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THE ROLE OF THE SCHOOL LIBRARY IN E-EDUCATION
No full textTema doktorske disertacije je e-obrazovanje i uloga školske knjižnice u procesu integracije eobrazovanja
u rad školske knjižnice kako bi se adekvatno odgovorilo potrebama suvremenog
odgojno-obrazovnog procesa. Disertacija donosi spoznaje na temelju pregleda i analize
objavljene literature s područja informacijskih znanosti i školskog knjižničarstva te pedagogije,
uporabe informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije i web 2.0 alata u obrazovanju. Cilj
disertacije je na temelju teorijskih postavki i novih teorija obrazovanja, primjera dobre prakse
i taksativno navedenih web 2.0 alata te mrežnih mjesta i istraživanja percepcije uloge školske
knjižnice u e-obrazovanju od strane njezinih korisnika ispitati mogućnosti razvoja eobrazovanja
u školskim knjižnicama osnovnih i srednjih škola. Ova disertacija kroz dva
istraživanja provedena među odgojno-obrazovnim djelatnicima i učenicima odabranih
osnovnih i srednjih škola Brodsko-posavske županije donosi analizu rezultata istraživanja koji
pokazuju kako današnju školsku knjižnicu percipiraju njezini korisnici, učenici, učitelji,
nastavnici, profesori i stručni suradnici, ali i kako se vodstvo škole odnosi prema školskoj
knjižnici. Rezultati istraživanja upućuju na to da je svim korisnicima školskih knjižnica jasno
da bez digitalizacije i implementacije informacijsko-komunikacijske tehnologije, ali i dobrih i
kvalitetnih temelja odgoja i obrazovanja, te razvoja kritičkog mišljenja, suvremenu školsku
knjižnicu nije moguće zamisliti. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su glavnu hipotezu rada da
školske knjižnice trebaju integrirati e-obrazovanje u svoj rad kako bi odgovorile potrebama
svojih korisnika kojima su danas potrebne visoko razvijene digitalne kompetencije i koji trebaju
razviti pismenosti 21. stoljeća s posebnim naglaskom na digitalnu, informacijsku i medijsku
pismenost. Uočene spoznaje na kraju disertacije sintetiziraju se kroz model knjižničnog
kurikuluma koji školskim knjižnicama omogućuje konstruktivnu integraciju IKT-a u odnosu na
uočene teorijske postavke te potrebe korisnika knjižnica za povećanjem digitalnih
kompetencija. Praktična razina znanstvenog doprinosa vidljiva je u izrađenom Knjižničnom
kurikulumu međupredmetne teme Uporaba IKT-a kroz pet odgojno-obrazovnih ciklusa, kao i
u mogućnosti korištenja rezultata istraživanja kao polazne točke za nova istraživanja, osobito
vezanih uz uporabu umjetne inteligencije u odgojno-obrazovnom sustavu danas i u budućnostiThe theme of this doctoral dissertation is e-education and the role of the school library in the
process of integrating e-education into the operations of the school library to adequately meet
the needs of the modern educational process. The dissertation presents insights based on a
review and analysis of published literature in the fields of information science and school
librarianship, pedagogy, the use of information and communication technology, and Web 2.0
tools in education. The aim of the dissertation is, based on theoretical foundations and new
theories of education, examples of good practice, a detailed list of Web 2.0 tools and online
resources, and research on the perception of the school library's role in e-education by its users,
to explore the possibilities for the development of e-education in school libraries of primary
and secondary schools. This dissertation, through two studies conducted among educational
staff and students of selected primary and secondary schools in the Brod-Posavina County,
provides an analysis of the research results that show how today's school library is perceived
by its users: students, teachers, professors, and professional associates, as well as how the
school leadership views the school library. The research results indicate that all users of school
libraries understand that without digitization and the implementation of information and
communication technology, along with good and quality foundations in education and the
development of critical thinking, the modern school library cannot be imagined. The research
results confirmed the main hypothesis of the study that school libraries need to integrate eeducation
into their work to meet the needs of their users, who today require highly developed
digital competencies and need to develop 21st-century literacies, with a special emphasis on
digital, information, and media literacy. The findings observed at the end of the dissertation are
synthesized through a Library Curriculum Model that allows school libraries to constructively
integrate ICT in relation to the observed theoretical foundations and the needs of library users
for increasing digital competencies. The practical level of scientific contribution is visible in
the developed Library Curriculum for the cross-curricular theme of ICT Use through five
educational cycles, as well as in the potential use of the research results as a starting point for
new research, especially related to the use of artificial intelligence in the educational system
today and in the futur
Literature as a cohesive factor in gymnasiums
No full textOvaj rad ispituje kohezivnu snagu književnosti u gimnazijama. Njime se nastoji odgovoriti na pitanje može li književnost omogućiti suradnju među nastavnicima različitih nastavnih predmeta, a međupredmetno povezivanje na temelju književnih sadržaja utjecati na učenički interes za čitanje takve vrste tekstova i čitanje općenito. Hipoteza o kohezivnoj snazi književnosti postavljena je na temelju iskustva pri provođenju školskih projekata.
