduling techniques are implemented
in FreeRTOS, a widely used real-time operating system. A simulated real-time control scenario
is implemented within the modified FreeRTOS environment to evaluate the effectiveness of
the scheduling techniques. The performance is analyzed by a processor-in-the-loop simulation,
demonstrating the impact of heuristic scheduling on control performance and quality of service.U sustavima za automatsko upravljanje, rad u stvarnom vremenu ključan je za održavanje stabilnosti i postizanje zadovoljavajućih performanci. Iako neki sustavi zahtijevaju strogo poštivanje krajnjih rokova završetka, u mnogim primjenama mogu se tolerirati povremena kašnjenja bez ugrožavanja funkcionalnosti sustava. Takvi se sustavi modeliraju kao strogi sustavi za rad u stvarnom vremenu s ublaženim ograničenjima.
U tim sustavima performance se evaluiraju pomoću metrike kvalitete usluge – omjera uspješno izvršenih instanci zadataka u odnosu na ukupan broj instanci zadataka. Ova disertacija istražuje metode za poboljšanje kvalitete usluge u sustavima s ublaženim vremenskim ograničenjima korištenjem optimiziranih heuristika raspoređivanja razvijenih genetičkim programiranjem. Dobivene heuristike za dodjelu prioriteta značajno poboljšavaju kvalitetu usluge u uvjetima preopterećenja u usporedbi s postojećim algoritmima.
Daljnje poboljšanje postignuto je integracijom heurističkih testova prihvatljivosti koji unaprijed odbacuju instance zadataka za koje je vjerojatno da neće ispuniti rokove, čime se štede procesorski resursi. Ti se testovi evoluiraju zajedno s heuristikama za dodjelu prioriteta korištenjem kooperativne koevolucije.
Kako bi se pokazala praktična primjenjivost, predložene metode implementirane su u operativni sustav za rad u stvarnom vremenu FreeRTOS. Njihova učinkovitost vrednovana je u simulacijama s procesorom u petlji (engl. processor-in-the-loop), pri čemu su pokazana značajna poboljšanja performanci upravljanja
Duboke generativne mreže za detekciju anomalija iz ultrazvucnih snimaka materijala
No full textUltrasonic testing (UT) is a family of methods for non-destructive testing (NDT) of materials.
There are a lot of cases in which NDT methods have to be used because an inspected object must
not be damaged, but even if that is not the case there are other advantages that make them the
preferred option. They provide high-quality and detailed information about the inner structure,
processes, and condition of inspected objects and do not even necessarily require shutting down
facilities to perform evaluation. UT is very reliable because it is highly sensitive and has a high
signal-to-noise ratio that allows defects to stand out from the noise that is always present. It
is based on simple principles so it can easily be integrated into mobile UT devices and used in
practically any location. It is also very safe. Another advantage is that scans can be created and
viewed practically instantly, so initial analysis can be done on the spot. A problem with UT
is that, if inspection is done as thoroughly as it should be, a large amount of data is collected
and sent for analysis. There is a clear need to speed up and improve the analysis process using
artificial intelligence. This dissertation describes the development of several algorithms that are
meant to assist an expert in the analysis of ultrasound images of metal blocks used in nuclear
power plants. Within the blocks, there may be cracks or other defects that represent a safety
risk, so they must all be detected. In most cases, the rarity and versatility of defects make UT
analysis an anomaly detection (AD) problem, which means the developed methods have to rely
on mostly or exclusively normal data, as well as unsupervised or self-supervised learning. This
research focuses on the discovery and evaluation of novel AD methods applied to UT images.
Two such methods are the scientific contributions of this thesis. First, a method for anomaly
detection from ultrasound images with high noise level based on convolutional autoencoders
with additional reconstruction encoding. Second, a method for anomaly detection from images
based on single-scale convolutional normalizing flows. The proposed methods were developed,
evaluated, and compared with state-of-the-art methods on a proprietary dataset of UT B-scans.
Both methods detect all defects with low false positive rates. This means most of the normal
images that an expert has to analyze would automatically be marked as defect-free without
leaving out any defects. This would significantly reduce the time and effort required to analyze
the data after a typical inspection process. Both methods offer significant improvements in terms
of inference speed and model size, while the one based on normalizing flows also outperforms
the current state-of-the-art resultsUltrazvučno ispitivanje (UT) je skup metoda za nerazorno ispitivanje (NDT) materijala. UT je vrlo pouzdana metoda jer je izuzetno osjetljiva i ima visok omjer signala i šuma, što omogućuje da se nedostaci jasno izdvoje iz uvijek prisutnog šuma. Problem s UT-om je što, ako se inspekcija provodi temeljito kako bi trebala, dolazi do prikupljanja velike količine podataka koji se zatim šalju na analizu. Jasno je da postoji potreba za ubrzanjem i poboljšanjem procesa analize pomoću umjetne inteligencije. Ova disertacija opisuje razvoj nekoliko algoritama namijenjenih pomoći stručnjacima u analizi ultrazvučnih slika metalnih blokova koji se koriste u nuklearnim elektranama. Unutar tih blokova mogu postojati defekti koji predstavljaju sigurnosni rizik pa ih je potrebno sve otkriti. Rijetkost i raznolikost nedostataka čine UT analizu problemom detekcije anomalija (AD), što znači da razvijene metode moraju uglavnom ili isključivo koristiti normalne podatke te se oslanjati na nenadzirano ili samo-nadzirano učenje. Ovo istraživanje usmjereno je na otkrivanje i evaluaciju novih AD metoda primijenjenih na UT slike. Obje predložene metode otkrivaju sve nedostatke u vlasničkom skupu podataka UT B-skenova uz nisku stopu lažno pozitivnih rezultata. To bi moglo značajno smanjiti vrijeme i trud potreban za analizu podataka nakon standardnog inspekcijskog procesa. Obje metode nude značajna poboljšanja u pogledu brzine izvođenja i veličine modela, dok metoda temeljena na normalizacijskim tokovima također nadmašuje trenutno najnaprednije rezultate
The effectiveness of the rule of law conditionality instruments in the European Union's enlargement and neighbourhood policies : a comparative study of Serbia and Ukraine
No full textU fokusu rada nalazi se tematika razvoja i primjene koncepta uvjetovanosti vladavinom prava u okviru politike proširenja Europske unije i Europske politike susjedstva. Namjera ovog rada jest istražiti djelotvornost instrumenata uvjetovanja EU-a, u okviru dviju navedenih politika, u području vladavine prava s posebnim naglaskom na borbu protiv korupcije, te razmotriti ulogu svjetskih i europskih kriza na europeizaciju susjedstva Europske unije. Provedena je komparativna fokusirana studija učinaka korištenja ovih instrumenata na slučajevima Srbije i Ukrajine, a provedeno je i četrnaest polustruktuiranih dubinskih intervjua s predstavnicima europskih institucija uključenih u oblikovanje i provedbu politike proširenja i Europske politike susjedstva, predstavnicima organizacija civilnoga društva, akademske zajednice te projekata tehničke pomoći EU-a u području vladavine prava.