U prvome su dijelu rada predstavljena odgojno-obrazovna područja i njihova povezanost s književnošću. Veze su pritom dokazane postupno, najprije izvan same nastave, a potom, na temelju literature i osobnih iskustava autora, u nastavi. Pritom su predloženi modeli poučavanja na temelju književnih sadržaja za sve nastavne predmete. U drugome su dijelu rada analizirane prikupljene ankete u Gimnaziji Andrije Mohorovičića Rijeka o učeničkoj i u gimnazijama Primorsko-goranske županije nastavničkoj recepciji književnosti. Pokazalo se da međupredmetna projektna nastava utemeljena na književnosti može pozitivno utjecati na učeničko čitanje književnih tekstova. Pritom nije primijećen porast ili pad interesa za čitanje drugih vrsta tekstova. Također, utvrđen je pozitivan odnos nastavnika prema književnosti. U poučavanju se primjerima iz književnosti u većoj mjeri služe nastavnici jezično komunikacijskoga, društveno-humanističkoga, umjetničkoga i prirodoslovnoga područja.
Rad doprinosi znanosti: ispituje kohezivnu snagu književnosti u svim gimnazijskim predmetnim područjima, donosi metodološku razradu probranih književnih tekstova i anketne podatke mikroistraživanja.The doctoral dissertation Literature as a Cohesive Factor in Gymnasiums examines the cohesive strength of literature in high schools. It aims to answer whether literature can enable cooperation between teachers of different subjects and whether cross-curricular linking based on literary content affects students’ interest in reading those kinds of texts and reading in general. The hypothesis of the cohesive power of literature is based on Gymnasium Andrija Mohorovičić Rijeka school projects experience (Jules Verne’s Actuality, Arthur C. Clarke’s Literary Universe, GAMbit and Brilliant Novels Girls and Women).
The first part of the dissertation deals with educational areas and their connection with literature. The connections of educational areas with literature are proven gradually: first, outside the classroom, and, lately, based on literature in general and on the author’s subjective experiences in the classroom as well. In that part of the dissertation, models of teaching based on literary content are proposed for all school subjects.
The chapter Literature and Language and Communication Area (Književnost i jezično komunikacijsko područje) is dedicated to teaching the first language (Croatian language and the language of national minorities in the Republic of Croatia) as well as classical and foreign languages. The author of the dissertation explains the possibilities of correlation between first language and other school subjects with literary contents. Also, he emphasizes, according to Examples from Students’ Teaching Practice / Primjeri iz studentske nastavne prakse (Grakalić Plenković, 2023, pp. 63–193), that Croatian Language and Literature students are aware of those possibilities. Therefore, he presents Croatian language domains and his own working models for reading Tisja Kljaković Braić’s short story Krleža has skills / Krleža ima mota (Kljaković Braić, 2015) within the domain Croatian language and communication, John Green’s novel Paper Towns / Gradovi na papiru (Green, 2015a) within the domain Literature and creativity, and comparison of Jules Verne’s novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea / 20 000 milja pod morem (Verne, 2003) and Alex Garland’s The Beach / Žal (Garland, 1998) with other media within the domain Culture and media. For language of national minorities teaching, he proposes reading literary texts whose protagonists are teenagers: Jasminka Petrović’s novel The Summer I Learnt to Fly / Leto kada sam naučila da letim (Petrović, 2015) in Serbian language lessons, Enrico Brizzi’s Jack Frusciante Has Lef the Band / Jack Frusciante è uscito dal gruppo (Brizzi, 1994) in Italian language lessons, Magda Szabó’s Tell Sally... / Mondják meg Zsófikának (Szabó, 1958) in Hungarian language lessons, and František Tichý’s Recruit 244 / Rekrut 244 (Tichý, 2022.) in Czech language lessons, and for higher grades in the same language order: Bora Ćosić’s poem Danube / Dunav (Ćosić, 2015), Elena Ferrante’s My Brilliant Friend / L'amica geniale (Ferrante, 2011), Imre Kertész’s Fatelessness / Sorstalanság (Kertész, 1975) and Karel Čapek’s R. U. R. (Čapek, 2018). For language teaching in general, the author proposes using literary texts that emphasize linguistic beauty or present learning language methods. Those are, for instance, Diego Marani’s New Finnish Grammar / Nova finska gramatika (Marani, 2014) and Michel de Montaigne’s essay On the Education on Children / O odgoju djece (Montaigne, 2007). The author of this dissertation gives examples from literature that confirm the importance of including literary texts in foreign language teaching, especially the first (e. g. Ćavar, 2017). Also, he highlights the dramatic approach proposed by Ana Kodrić in the book Language on Stage / Jezik na pozornici (Kodrić, 2013). He emphasizes that classical and foreign languages textbooks offer ready-made solutions for including literary texts in teaching. Moreover, he explains how teachers can include in the English language teaching Jack London’s Call of the Wild (London, 1992) and Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby (Fitzgerald, 2020), and in the classical language teaching Andrew Olimpi’s Ego, Polyphemus (Olimpi, 2018a), Labyrinthus (Olimpi, 2018b) and Jenny Teichmann’s ἐρωτικοὶ μῦθοι: Love Stories in Easy Ancient Greek (Teichmann, 2023). Furthermore, he proposes learning foreign languages series by degrees.
The chapter Literature and Mathematical area (Književnost i matematičko područje) offers interesting mathematical problems related to literature from Branimir Dakić’s book Stories from Mathematics / Priče iz matematike (Dakić, 2016). The author of the dissertation emphasizes Vladimir Devidé as a successful mathematician and writer. As an example of discursive form, he analyses parts of Devidé’s book The Anti-Diary of Remembrance / Antidnevnik prisjećanja (Devidé, 1995). Furthermore, Devidé in the book Miraculous Mathematics / Čudesna matematika (Devidé, 2010) and Sanja Sruk in the paper Art and Mathematics / Umjetnost i matematika (Sruk, 2019) write about authors who have connected literature and mathematics. Solomon Marcus, in his book Mathematical Poetics / Matematička poetika (Marcus, 1974), uses mathematical tools in the analysis of literary texts as well as the Oulipo group for the skillful use of mathematical knowledge in writing literary texts. Ivana Buljubašić presents the Oulipo group in the book Oulipo and Literature of Constraints / Oulipo i književnost ograničenja (Buljubašić, 2018). Papers Literature in the Function of Contemporary Mathematics Teaching / Književnost u funkciji suvremene nastave matematike by Ivan Dražić and Katica Jurasić (Dražić and Jurasić, 2013), Who Still Doesn’t Believe in Fairy Tales? / Tko još ne vjeruje u bajke? by Snježana Lukač and Rebeka Kalazić (Lukač and Kalazić, 2020) or Mathematics and Mathematicians in Literature / Matematika i matematičari u književnosti by Mateja Zidarić (Zidarić, 2015) testify desire of Math teachers to include literary texts in their teaching. The author of the dissertation offers models of incorporating Apostolos Doxiadis’s novel Uncle Petros and Goldbach’s Conjectures / Stric Petros i Goldbachova slutnja (Doxiadis, 2001), Jasna Horvat’s Auron (Horvat, 2011) and, based on the school project experience, literary texts related to cryptography in general in the Math teaching.
The chapter Literature and Natural Sciences Area (Književnost i prirodoslovno područje) confirms the presence of literature in the natural sciences, primarily throughout the naming of key terms such as chemical elements and constellations. John Emsley’s book The Elements / Vodič za elemente (Emsley, 2005) talks about naming the chemistry elements as well as Robert Burnham’s book Astronomy: A Guide to the Night Sky / Astronomija: vodič po noćnom nebu (Burnham, 2003) and David E. Falkner’s The Mythology of the Night Sky (Falkner, 2011) constellations. It is worth mentioning that even terms in other natural sciences, such as ocean and atlas in geography or narcis and melisa in biology, have origins in literature. The author of the dissertation considers autobiographical texts of famous scientists. Those texts, as Nikola Tesla’s My Inventions / Moji pronalasci (Tesla, 2015), Charles Darwin’s Autobiography and Selected Letters / Autobiografija i izabrana pisma (Darwin, 2016) or Jane Goodall’s Reasons for Hope: A Spiritual Journey / Razlog za nadu: duhovno putovanje (Goodall and Berman, 2001) testify the importance of literature in their formative years. Primo Levi is a chemist who became an excellent writer. The author of this dissertation presents Levi’s book The Periodic Table / Periodički system (Levi, 1991). Tatjana Kren gives examples of Croatian writers who were amateurs engaged in astronomy in her books Astronomical Time Machine: Sketches from the Past of Croatian Astronomy / Astronomijski vremeplov: crtice iz prošlosti hrvatskoga zvjezdoznanstva (Kren, 2002) and Stars Dry Up Heavens / Nebesa se osuše zvijezdam (Kren, 2004). Naturalism, and its central figure Zola with texts The Experimental Novel / Eksperimentalni roman (Zola, 1979) and the preface to the second edition of the novel Thérèse Raquin (Zola, 2005a, pp. 13–18), is a notable example of natural science influence on literature. Furthermore, cultural geography and ecocriticism are notable examples of the connection between literature and natural sciences. The author of the dissertation presents in detail Laura Šakaja’s book An Introduction to Cultural Geography / Uvod u kulturnu geografiju (Šakaja, 2015). As an example of more subjective connection between geography and culture he highlights Viktor Žmegač’s books Four European Cities: Cultural Horizons / Četiri europska grada: Kulturološki obzori (Žmegač, 2017) and Portraits of Cities: London, Venice, Munich, St. Petersburg / Portreti gradova: London, Venecija, München, Sankt Peterburg (Žmegač, 2019). In addition, it is worth mentioning that postcolonialism relates to cultural geography. The author of the dissertation presents ecocriticism