Rad daje pregled evolucije politike proširenja EU-a, s fokusom na kriterije za pristupanje, reforme metodologije pristupnog procesa te kriznu dinamiku koja je utjecala na samu EU i države kandidate, kao i pregled razvoja Europske politike susjedstva, njenih instrumenata i metoda, a u svjetlu dvaju preispitivanja politike. Razrađuju se i koncept europeizacije koji čini širi teorijski okvir rada, ključne značajke politike uvjetovanosti s fokusom na tzv. model vanjskih poticaja, vladavina prava kao temeljna vrijednost EU-a i jedan od ključnih političkih kriterija za članstvo te borba protiv korupcije u kontekstu dviju politika. U svom empirijskom dijelu, rad donosi analizu i usporedbu nalaza o napretku u područjima vladavine prava i borbe protiv korupcije u Srbiji i Ukrajini u razdoblju od 2014. do 2022. godine, te usporedbu djelotvornosti instrumenata uvjetovanosti u politici proširenja i Europskoj politici susjedstva. U radu su utvrđeni bitni čimbenici utjecaja na djelotvornost instrumenata uvjetovanosti zajednički za obje politike, opovrgnuta je pretpostavka o većoj djelotvornosti instrumenata uvjetovanja u zemljama s perspektivom članstva u EU-u, a potvrđena ona prema kojoj u zemljama s niskom podrškom javnosti EU-u i izraženim unutarnjim krizama politički troškovi usklađivanja u području zaštite vladavine prava ugrožavaju djelotvornost instrumenata uvjetovanosti. U konačnici, daje se interpretacija nalaza u širem kontekstu europskih politika i teorija o proširenju i susjedstvu, kao i razmatranje teorijskih i praktičnih implikacija rezultata.The focus of this dissertation is the topic of development and application of the concept of rule of law conditionality within the framework of the European Union’s enlargement policy and the European Neighborhood Policy. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate the effectiveness of the EU’s conditionality instruments, within the framework of the two aforementioned policies, in the area of the rule of law with a particular emphasis on the fight against corruption, as well as to consider the role of global and European crises on the Europeanization of the EU's neighborhood. A comparative, focused study of the effects of using these instruments was conducted on the cases of Serbia and Ukraine, and fourteen semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of European institutions involved in the design and implementation of the enlargement policy and the European Neighborhood Policy, representatives of civil society organizations, the academic community, and EU technical assistance projects in the area of the rule of law.
The dissertation provides an overview of the evolution of the EU enlargement policy, with a focus on the accession criteria, the reform of the accession methodology and the crisis dynamics that affected the EU and the candidate countries, as well as an overview of the development of the European Neighborhood Policy, its instruments and methods, in the light of two policy reviews. The concept of Europeanization, which forms the broader theoretical framework of this dissertation, is also elaborated, as well as the key features of the conditionality policy with a focus on the External incentives model, rule of law as a fundamental value of the Union and one of key political criteria for EU membership, and the fight against corruption in the context of two policies. In its empirical part, the dissertation provides an analysis and comparison of findings on progress in the areas of the rule of law and the fight against corruption in Serbia and Ukraine in the period from 2014 to 2022, and a comparison of the effectiveness of conditionality instruments in the enlargement policy and the European Neighborhood Policy. The dissertation identified important factors influencing the effectiveness of conditionality instruments common to both policies. The hypothesis about greater effectiveness of conditionality instruments in countries having a membership perspective was disproved, and the one according to which in countries with low public support and pronounced internal crises, the political costs of harmonization in the area of rule of law threaten the effectiveness of conditionality instruments, was confirmed.
Finally, an interpretation of the findings in the wider context of European policies and theories on enlargement and neighborhood is given, as well as a consideration of the theoretical and practical implications of the results
Geographical aspect of the borderlands study - the example of Bosnia and Herzegovina
No full textU doktorskoj disertaciji analizirana su pogranična područja Bosne i Hercegovine. Analiza je strukturirana na tri razine: makro (država), mezo (pograničje s pet definiranih sektora) i mikrorazina (odabrane pogranične općine). Cilj disertacije je kvantitativno i kvalitativno istražiti pogranična područja Bosne i Hercegovine s naglaskom na njihova demografska i socioekonomska obilježja. Rezultati pokazuju kako ne postoje značajne razlike u relativnim udjelima visokih klasa marginalizacije u modelu utemeljenom na 67 kriterija te vrijednostima socioekonomskog i demografskog indeksa između pograničnih i nepograničnih općina. Primjenom inferencijalnih statističkih testova detektirane su razlike u demografskim i socioekonomskim pokazateljima između pograničnih sektora međusobno, čime je potvrđen značajan stupanj heterogenosti bosanskohercegovačkog pograničja. Anketni podaci ukazuju na različite percepcije ispitanika u odabranim općinama te smanjenu ulogu granice u svakodnevnom životu anketiranih. Znanstveni doprinos rada ogleda se u sveobuhvatnoj bazi demografskih i socioekonomskih pokazatelja, derivaciji prvog indeksa marginalizacije te inferencijalnim statističkim analizama kojima je pograničje označeno kao heterogen i ne nužno slabije razvijen prostor u odnosu na nepogranična područja Bosne i Hercegovine.The border areas (borderlands) of Bosnia and Herzegovina are the central focus of this doctoral dissertation. The analysis is structured across three levels: macro (state), meso (border regions divided into five defined sectors), and micro level (selected border municipalities). The aim of the dissertation is to explore the border areas of Bosnia and Herzegovina using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, with an emphasis on their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. The results show that there are no statistically significant differences in the relative shares of high marginalization classes within the model based on 67 criteria, nor in the values of the socioeconomic and demographic indices when comparing border and non-border municipalities. However, the application of inferential statistical tests revealed differences in socioeconomic and demographic indicators between border sectors, confirming a significant degree of heterogeneity. Survey data indicate varying perceptions among respondents in selected municipalities and suggest a diminished role of the border in shaping everyday lives of those surveyed. A scientific contribution of this study lies in its comprehensive database of demographic and socioeconomic indicators, the development of the first marginalization index and the use of inferential statistical analyses, which highlight the border region as a heterogeneous area that is not necessarily less developed than non-border regions in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Konveksno-aproksimacijski pristup za pružanje pomoćnih usluga temeljen na problemu optimalnih tokova snaga u distribucijskoj mreži