throughout a series of texts (e. g. Garrard, 2012 and Oblučar, 2022) and proposes reading texts close to ecocriticism such as Nikola Visković’s Cultural Zoology / Kulturna zoologija (Visković, 2009) and Suzana Marjanić and Antonija Zaradija Kiš’s Cultural Bestiary / Kulturni bestijarij (Marjanić and Zaradija Kiš, 2007). Finally, he offers models of incorporating Jasna Horvat’s novel Atanor (Horvat, 2017) and Primo Levi’s The Periodic Table / Periodički system (Levi, 1991) in Chemistry lessons, Maja Klarić’s poems collection Quinta Pitanga (Klarić, 2013) in Geography lessons, Herman Melville’s Moby Dick (Melville, 1999) and Robert Perišić’s A Cat at the End of the World / Brod za Issu (Perišić, 2022) in Biology lessons, and Krilov’s Swan, Pike and Crawfish / Labud, rak i štuka (Krilov, 1997) in Physics lessons. The last example is elaborated in detail in Jakov Isidorovič Pereljman’s book Interesting Physics / Zanimljiva fizika (Isidorovič Pereljman, 1949). In addition, based on the project experience, the author of the dissertation proposes including Jules Verne’s and Arthur C. Clarke’s science fiction novels in Physics and Astronomy lessons such as Jules Verne’s Mathias Sandorf (Verne, 2001) in Geography lessons.
The chapter Literature and Technical and IT Area (Književnost i tehničko i informatičko područje) explains the direct connection between literature and computer sciences in today’s world (e. g. writing on computers, publishing of electronic books and promotions on the Internet). A biographical text on the creativity of Steve Jobs (Isaacson, 2011) describes a famous Apple commercial related to Orwell’s novel 1984, negotiations over the rights to Shakespeare’s texts, and the development of electronic books and devices for reading them. Bob Dylan strongly influenced Steve Jobs, and he often associated his work in the computer industry with poetry. As an example of touching literature and computer sciences, this chapter presents digital humanities and related texts (e. g. Žigo, Lasić and Čubrilo, 2023; Piper, 2018; Jockers, 2013; Gold, 2012b and Moretti, 2000). The author of the dissertation proposes models of work on two novels in Computer sciences / IT lessons: Jasna Horvat’s Atanor (Horvat, 2017) and Ivica Ivanišević and Marina Vujčić’s Discharge Letter / Otpusno pismo (Ivanišević and Vujčić, 2016). Also, teachers could present the work of the Oulipo group and code poetry in general (e. g. Tomasula, 2012).
Chapter Literature and Social and Humanist Area (Književnost i društveno humanističko područje) begins with the presentation of Bertrand Russell’s autobiography (Russell, 2009). He is a Nobel Prize winner who connects different branches of the social and humanist area. Logicomix / Stripologikon (Doxiadis and Papadimitriou, 2010) is a comic book or graphic novel about his life and work. Examples from textbooks and curriculums certify the connections between literature and the social and humanistic field. Methodologist Ivo Rendić Miočević recommends linking literary contents with History teaching (Rendić Miočević, 2000, pp. 125–133). Author of this dissertation describes the history of literature as an obvious link between history and literature (e. g. Talan, 2004; Žmegač, Škreb and Sekulić, 2003; Novak, 2003; Cesar and Pogačnik, 1991) as well as approaches to literary texts by historians in a broader sense (e. g. Cravetto/Goldstein, 2007, pp. 457–475). Nenad Ivić’s book Civil Words War / Građanski rat riječi (Ivić, 2021) served as material for questioning the readability of the world in teaching and the relationship between history and literature. The author of the dissertation offers work models for those literary texts within the History lessons: John William’s August (Williams, 2017), Miroslav Krleža’s The Croatian God Mars / Hrvatski bog Mars (Krleža, 1995) and Annie Ernaux’s The Years / Godine (Ernaux, 2021). The subchapter on Psychology explains the psychoanalytic approach to literary texts. Scientific research on writers’ autobiographies and readers’ memory are related to psychology, for instance Sanja Grakalić Plenković’s Croatian Literary Modernism in Personal Mirror / Moderna u osobnom zrcalu (Grakalić Plenković, 2018) and Lovro Škopljanac’s Literature Through Recall / Književnost kao prisjećanje (Škopljanac, 2014). International project PROMEHS (Tatalović Vorkapić and Vujičić, 2020) is an example of connecting the content of psychology and literary texts in the teaching. The author of the dissertation proposes tasks related to literary texts (e. g. Ekman’s division of emotions and the personality traits) and working models for Jennifer Niven’s All the Bright Places / Sva radosna mjesta (Niven, 2016), Renata Zlatković’s Calories / Kalorije (Zlatković, 2015) and Elena Ferrante’s My Brilliant Friend / Genijalna prijateljica (Ferrante, 2016). Feminism and postcolonialism are literary theories related to Sociology. Jelena Zbukvić’s graduate thesis Sociology and Literature: the Methodological Potential of Contemporary Croatian Prose in Teaching Sociology / Sociologija i književnost – metodički potencijal suvremene hrvatske proze u nastavi sociologije (Zbukvić, 2022) confirms correlations between literature and sociology. The author of the dissertation proposes working models for Susan Eloise Hinton’s The Outsiders / Autsajderi (Hinton, 2001), Jack Kerouac’s On the Road / Na cesti (Kerouac, 1997) and Vikas Swarup’s Slumdog Millionaire / Milijunaš s ulice (Swarup, 2009). The subchapter on Philosophy presents the philosophy of literature. The author proposes re-examination of the philosophy and literature boundaries with Iris Vidmar’s paper Philosophy and Literature on the World and Man: The Same and Different / Filozofija i književnost o svijetu i čovjeku: isto a različito (Vidmar, 2013). He designs worksheet to connect literary texts with philosophical concepts and offers working models for Jostein Gaarder’s Sophie’s World / Sofijin svijet (Gaarder, 2010), Francis Scott Fitzgerald’s The Curious Case of Benjamin Button / Neobična priča o Benjaminu Buttonu (Fitzgerald, 2009) and William Shakespeare’s Othello / Otelo (Shakespeare, 2004, pp. 305–433). For Logic, he creates tasks such as practicing tables of truth values and translating concepts into the language of logic. Author proposes working models for Antun Gustav Matoš’s Ad hominem (Matoš, 1973), Lewis Carroll’s Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland / Alica u zemlji čudesa (Carroll, 1991) and Agatha Christie’s Poirot Investigates / Poirot istražuje (Christie, 2008). Politics and Economics, he relates to the topic of refugees and uses Duško Petrović’s book Refugee in the Modern World / Izbjeglištvo u suvremenom svijetu (Petrović, 2016). Furthermore, the author of the dissertation offers a working model for Bekim Sejranović’s book From Nowhere to Nowhere / Nigdje, niotkuda (Sejranović, 2020). According to it, it is possible to work similar with Ivana Simić Bodrožić’s Hotel Zagorje (Simić Bodrožić, 2010) or Damir Karakaš’s A Perfect Place for Misery / Sjajno mjesto za nesreću (Karakaš, 2009.). In relation to Ethics and Religious Education, he considers Dean Slavić’s The Bible as Literature / Biblija kao književnost (Slavić, 2016.) as an example of linking religion and literature. For Ethics, he proposes working models for Aesop’s Fables / Basne (Ezop, 1999.), Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter / Grimizno slovo (Hawthorne, 2008.) and Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go / Nikad me ne ostavljaj (Ishiguro, 2005.) as well for Religious Education for Franz Kafka’s A Hunger Artist / Umjetnik u gladovanju (Kafka, 2016.), Nikola Šop’s The Divine Shepherd / Božanski pastir (Šop, 1997.) and Thomas Stearns Eliot’s The Waste Land / Pusta zemlja (Eliot, 2009.). In their interpretation, Dean Slavić’s Guide for Interpreters / Peljar za tumače (Slavić, 2011) is an immense help.
The chapter Literature and Artistic Area (Književnost i umjetničko područje) begins with considering the structure and naming of terms based on the interinfluence of literature and other arts. The starting point is Viktor Žmegač’s book Literature and Music / Književnost i glazba (Žmegač, 2003), Aleksandar Flaker’s Literary Vedutas / Književne vedute (Flaker, 1999) and Walter Isaacson’s Leonardo da Vinci (Isaacson, 2021). After that, the author of the dissertation considers texts on music and fine arts, especially those of Nedjeljko Fabrio (Fabrio, 1997), who writes about music, and Tonko Maroević (Maroević, 2007), who writes about fine arts. He also quotes examples from curriculum and textbooks as well as those of methodologist Dean Slavić (Slavić, 2011). For Music, the author of the dissertation proposes working models for different genres musicians’ autobiographies and biographies, such as Chas Newkey Burden’s Adele (Newkey-Burden, 2012), Mia Dimšić’s Road to the Dream / Cesta do sna (Dimšić, 2021) and José Carreras’s Singing from the Soul / Pjevati iz duše (Carreras, 2002). For Arts, he offers working models for Tracy Chevalier’s Girl with a Pearl Earring / Djevojka s bisernom naušnicom (Chevalier, 2009), Slavenka Drakulić’s Dora and Minotaur / Dora i Minotaur (Drakulić, 2015) and Ivan Meštrović’s Michelangelo – Artist’s Essays on Artist / Michelangelo – Eseji umjetnika o umjetniku (Meštrović, 2010).