No full textThe primary motivation for writing this dissertation stems from the current challenges in the transition of the power sector towards low-carbon technologies. This transition is unique in many ways. The nature of climate change risks, combined with the characteristics of the existing economic framework, which is unable to adequately address the challenges brought by climate change, makes this transition non-organic, which significantly complicates the entire process. Distributed energy resources play a crucial role in the transition; however, their variability and the increased complexity of distribution network management pose challenges for distribution system operators. With the increasing share of distributed energy resources, managing the distribution network has become increasingly complex over the past decade. The challenge of the energy transition drives a paradigm shift in the planning and operation of distribution networks, moving towards an approach that, in some aspects, increasingly resembles transmission network management. On the other hand, the implementation of new solutions, such as battery systems and inverter technologies for distributed energy resources, enables more efficient network management. However, regulatory frameworks and the lack of appropriate software tools often limit their full potential. The aim of this research is to develop methods that would enable DSOs to more effectively utilize ancillary services, such as voltage control and congestion management. The methods are intuitive and applicable for operators, meaning they are based on expanding the well-established methodologies, like the optimal power flow, to incorporate uncertainties leading to grid models that better reflect the needs of grid operators. Due to the lack of measurement data in the network, the developed methods take into account the network’s low observability and the uncertainties that arise from it. However, the non-convex nature of the underlying power flow equations makes incorporating these uncertainties difficult to solve. Recently, convex reformulations of the original optimal power flow problem were seen as an avenue of research that could alleviate some of the problems of non-convexity of the original, non-linear models. Convex reformulations enable faster solutions to these problems, although often at the cost of exactness in the obtained solution. Therefore, an important aspect of this work is the critical analysis of convex relaxations and approximations used in the power system research. Finally, the dissertation highlights the importance of collaboration between academia and industry to ensure the practical implementation of new technological solutions.Glavni poticaj za izradu ove disertacije proizlazi iz aktualnih izazova energetske tranzicije prema niskougljičnim tehnologijama. Ova tranzicija je u mnogočemu specifična. Rizici povezani s klimatskim promjenama, u kombinaciji s postojećim gospodarskim okvirom koji nije prilagođen odgovoru na takve izazove, čine prijelaz na nove energetske paradigme neorganskim, što dodatno otežava njegovu provedbu. U toj tranziciji ključnu ulogu imaju distribuirani izvori energije, no njihova varijabilnost te povećana složenost upravljanja distribucijskom mrežom predstavljaju ozbiljan izazov za operatore sustava. Tijekom posljednjeg desetljeća, s porastom udjela distribuiranih izvora, upravljanje mrežom postalo je znatno složenije. To je dovelo do promjene pristupa u planiranju i vođenju distribucijskih mreža, koje sve više poprimaju obilježja upravljanja prijenosnim sustavima. Istodobno, primjena novih tehnologija – poput baterijskih sustava i suvremenih pretvarača – otvara mogućnosti za učinkovitije upravljanje mrežom, iako njihovu punu primjenu često ograničavaju postojeći regulatorni okviri i nedostatak odgovarajućih softverskih alata. Cilj ovog istraživanja je razvoj metoda koje će operatorima distribucijskih sustava omogućiti učinkovitije korištenje pomoćnih usluga, kao što su regulacija napona i upravljanje zagušenjima. Predložene metode temelje se na nadogradnji dobro poznatih pristupa, poput optimalnog toka snage, pri čemu se uvode nesigurnosti kako bi se modeli bolje uskladili s operativnim potrebama mreže. Posebna pažnja posvećena je izazovima niske osmotrivosti mreže, odnosno nedostatku mjernih podataka, što dodatno komplicira proces modeliranja i optimizacije. Nekonveksna priroda jednadžbi toka snage čini integraciju nesigurnosti posebno zahtjevnom. U tom kontekstu, konveksne reformulacije problema optimalnog toka snage posljednjih su godina prepoznate kao obećavajući smjer istraživanja jer omogućuju brže pronalaženje rješenja, premda često uz kompromis u pogledu točnosti. Stoga disertacija uključuje i kritičku analizu konveksnih relaksacija i aproksimacija koje se koriste u suvremenim istraživanjima elektroenergetskih sustava. Na kraju, rad ističe važnost suradnje između znanstvene zajednice i industrije kako bi se omogućila praktična primjena novih tehnoloških rješenja i osigurala uspješna provedba energetske tranzicije
Upravljanje višerotorskom letjelicom kombiniranjem različitih principa aktuacije
No full textThe field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) control has traditionally focused on the application of a limited set of control inputs, predominantly rotor velocities, to manage flight dynamics. Previous research has typically addressed UAV control problems by concentrating on singular augmentations such as moving masses, tilt rotors, or robotic manipulators, with each scenario modeled separately. Included augmentations, especially robotic manipulators and additional carried payloads, are often treated as disturbances to the control system rather than as integral components that could enhance the UAV's overall capabilities. This conventional approach restricts the potential of UAV systems, particularly when tasked with complex, multifaceted missions that demand more sophisticated control strategies.
This research aims to redefine the control paradigm by incorporating a diverse range of additional control inputs, including tilt rotors, mass centroid variation methods like robotic arms, and moving masses. By integrating these varied control inputs into the UAV's control framework, the study explores the potential for innovative control configurations that could significantly enhance UAV performance. These configurations are expected to enable a broader range of capabilities, such as improved stability during contact-based tasks, the execution of more aggressive flight maneuvers, and enhanced energy efficiency. The overarching objective is to optimize UAV performance and functionality across different mission scenarios, thus opening up new possibilities for UAV applications.Područje kontrole bespilotnih višerotorskih letjelica (UAV) tradicionalno se usredotočuje na primjenu ograničenog skupa upravljačkih ulaza, prvenstveno brzina rotora, za upravljanje dinamikom leta.
Prethodna istraživanja obično se bave problemima upravljanja višerotorskim letjelicama koncentrirajući se na pojedinačne nadogradnje poput pomičnih masa, zakretnih rotora ili robotskih manipulatora, pri čemu se svaki scenarij modelira zasebno. Uključene nadogradnje, osobito robotski manipulatori i dodatni tereti, često se tretiraju kao smetnje u sustavu upravljanja, umjesto kao sastavni dijelovi letjelice koji bi mogli doprinjeti sveukupnom poboljšavanju letnih sposobnosti. Ovakav konvencionalni pristup ograničava potencijal bespilotnih sustava letjelica, osobito kada su zadužene za složene misije koje zahtijevaju sofisticiranije strategije upravljanja.
Cilj ovog istraživanje je unaprijediti kontrolni pristup uvođenjem raznolikog skupa dodatnih upravljačkih ulaza, uključujući zakretne rotore te metode varijacije težišta mase, poput robotskih ruku i pomičnih masa.
Integriranjem ovih različitih upravljačkih ulaza u upravljačko okruženje bespilotnih letjelica, ova disertacija istražuje potencijal inovativnih metoda upravljanja koje bi mogle značajno poboljšati karakteristike bespilotnih letjelica.