The chapter Literature and Physical and Health Area (Književnost i tjelesno i zdravstveno područje) begins with an analysis of terminology taken from literature, which appears in sports sections. Then, the author gives examples of the permeations of sport and literature throughout the history of the Olympic Games (e. g. Shestakova, 2021) and writers related to sports, more specifically football (Lazzarich, 2014). He singles out Krešimir Bagić’s text Intellectualization of Football / Intelektualizacija nogometa (Bagić, 2007). As working models, he offers Miljenko Jergović’s Wilimowski (Jergović, 2016), Nebojša Lujanović's Marathon Runner / Maratonac (Lujanović, 2020.), Andre Agassi’s Open / Razotkrivanje (Agassi, 2018.) and Nan Shepherd’s The Living Mountain / Živa planina (Shepherd, 2022.).
The chapter Literature and Recess (Književnost i veliki odmori) points out that it is possible to encourage reading literary texts outside the classroom. The author explains how talking about books can bring students together and suggests the presentation of suitable texts that students could read during school recess. Books that contain short, entertaining, or informative texts, suitable for reading aloud for fifteen minutes, would be ideal; for instance The Literature Book / Velike ideje – Književnost (Calogjera Rogić / Gilbert et al., 2020), Luka Ostojić’s Help, We Read the Book!: Clinical Glossary of Critical Reading / Upomoć, pročitali smo knjigu!: Klinički pojmovnik kritičkog čitanja (Ostojić, 2018.) and Wise Thoughts for Every Day / Mudre misli za svaki dan (Gogala and Peček, 2006.).
All those chapters on educational areas have parts dedicated to the author of this dissertation’s individual experiences. Precisely, he gives examples such as discussions about mathematician Leonhard Euler during the interpretation of Krleža’s play The Glembays
EXPRESSION OF THE KIDNEY INJURY MOLECULE-1 (KIM-1) AND MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE-3 (MMP-3) IN ISCHEMIAREPERFUSION ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
No full textTijekom transplantacije bubrežni presadak prolazi ishemijsko-reperfuzijsko
oštećenje. Uslijed ishemijskog oštećenja epitelne stanice tubula eksprimiraju
molekulu bubrežne ozljede-1 (KIM-1), kojom stječu fagocitna svojstva. Matriksna
metaloproteinaza-3 (MMP-3) sudjeluje u odvajanju ekstracelularne domene KIM-
1 s površine epitelnih stanica tubula. Cilj ovog doktorata bio je odrediti povezanost
ekspresije KIM-1 i MMP-3 u bioptičkim uzorcima presadaka bubrega s obnovom
strukture i funkcije tubula tijekom 12 mjeseci nakon transplantacije . Istraživanje
je bilo retrospektivno, uzorkovan je 31 presadak bubrega. Prisutno je poboljšanje
bubrežne funkcije te porast ekspresije MMP-3 i KIM-1 u uzorcima s akutnim
staničnim odbacivanjem (ACR, engl. Acute Cellular Rejection) 12 mjeseci nakon
transplantacije. Porast gradusa MMP-3 može predvidjeti ACR i time može poslužiti
kao koristan biomarker za akutno odbacivanje i disfunkciju bubrega.A renal graft undergoes ischemia-reperfusion injury during transplantation.
Following injury, tubular epithelial cells express the kidney injury molecule -1
(KIM-1), which confers a phagocytic property to them. The matrix
metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) has a role in KIM-1 Ectodomain shedding. The
objective of this PhD thesis was to examine a correlation between KIM-1 and
MMP-3 expression in kidney graft biopsies with mechanism of morphological and
functional recovery during 12 months after the transplantation. Our study was
retrospective, biopsy samples from 31 kidney allograft were analyzed. There was
significant improvement of allograft function and increased expression of KIM-1
and MMP-3 in allograft biopsy specimens with acute cellular rejection (ACR) 12
months after transplantation. The increase of MMP-3 expression may predict ACR
and may serve as a biomarker for acute rejection and kidney dysfunction
METAGENOMSKA ANALIZA MIKROBIOMA U UZORCIMA PRAŠINE U DOMOVIMA DJECE S ASTMOM
No full textHousehold dust represents a complex microbial ecosystem with potential implications on
respiratory health. This study, part of EDIAQI project, uses metagenomics to compare dust
microbiomes in homes of children with and without asthma, highlighting indoor environment
impacts on respiratory health. Analyses revealed distinct microbial signatures between the
two groups, highlighting potential microbial indicators of asthma status. Bacterial and fungal
communities showed distinct taxa differences, with Staphylococcus and Malassezia driving
much of the variation. The study further supports existing evidence that indoor microbial
communities are shaped by different influences, bacterial taxa are primarily driven by indoor
factors such as human occupancy and activity, while fungal communities are more influenced
by outdoor environmental conditions. This study is the first of its kind in Croatia and provides
a valuable foundation for future investigations of respiratory health and indoor environment.Kućna prašina predstavlja složen mikrobni ekosustav s mogućim utjecajem na respiratorno
zdravlje. Ovo istraživanje, provedeno u sklopu EDIAQI projekta, koristi metagenomske
metode za usporedbu mikrobioma prašine u domovima djece s astmom i bez nje,
naglašavajući utjecaj unutarnjeg okoliša na respiratorno zdravlje. Analize su otkrile različite
mikrobne obrasce između dviju skupina, ukazujući na potencijalne mikrobne pokazatelje
astmatskog statusa. Bakterijske i gljivične zajednice pokazale su razlike u prisutnosti
pojedinih taksa, pri čemu su rodovi Staphylococcus i Malassezia glavni pokazatelji varijacija.