Očekuje se da će kombiniranje različitih konfiguracija aktuacijskih metoda omogućiti širi raspon sposobnosti, poput poboljšane stabilnosti tijekom zadataka s kontaktom, izvođenje agresivnijih manevara leta i povećane energetske učinkovitosti
Evaluation of the validity of gnathometric measurements using conventional and 3D digital orthodontic models
No full textPrecizna dentalna mjerenja ključna su za ortodontsku dijagnostiku i planiranje terapije. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti točnost ručnih mjerenja gipsanih modela, intraoralnog skeniranja (IOS) te skeniranja modela dobivenih alginatnim i silikonskim otiscima. Istraživanje je provedeno na 30 ispitanika (10 muškaraca i 20 žena) u dobi od 18 do 45 godina. Mjerene su meziodistalne i bukolingvalne duljine referentnih zuba desne strane čeljusti (11, 13, 14, 16, 41, 43, 44, 46) te interkanina i intermolarna širina i dužina zubnoga luka u objema čeljustima. Mjerenja na sadrenim modelima obavljena su ručnom digitalnom
mjerkom, a intraoralno skeniranje provedeno je intraoralnim skenerom Trios 3 i laboratorijskim skenerom Neway. Digitalna skeniranja obavljena su s pomoću softvera OrthoAnalyzer (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Za procjenu ponovljivosti rezultata
upotrijebljeni su interkorelacijski koeficijenti (ICC). Testiranje razlika između različitih metoda provedeno je t-testovima i Wilcoxonovim testom. Za usporedbu dimenzija zuba između metoda primijenjena je metoda analize varijance i Friedmanov test.
Ponovljivost mjerenja svih varijabla pokazala je vrlo male srednje razlike koje nisu bile statistički značajne. Rezultati dobiveni intraoralnim skeniranjem visoko su ponovljivi. Skeniranje modela izlivenih iz silikonskih otisaka pokazuje veću preciznost od skeniranja modela dobivenih iz alginatnih otisaka. Mjerenje interkanine širine u usporedbi s intraoralnim skeniranjem pokazalo je razliku između parova od 0,72 mm za maksilu (p < 0,001) i 1,17 mm za mandibulu (p < 0,001), što su statistički značajne razlike, ali su male i klinički prihvatljive. Slični rezultati dobiveni su i za usporedbu sa skeniranjima modela dobivenih iz silikonskih i
alginatnih otisaka. Zaključno intraoralno skeniranje pokazuje visoku točnost i pouzdanost mjerenja, a po preciznosti i ponovljivosti nadmašuje tradicionalna mjerenja na sadrenim modelima te ih može zamijeniti.Introduction: Accurate dental measurements are essential for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring. In addition to traditional measurements on plaster models, various digital scanning techniques are now utilized, including intraoral scanning and scanning of plaster models.
Aim: To evaluate the accuracy of different dental measurement techniques and compare manual measurements of plaster models, intraoral scanning (IOS), and scans of models derived from alginate and silicone impressions.
Methods: The study included 30 participants (10 males and 20 females) aged 18 to 30. Measurements included mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of reference teeth on the right side of the jaw (11, 13, 14, 16, 41, 43, 44, 46), intercanine and intermolar widths, and dental arch lengths in both jaws. Measurements on plaster models were performed using a manual digital caliper. Intraoral scanning was conducted using the Trios 3 intraoral scanner and Neway laboratory scanner. Digital scans were analyzed using OrthoAnalyzer software (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to assess repeatability. Differences between methods were tested using t-tests for normally distributed variables and Wilcoxon tests for non-normally distributed variables. Comparisons of tooth dimensions between methods were performed using ANOVA and Friedman tests.
Results: The repeatability of all measured variables showed very minor mean differences, none of which were statistically significant. Intraoral scanning yielded highly repeatable results. Scans of models derived from silicone impressions were more accurate than those from alginate impressions. Intercanine width measurements differed from intraoral scanning by 0.72 mm for the maxilla (P < 0.001) and 1.17 mm for the mandible (P < 0.001). These differences were statistically significant but clinically acceptable. Similar findings were observed when comparing silicone and alginate impression-derived scans. Differences in intermolar widths and dental arch lengths across methods were less than 1 mm, which was
statistically significant but clinically acceptable.
Conclusions: Digital dental measurement techniques improve accuracy, enhance clinical efficiency, and offer better patient experiences. Intraoral scanning demonstrates high precision and reliability, outperforming traditional measurement methods. This approach is both accurate and reliable, making it a viable alternative to conventional plaster model measurements
Development of experimentally based computational model for seismic resistance analysis of hybrid panel composed of clt frame and laminated load-bearing glass
No full textSuvremena arhitektura teži transparentnim pročeljima, što često vodi ka problemu prijenosa opterećenja na rubnim bridovima građevine, posebice pri lateralnim djelovanjima. Tehnološka rješenja napredovala su toliko da staklo, osim sekundarne uloge u ovojnici zgrade, može ujedno dobiti i nosivu ulogu. U literaturi je poznat veći broj različitih kompozitnih sustava, gdje je za (pot)konstrukciju korišten čelik ili aluminij, a na koju je stakleni panel pričvršćen točkasto u kutovima ili kontinuirano duž bridova. Nosivo staklo u kombinaciji s drvenim okvirom pak, predstavlja hibridni sustav s dobrim predispozicijama pri lateralnim djelovanjima, dobrim karakteristikama nosivosti na vertikalno opterećenje u ravnini i horizontalno van ravnine, a istovremeno je estetski zanimljiv sustav, energetski efikasan, ekološki prihvatljiv te financijski konkurentan. Prototip nove generacije ovakvog tipa hibridnih panela, autora Rajčić i Žarnić, ističe se izuzetnom razinom duktilnosti i trošenja seizmičke energije, uz osiguranje dostatne razine nosivosti i uporabivosti. Nastavno na istraživanja koja su proveli Antolinc i Stepinac te istraživanja u sklopu projekta HRZZ-a IP-2016-06-3811, cilj ove disertacije je putem eksperimentalnih istraživanja unaprijediti spoznaje o nosivim hibridnim panelima drvo – nosivo staklo te na temelju zaključaka, definirati računski model za analizu panela pod seizmičkim djelovanjima. U svrhu definiranja svih parametara koji utječu na ponašanje panela, provedena su eksperimentalna istraživanja. Ona su podloga za provedbu računskih analiza. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata omogućeno je donijeti univerzalne analitičke izraze i utemeljene uvjete nužne za projektiranje gradnje i sanacija građevina u potresnom okruženju korištenjem ovog tipa konstrukcijskog elementa.The use of large vertical glass surfaces in modern architecture is inevitable. However, due to the brittle nature of glass as a material, such elements can pose a serious threat to building users when the structure is exposed to seismic or other lateral loads. Therefore, glass elements are mainly used as secondary. On the other hand, the popular glazing of predominantly southern facades of buildings and the resulting lack of load-bearing vertical elements with significant rigidity results in an irregular location of the center of rigidity in relation to the center of mass of the building, which leads to significant torsional effects during lateral actions. In facade systems, glass elements are not considered load-bearing entities. However, in modern composite systems, glass elements participate in the load transfer equally with the rest of the basic structure. Such systems require the absorption of part of the seismic load, i.e., energy dissipation, while maintaining the necessary level of resistance to lateral and vertical actions.
Technological solutions have advanced so much that glass, in addition to its secondary role in the building envelope, can also have a load-bearing role. A large number of different composite systems are known in the literature, where steel or aluminum is used for the (sub)structure, and to which the glass panel is attached pointwise in the corners or continuously along the edges. Load-bearing glass in combination with a timber frame, on the other hand, represents a hybrid system with good predispositions to lateral actions, good load-bearing characteristics for vertical loads in the plane and horizontal loads out of the plane, and at the same time it is an aesthetically interesting system, energy-efficient, environmentally friendly and financially competitive.
Authors Rajčić and Žarnić defined a hybrid panel that significantly deviates from the behavior of previously researched systems by inserting a glass panel into a timber frame in which the joints at the nodes are made with a bonded-in rod. Through research by Antolinc and Stepinac and research by the Croatian Croatian Science Foundation project IP-2016-06-3811 VETROLIGNUM, the initial idea was optimized. The hysteresis response showed data on the very ductile behavior of the joint in the corners of the timber frame and on the excellent way of dissipating seismic energy, which is also contributed by overcoming the friction force between wood and glass. This concept of a wall element not only transfers the vertical load, but also achieves a sufficiently resistant and ductile stabilizing role that does not cause glass breakage.
The main goal of this dissertation was, through experimental, analytical and numerical research, to improve the knowledge about the load-bearing hybrid panel timber – load-bearing glass and, based on the conclusions, to define a calculation model for the analysis of the load-bearing capacity and usability of the panel. Therefore, the research in the thesis is directed towards the segments of the panel for which it turned out that there are deficient data or the same has been insufficiently researched. In order to appreciate the specifics of the panel and its components, a critical analysis of known theoretical models and existing standardized expressions was carried out. By adapting them and using different analytical and numerical methods, an experimentally based computational model was proposed.
After conducting the research, the following conclusions can be drawn:
• The hybrid timber – load bearing glass panel is applicable as a load-bearing structural element under various boundary conditions, not only when there is an induced vertical load, but also in the case when it is equal to the self-weight of the element.
• In addition to the connection in the node of the timber frame of the hybrid panel, a significant part of the energy consumption is provided by the friction between the wood and the glass. However, there are certain discrepancies between the data obtained from experimental research and the data from the literature.
• The calculation models presented in various standards imply the use of glass panels as secondary elements, which neglects their potentially positive effect on the load-bearing capacity. This thesis presents an experimentally based calculation model for analyzing the resistance of a glass panel in combination with a timber frame. Therefore, the hybrid panel does not have to be neglected as an opening, but there is a basis for calculating its load-bearing capacity and usability as a structural element.
• By comparing the results obtained from the research and the results derived from the standardized analytical expressions for the load-bearing capacity and usability of the joint with bonded-in rods, it was concluded that the same expressions do not fully describe the behavior of the joint itself in a correct way.
• Numerical research methods can be used to obtain a more detailed insight into the behavior of such a load-bearing element, as well as its individual parts. The presented method of numerical modeling, which is based on experimentally determined input data, represents a simpler approach for design that results in sufficiently accurate data, both in the linearly elastic range and in the plastic range.
• Parametric analyses of the hybrid panel in the elastic range of behavior confirmed that the load-bearing capacity is significantly affected by the height of the panel, while increasing the length has a favorable effect. Other parameters logically affect the increase/decrease in the resistance and stiffness, or ductility of the system.
In conclusion, the research results presented in this thesis confirm the initially set hypothesis (H1) that experimental research and numerical analyses will enable obtaining data on the influence of the bonding agent and the geometric and material characteristics of the elements on the seismic resistance and ductility of the timber – load-bearing glass hybrid panel. However, the hypothesis (H2) that, based on the obtained data and existing standardized expressions, it is possible to determine universal analytical expressions for the dimensioning of a panel suitable for construction and reinforcement, has not been fully confirmed. The reason lies in the fact that the standardized expressions for determining the resistance and stiffness of joints with bonded-in rods cannot be fully accepted as such and that a certain revision of them is required, as explained in the thesis. Furthermore, the focus of the thesis was not so much on the application of hybrid panels for the purpose of reinforcement, that is, it was only marginally mentioned, and it is certainly necessary to conduct additional research in the direction as stated below in the text.
From a review of the available literature, it can be concluded that there is a limited number of studies of timber-glass composite systems exposed to a combination of vertical and variable horizontal in-plane loading (essentially, exposed to seismic actions). In this thesis, the behavior of the hybrid panel is extensively analyzed using experimental, analytical and numerical methods in order to better describe this specific structural element, which also represents the essence of the contribution of science in the considered area.
From the results of the research and the conclusions reached, the original scientific contribution of this work is reflected in the following:
• The overview of the state of the art in the field of composite systems research has been supplemented, or rather expanded.
• Parametric experimental studies have been conducted to accurately determine the coefficient of friction between glass and wood for various glass panel formations. This parameter is extremely important as input data for analytical and numerical models.
• Parametric experimental studies of the hole envelope strength of cross-laminated timber in a joint with a bonded-in steel bar have been conducted, with the nominal diameter of the bar (M10, M14 and M16) and the direction of the fibers (two directions) being varied as parameters.
• Parametric experimental studies of a joint with a bonded-in steel rod in a timber frame node have been conducted, with the nominal diameter of the bar (M10, M14 and M16) and the level of bending moment (two levels) being varied as parameters.
• Based on the two latter studies, a clearer picture of the behavior of the bonded-in rod joint was obtained when the joint was simultaneously exposed to a bending moment, i.e., shear action and the action of the joint pulling out. The results in question are certainly useful and as a certain supplement to the insufficient knowledge available in the literature. Given that the joint itself indirectly defines the behavior of the hybrid panel, this approach is essential in order to be able to better describe the behavior of the joint in the node of a wooden frame, and this separately from the system.
• Experimental studies of hybrid panels were supplemented by testing samples in real size under monotonic and cyclic loading protocols, for the case when the panels are vertically loaded only by their own weight. In this way, the simplified behavior of the panel in the plane during seismic actions was simulated, for the lowest level of vertical load, in order to gain a better insight into the behavior of the panel itself.
• Experimental investigations of hybrid panels were carried out by testing real-size samples under a quasi-static, i.e., cyclic out-of-plane loading protocol for panels that were previously tested in-plane. In this way, the simplified out-of-plane behavior of the panel during seismic actions was simulated, all in order to confirm the assumptions that the panel meets the prescribed load-bearing and usability conditions even when it is laterally loaded out of plane.