Istraživanje dodatno potvrđuje postojeće dokaze da su mikrobne zajednice zatvorenih
prostora oblikovane različitim utjecajima, bakterije ponajviše ovise o unutarnjim
čimbenicima poput prisutnosti i aktivnosti ljudi, dok su gljivice više pod utjecajem vanjskih
okolišnih uvjeta. Ovo je prvo istraživanje takve vrste u Hrvatskoj i pruža vrijednu osnovu za
buduća istraživanja respiratornog zdravlja i unutarnjeg okoliša
Influence of acid sites strength on conversion of methanol to olefines
No full textNa zeolitima strukturnih tipova FAU i MFI (ZSM-5) napravljene su modifikacije tijekom ili nakon sinteze kao bi se poboljšala njihova katalitička aktivnost. Pripremljeni uzorci su modificirani dodatkom mezoporoznog templata N,N,N-trimetilheksadekan-1-amonijeva bromida (CTAB) ili jetkani vodenom otopinom natrijeva hidroksida, kako bi se povećao broj mezopora u kristalima i olakšala difuzija reaktanata do aktivnog mjesta. Jakost aktivnog mjesta ugađana je kationskom zamjenom s ionima Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+ i Zn2+ (u vodenoj otopini i mehanokemijski). Utjecaj pojedinog metalnog kationa na broj i jakost Lewisovih i Brønstedovih kiselih mjesta u materijalu praćen je infracrvenom spektroskopijom u vakuumu pomoću adsorpcije probne molekule (deuterirani acetonitril). Broj pojedinih kiselih mjesta dobiven je integriranjem pojedinih krivulja nakon dekonvolucije spektra vezanog D3-acetonitrila, anjihova jakost određena je iz količine nakon zagrijavanja na 150, 200 i 300°C. Na odabranim uzorcima napravljeni su katalitički testovi konverzije metanola u olefine.Modifications during and after sythesis were made on FAU and MFI (ZSM-5) zeolite type samples in order to enhance their catalytic activity. Prepared samples were modified with mesoporosity template N,N,N-Trimethylhexadecan-1-aminium bromide (CTAB) or etched with water solution of sodium hydroxide to increase the volume of mesopores in crystals and faciliate diffusion of reactnats to the active site. The strength of active sites was modified by cationic exchange with Mg2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ ions (in water solution and mechanochemicaly). Effect of metal cation on number and strength of Lewis and Brønsted acid sites was studied by infrared spectroscopy in vacuum with the adsorption of probe molecule (deuterated acetonitrile). The number of various types of acid sites was calculated from the integrated curves after deconvolution of spectra of adsorbed D3-acetonitrile, while their strength is determined after heating at 150, 200 and 300 °C. Catalytic tests of methanol to olefine conversion (MTO) were preformed on selected samples
Layered hybrid organic-inorganic halocuprates(II) and halomanganates(II) – from structural features to thermal, magnetic and electric properties
No full textU okviru ovog rada pripravljene su i u čvrstom stanju istražene tetraklorokupratne(II),
tetrabromokupratne(II) i tetrakloromanganatne(II) soli izvedene iz monoamina, diamina i
triamina različitih geometrijskih karakteristika i kemijskih funkcionalnosti. Poseban naglasak
pri istraživnju posvećen je strukturnim karakteristikama priređenih spojeva, njihovim
termičkim svojstvima, te odabranim magnetskim i električnim svojstvima. Iz difrakcijske
strukturne analize priređenih spojeva, te simetrijske i statističke analize literaturno opisanih
primjera, postavljena su geometrijska ograničenja i očekivanja za ovaj tip spojeva, koja su
omogućila predlaganje smislenih strukturnih modela iz podataka difrakcije na prahu.