• The existing standardized expressions were critically reviewed and a proposal was given for the analytical expressions of the redistribution of forces and stiffness both for the joint in the node of the timber frame and for the entire hybrid panel. Analytical expressions for dimensioning the hybrid panel were proposed.
• Experimentally based numerical models of the joint behavior with a bonded-in rod are presented, as a basis for defining the joint behavior in the numerical model of the hybrid panel.
• Also in the computer program DLUBAL RFEM, the entire hybrid panel was modeled in such a way that the contact connections between the glass panel and the timber elements were given, which only transmit pressure and contact shear immediately before overcoming friction, while the joints in the nodes of the timber frame were defined by nonlinear springs. This simplified model showed relatively good agreement with the results of experimental research on real-size samples.
• The presented analytical and numerical models, as a basis for parametric analyses, enable further research on simulations of the behavior of hybrid panels.
• A parametric analysis of the influence of the geometric characteristics of the elements and the diameter of the bonded-in rod and boundary conditions on the resistance and stiffness of the hybrid panel in the elastic (linear) behavior range was performed.
• The research results supplement the existing knowledge that leads to the introduction of such a structural element into practice.
Looking at the overall concept of the hybrid panel, after gaining new knowledge through the research presented in this thesis, certain recommendations were made for further research that would have a scientific contribution, but also accelerate the introduction of the panel into practice. The recommendations can be divided into three categories: research related to system optimization, research of the general nature of panel behavior, and research into the calculation of load capacity and panel usability
Organ heritage in the Franciscan Province of the Most Holy Redeemer in Dalmatia during the 18th century
No full textU ovoj disertaciji iznose se rezultati višegodišnjih (terenskih) istraživanja orguljske baštine iz 18. i, manjim dijelom, prve polovice 19. stoljeća u Franjevačkoj provinciji Presvetoga Otkupitelja u Dalmaciji (nastaloj 1735., odvajanjem od puno starije i veće Provincije-majke Bosne Srebrene), zbog čega se govori o dugome 18. stoljeću. Pod pojmom orguljske baštine podrazumijevaju se muzikalije (orgulje, notni materijali te knjige o glazbi), tj. primarni izvori, koji su dijelom sačuvani do danas, a potom i orguljari te orguljaši (napose franjevci). U svrhu što bolje kontekstualizacije proučeni su i odgovarajući sekundarni izvori (samostanski ljetopisi, diariji, običajnici, knjige troškova, tabule redovnika, mrtvari, ugovori i sl.). Postojeća, ranija saznanja iz literature sintetizirana su, (re)kontekstualizirana i nadopunjena dosad nepoznatim spoznajama, tj. novim podatcima. Ispravljene su mjestimične netočnosti ili nepreciznosti, te im je, ukupno gledano, dano novo čitanje. Istraženo je ukupno dvanaest lokacija: 1. Karin (crkva Svete Marije), 2. Knin (crkva sv. Antuna Padovanskoga), 3. Visovac (samostan i crkva Gospe od Anđela), 4. Šibenik (samostan i crkva sv. Lovre mučenika), 5. Šibenik-Varoš (crkva Gospe van Grada), 6. Split-Dobri (samostan i crkva Gospe od Zdravlja), 7. Sinj (samostan i crkva Čudotvorne Gospe Sinjske), 8. Omiš-Skalice (samostan i crkva Gospe od Karmela), 9. Imotski (crkva sv. Franje Asiškoga), 10. Makarska (samostan i crkva Blažene Djevice Marije na Nebo uznesene), 11. Živogošće (crkva sv. Križa) i 12. Zaostrog (crkva Blažene Djevice Marije na Nebo uznesene). Obrađeno je i 18 starih orgulja, nabavljenih 1711. – 1834.; izlučena su imena i biografije te su načinjene kronotakse šezdeset i šestorice franjevaca-glazbenika djelatnih po pojedinim samostanima. Analizirano je, opisano i kontekstualizirano pet orguljskih zbirki, pohranjenih na Visovcu, u Splitu (dvije zbirke), Omišu i Makarskoj, iz 18. i početka 19. stoljeća, dosad u većini slučajeva nepoznatih ili djelomično obrađenih. Osnovna teza rada glasi da je orgulje s pripadajućim repertoarom i načinima uporabe sa stajališta muzikologije moguće, osobito u vremenu o kojemu je ovdje riječ, smatrati jednim od najrelevantnijih „spomenika zvukovlja“. One se sagledavaju kao pokazatelji glazbene (glazbenoliturgijske) kulture/prakse u Provinciji Presvetoga Otkupitelja, a posredno i izvan nje, poglavito kroz prizmu glazbenoga kasnog baroka te (pret)klasicizma u Dalmaciji. Po zaključcima iz ovoga rada daju se prikazati suodnosi orguljske baštine u Provinciji Presvetoga Otkupitelja sa širim vizurama, prvenstveno talijanskim, koje su se preko glazbala i izvođenja odrazile u čitavoj južnoj Hrvatskoj. Kao zorni primjer zahtjevnosti orguljskih notnih materijala, odnosno mogućih tehničkih dometa franjevaca orguljaša, nadopunu rada predstavljaju transkripcije 21 skladbe – pet skladbi iz visovačke i šesnaest iz makarske orguljske knjižice. Osim što po sebi svjedoče o razini kvalitete, umreženosti, zahtjevima i mogućnostima istražene franjevačke sredine, također i individualnim naporima redovnika glazbenika, moguće ih je – a i poželjno – revitalizirati u sviračkoj i glazbeno-pedagoškoj praksi.This dissertation presents and synthesizes the most important results of multiannual (field) research on the organ heritage of the eighteenth century and, to a lesser extent, the first half of the nineteenth century in the Franciscan Province of the Most Holy Redeemer in Dalmatia (officially known between 1735 and 1743/1745 as the Province of St. Caius, Pope and Martyr). Since the founding of this monastic province in 1735, which emerged through its separation from the much older and larger Mother Province of the Holy Cross of Bosna Argentina, its seat was located in Šibenik, Since 1888, it has been situated in Split, in the district of Dobri (Pozzobon). The term organ heritage refers to musical items and primary sources (organs, books on music and organ sheet music materials, mostly in manuscript form) that have been partially preserved to this day. An essential supplement is the corresponding human factor, musicians (organ builders and organists), primarily Franciscans, but also some laymen. In order to fully understand the topic of the thesis, relevant secondary, supplementary sources were also researched (chronicles, monastery diaries, expense books, organ construction contracts, as well as lists of monks associated with musical instruments and music manuscripts, along with their biographies, etc.). Existing, earlier knowledge from the literature has been synthesized, (re)contextualized and supplemented with previously unknown insights and new data. Occasional inaccuracies or imprecisions were corrected and, overall, a new interpretation has been provided. Since the chronological-stylistic framework of the Baroque and early Classical periods to which this dissertation is directed is quite flexible, especially in terms of absolute duration, the notion of a long (or one could say extended) eighteenth century is considered at length.
The monasteries and/or churches whose corresponding artifacts (organs and music archive materials) were researched, studied, digitized (in the case of manuscripts), and (re)contextualized, primarily from a musicological and partly from a cultural standpoint, are: 1. Karin (Church of St. Mary), 2. Knin (Church of St. Anthony of Padua), 3. Visovac (Monastery and Church of Our Lady of Angels), 4. Šibenik (Monastery and Church of St. Lawrence the Martyr), 5. Šibenik-Varoš (Church of Our Lady outside the City), 6. Split-Dobri (Monastery and Church of Our Lady of Health), 7. Sinj (Monastery and Church of the Miraculous Lady of Sinj), 8. Omiš-Skalice (Monastery and Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel), 9. Imotski (Church of St. Francis of Assisi), 10. Makarska (Monastery and Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), 11. Živogošće (Church of the Holy Cross), and 12. Zaostrog (Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary).
The main thesis of the dissertation is that the organ, along with its corresponding repertoire and methods of use, can be regarded from a musicological standpoint as one of the most relevant aspects of musical and cultural life, especially during the period in question. Thus, on the one hand, the organ is seen as a key indicator of the musical (or music-liturgical) culture of the Franciscans of the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer during the long eighteenth century; on the other hand, it is linked to both the public and cultural life of the communities in which the Franciscans were active, as well as to the musical culture of Dalmatia at the time, and even beyond its borders.
The dissertation is divided into four main parts.
The first part – Music-Historical Circumstances and Contexts in the Long Eighteenth Century – provides an overview of the events that marked and shaped the social, artistic, and stylistic dimensions of musical life in Europe and the Croatian lands, including Dalmatia. It outlines the musical contributions and names of the Franciscans from the Province of Bosna Argentina, the Province of St. John Capistrano, and the Province of St. Ladislaus the King. The “fateful” migrations of the population from Bosnia (and partly from Herzegovina) to mainland Dalmatia, in which the Franciscans of the Province of Bosna Argentina played an exceptional role, followed by those of the Province of St. Caius, Pope and Martyr/Most Holy Redeemer, had a decisive influence on the heritage discussed here.
The key aspects of organ art in the Baroque and (pre-)Classical periods are described, with an overview of European organ-building schools and the role of the organ in Catholic worship during that time. Italian organ-building is briefly considered, particularly in relation to the Dalmatian organ repertoire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Furthermore, the commissioners, circumstances, and methods of organ acquisition in Dalmatia are described through ten case studies. The characteristics of Venetian-Dalmatian types of organs are illustrated by the contributions of Don Petar Nakić and the master organ builders from his school in Dalmatia and Italy, with a selection of organs corresponding to those acquired by the Franciscans of the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer. Nakić’s organ-building principles proved to be so resilient in practice that they are sometimes applied even in recent times, as demonstrated by the organ built by the Italian organ builder Gustavo Zanin in 1994 for the Cathedral of the Assumption of Mary (St. Domnius) in Split, now located in the parish church of St. Jerome in Kaštel Gomilica.
The official duties and life occupations of organists in Dalmatia (using examples from Split and Hvar) and the Republic of Dubrovnik (using an example from Dubrovnik) provide a general portrait of the organist-musician in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This profile is comparable to that of the Franciscan organist-musicians of the time, particularly in the range of interests associated with it. Based on compositions from selected manuscript organ notebooks from four archives in the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer (Visovac, Split, Omiš, and Makarska), which serve as personal catalogues of repertoire and performance capabilities of the monk organists (mostly unidentified, but whose identities can be assumed), general conclusions are drawn about their qualifications, the musical style of the compositions they performed and the integration of various musical genres into the Mass and Divine Office. The use of the organ in a soloist sense, i.e. in alternatim exchanges with the choir and accompanying soloists (or smaller vocal ensembles) in continuo fashion, is discussed.
The official duties and life occupations of organists in Dalmatia (using examples from Split and Hvar) and the Republic of Dubrovnik (using an example from Dubrovnik) provide a general portrait of the organist-musician in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. This profile is comparable to that of the Franciscan organist-musicians of the time, particularly in the range of interests associated with it. Based on compositions from selected manuscript organ notebooks from four archives in the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer (Visovac, Split, Omiš, and Makarska), which serve as personal catalogues of repertoire and performance capabilities of the monk organists (mostly unidentified, but whose identities can be assumed), general conclusions are drawn about their qualifications, the musical style of the compositions they performed and the integration of various musical genres into the Mass and Divine Office. The use of the organ in a soloist sense, i.e. in alternatim exchanges with the choir and accompanying soloists (or smaller vocal ensembles) in continuo fashion, is discussed.
The historical background and involvement of the Franciscans of the Province of St. Caius, Pope and Martyr/Most Holy Redeemer, in the social and cultural circumstances from the eighteenth century to recent times is presented. The multifaceted activities of the monks of the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer in the context of Enlightenment and the far-reaching social changes of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are also highlighted, along with the monastic education system in the Province, particularly as a system that officially fostered music in the education and training of young Franciscans.
This is followed by a review of the existing knowledge about musician-monks in the Province, as referred to in academic papers and general and specialized literature. Emphasis is placed on the two most renowned figures: Don Petar (formerly Fra Pavle OFM) Nakić (1694 1769), a master organ builder of Venetian-Dalmatian organ craftsmanship in the eighteenth century, and Fra Petar Knežević OFM (1701–1768), one of the most prominent musicians in the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer during the same period. Thanks to their activities and legacies – to Nakić as an agile musical migrant, a secular priest working throughout the Adriatic basin (within the Venetian Republic), and to Knežević, who was engaged within his monastic community – the eighteenth century achieved its “extended duration”.
Further insights into the dynamics of musical life and its key figures in the Province are provided by the presented group of sixty-five Franciscan musicians who worked in monasteries across the Province as singing teachers, directors of monastic choirs and, especially, as organists (sometimes on an occasional basis); some were also copyists of musical materials, and one of them worked as an organ builder. Some of these monks involved in music were previously entirely unknown, while others were only lesser-known or little-known. On this occasion, their biographies are presented in detail, from which were compiled lists and timelines of the locations where they were active as musicians. It is certain, as is still the case today, that some monastic (musicians’) duties were sometimes performed unofficially, based on oral agreements. This understanding provides at least a partial explanation for some “gaps” in the constructed musical chronotaxes.
Research has established that all the friars-musicians were versatile individuals. They often came from small Dalmatian villages, and music was just one of their many responsibilities. However, some of them, as music teachers, singing leaders and organists in certain monasteries, i.e. in the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer, achieved long-standing, notable contributions. In addition to their training within the Province’s institutions, some monks also acquired musical knowledge and skills, especially as organists, outside the country, primarily in Italy. Among the Franciscan musicians – particularly those proven to be organists – the following stand out by their achievements and musical careers (listed by order of birth): Fra Petar Ravlić OFM from Kozica (ca. 1697–1771), Fra Petar Knežević OFM from Kapitul near Knin (1701–1768), Fra Šimun Batinić from Makarska (1703–1771), Fra Josip Kukavica OFM from Karin (1726–1822), Fra Sebastijan Jurišić OFM from Baška Voda (1728–1811), Fra Ivan Evangelist Knežević OFM from Knin (1737–1801), Fra Pavao Vučković Jr. OFM from Brnaze near Sinj (1737–1817), Fra Jeronim Vuletić OFM from Vrlika (ca. 1742–1812), Fra Paškal Jukić OFM from Živogošće (1748–1806), Fra Bartul Šakić OFM from Piramatovci (1750–1816), Fra Karlo Vladić OFM from Prvić (1764–1816), Fra Ivan Šoda OFM from Bristivica (1766–1843), and Fra Paško Dropulić OFM from Proložac (1784–1863). As supported in the paper, it is assumed that Fra Jeronim Filipušić OFM from Muć (1771–1849) was an assistant/collaborator (and thus also a student) of Gaetano Moscatelli (ca. 1765–1822) during the installation of a new organ in the Franciscan church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Omiš (1792). It was precisely through Filipušić, and with the help of Moscatelli, that Nakić’s organ-building tradition, albeit as an echo, “returned” to Dalmatia, i.e. to the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer.
This is followed by a review of all the old organs in the Province, totaling as many as eighteen, which were possessed by the monastic and/or parish churches (somewhere even two organs in the same church) in Šibenik, Karin, Zaostrog, Visovac, Makarska, Šibenik-Varoš, Živogošće, Sinj, Split-Dobri, Knin, Omiš, and Imotski. The existence of an additional, nineteenth, organ in the Province, in Sumartin on the island of Brač, cannot be proven and remains an open question. Of all the organs, whether used or new at the time, acquired in various ways between 1711 and 1834, only fragments of Nakić’s organ in Zaostrog (1738) and the remains of the manual windchest of Bazzani’s organ in Imotski (1834) still exist today, along with two restored organs: that of Francesco Dacci Sr. in Visovac (1771) and that of Antonio Callido in Živogošće (1824), as recorded according to their condition in situ. Certain details regarding the organs have been specified, clarified and further contextualized, where necessary/possible. The circumstances of the acquisition and other characteristics of most of the organs are provided, along with the names of the guardians whose efforts (likely) facilitated the acquisition of the organ. Comprehensive chronotaxes have also been made for the friars musicians who played the organ or held other musical functions in the respective monasteries (e.g. leading the monastic choir or serving as coristi).
To expand the context of musical performance, an examination is also provided of three previously unknown musical sources from the Franciscan Monastery of St. Lawrence the Martyr in Šibenik. These sources demonstrate the “enhancement” of the organ musical archive with theoretical materials used (also) during the eighteenth century (Giovanni Maria Bononcini: Mvsico prattico, Venice, 1678) and musical scores (M. Rosa Giacinta Badalla OSB: Motetti a voce sola, Venice, 1684, and an incomplete part for the second violin or mandolin: Allegro in D major by an unknown composer, likely from the second half of the eighteenth century), which certainly requires further detailed research.
Regarding organ manuscripts, the most artistically, technically and stylistically representative collections in the Province have been thoroughly studied and analyzed. These include five music notebooks: 1. Studio Di Composizioni Musicali dʼOrgano per rispondere al Coro... (sign. 152, from 1757), from the Monastery of Our Lady of the Angels in Visovac; 2. and 3. organ music notebook Scale Cadenze, e Ricercate Per tutti i Tuoni Musicali... (sign. RK 107, from 1807) and a collection with a transcription of Sonata for Violin and Violone or Harpsichord, Op. V by Arcangelo Corelli from 1700, intended for organ or possibly harpsichord (sign. RK 111, undated, probably from the second half of the eighteenth century), from the Monastery of Our Lady of Health in Split-Dobri; 4. organ music notebook (no sign., undated, from the second half of the eighteenth or early nineteenth century) from the Monastery of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Makarska; and 5. organ music notebook (sign. OMf I/33, undated, from the eighteenth or nineteenth century) from the Monastery of Our Lady of Mount Carmel in Omiš. In addition to the analysis of style, musical qualities, performance aspects, and other relevant parameters/circumstances, the names of monks who used or could have used these collections have been identified. A sixth music notebook from Split (sign. RK 113, probably from the second half of the eighteenth or early nineteenth century) is now misplaced. It is presented thanks to an earlier (and the only) musicological review, with contextualization derived through indirect conclusions.
Using the Répertoire International des Sources Musicales (RISM) database, the authors of individual works and other locations where they were stored/disseminated have been identified. The total number of complete compositions/movements in the listed (preserved) collections is 537. The Visovac collection contains 264 complete works; the complete Corelli collection from Split has 11 multi-movement Baroque sonatas, concluding with No. 12, the famous La Folia, totaling 61 movements; another Split collection contains 35 complete compositions; the Makarska collection holds 163 complete works; and the Omiš collection preserves 14 complete pieces. Most of the compositions can be dated to the eighteenth century, possibly (also) the early nineteenth century, while the only certain year of origin (although not of the transcription) can be associated with the compositions from the first Split music notebook, i.e. Corelli’s Op. V, published in 1700. The oldest explicitly dated collection, and unique in every respect, is the Visovac collection from 1757, which includes also some complex compositions, mostly partimenti, for solo organ alternatim accompaniment of the solemn, sung Divine Office. With the information from the preface and, particularly, its content, Studio Di Composizioni Musicali dʼOrgano per rispondere al Coro... represents a source somewhat analogous to the valuable (lost) organ tablature from Hvar (from the early seventeenth century). Although the Visovac collection is originally a Servite musical source created in Brescia, it should now be viewed as a monument of Franciscan musical culture, filling the general lack of solo organ literature in the mid-eighteenth century in our region. The older Split collection (of unknown date), including all 12 of Corelli's Sonatas for Violin and Violone or Harpsichord, Op. V from 1700, indicates the persistence of the Baroque style in Split at least through the second half of the eighteenth century, confirming the possibility that such compositions can be performed on the organ or harpsichord. The younger collection from 1807, which is technically much easier and expanded with later additions – including one piece explicitly for harpsichord – contains additions of pre-Classical performance material to Classical style contributions by Austrian composers. This collection also reveals that the Province of the Most Holy Redeemer maintained a connection with the famous Venetian Franciscan Monastery of San Francesco della Vigna in the early nineteenth century. It was used in liturgy, music education, and possibly private music making. The Omiš music notebook probably dates from the late eighteenth or early nineteenth century and represents a small (personal) anthology of typical organ pieces of the day suitable for practical use in the (Mass) liturgy. The same applies to the much larger Makarska collection, which is probably somewhat older. However, the Makarska organ notebook, with its 163 co