Predložena je prava simetrija feroelektrične faze etilamonijevog tetraklorokuprata(II) iz
podataka neutronske difrakcije, određene su strukture triju aperiodičnih kristala. Izučene su
promjene u strukturi metilamonijevih halogenokuprata(II) uslijed supstitucijskog miješanja na
položaju halogenidnog iona. Analizirana su magnetska svojstva slojevitih hibrida u ovisnosti o
odabranim gradivnim ionima i dimenzionalnosti anorganske okosnice, te su kvantificirane
modulacije u magnetskim svojstvima u supstitucijski miješanim kristalima.In this work, tetrachlorocuprate(II), tetrabromocuprate(II) and tetrachloromanganate(II) salts
derived from monoamines, diamines and triamines with different geometric characteristics and
chemical functionalities were prepared and investigated in the solid state. An emphasis was
given to the structural characteristics, thermal properties, and selected magnetic and electrical
properties of prepared compounds. Geometric limitations and expectations were derived for
this type of materials from the diffraction structural analysis of prepared compounds, and the
symmetry and statistical analysis of those described in the literature, which enabled the proposal
of meaningful structural models from powder diffraction data. The true symmetry of the
ferroelectric phase of ethylammonium tetrachlorocuprate was proposed from neutron
diffraction data. Structures of three aperiodic crystals were determined. Changes in the structure
of methylammonium tetrahalocuprates(II) due to substitutional mixing of halide ions were
quantified. The magnetic properties of the layered hybrids were analyzed in relation to the
selection of building ions and the dimensionality of the inorganic framework. Modulations of
the magnetic properties in substitutionally mixed crystals were quantified
Changes in microbial community structure and functional diversity under salinization of a coastal lake
No full textJezerski sustavi u područjima oskudnim vodom, poput Mediterana, su od iznimne važnosti za razvoj lokalnog gospodarstva, često imajući ulogu glavnog vodnog resursa. Vransko jezero kod Biograda na moru je obalno plitko jezero čiji vodni režim ovisi o precipitacijsko-evaporacijskoj ravnoteži. Ovo jezero ostvaruje komunikaciju s Jadranskim morem preko djelomično okršenog karbonatnog grebena i kanala Prosika. Prostorno-vremenskim istraživanjem mikrobne zajednice jezera pomoću visoko-protočne metode sekvenciranja mikrobne DNA istražen je utjecaj zaslanjenja na raznolikost i funkcije mikrobnih zajednica Vranskog jezera. Tijekom sušnih razdoblja, u jezeru se bilježe periodični prodori morske vode koji su se pokazali da utječu na promjene unutar autohtonih mikrobnih zajednica te time mijenjaju strukturu zajednice i potencijalne metaboličke procese od iznimne važnosti za funkciju ekosustava. Mikrobne zajednice, otopljena organska tvar i biogeni ciklus metana mijenjali su se pod utjecajem nekoliko okolišnih pritisaka, uključujući sušu, zaslanjenje i pljuskove. Ova disertacija doprinosi istraživanju utjecaja globalnih klimatskih promjena na obalne vodne resurse.Lake systems in the freshwater-scarce Mediterranean region play a crucial role in the local economy by frequently acting as primary water resources. Lake Vrana is a shallow coastal lake that depends on the balance of precipitation and evaporation and is connected to the Adriatic Sea by the semi-karstified carbonate ridge and the Prosika canal. By investigating the spatio-temporal distribution of microbial communities in the lake using high-throughput sequencing of microbial DNA, it was possible to study the impact of salinization on microbial diversity and function. During periods of drought, seawater intrusions occur in the lake, which have been shown to affect autochthonous microbial communities and lead to changes in microbial structures and potential metabolisms vital for the functioning of the lake. Microbial communities, DOM structure, and biogenic methane cycling were driven by multiple environmental stressors, including drought, salinization and heavy rainfall events. Studying changes in the microbial communities of Lake Vrana could help interpret the effects of global climate change on coastal water resources
Effects of various programs of physical exercise on biomarkers of aging
No full textOdabir načina života koji uključuje zdrave ili nezdrave životne navike, izravno utječe na ubrzani ili odgodivi proces starenja. Upravo stoga započela su brojna istraživanja u području molekularnih biljega starosti kojima bi se moglo pouzdano koristiti za procjenu i praćenje fiziološkog starenja i nekih bolesti koje su povezane s procesom starenja. Ovim se istraživanjem želi ispitati je li moguće tjelesnim vježbanjem utjecati na pozitivne promjene u morfološkom i motoričkom statusu ispitanika, kao i na smanjenje biološke dobi koja predstavlja bolji indikator općeg zdravstvenog stanja i procesa starenja od kronološke dobi, što će se učiniti uz pomoć praćenja biomarkera starenja. Nadalje, cilj je bio i utvrditi razlike između programa vježbanja i njihovu učinkovitost na promatrane varijable. Osnovna hipoteza je da pojedinci koji se ne bave nikakvim rekreativnim vježbanjem i većinu vremena provode sedentarnim načinom života jesu biološki stariji od svoje kronološke dobi, odnosno da se primjerenom tjelesnom aktivnošću može usporiti proces starenja na biološkoj razini što će se određivati na temelju promjena u strukturi glikana s pomoću GlycanAge metode utvrđivanja biološke dobi ispitanika.
Ciljani uzorak ispitanika navedenog projekta bile su skupine tjelesno neaktivne populacije srednje životne dobi koji su uglavnom živjeli sjedilačkim načinom života. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 507 ispitanika oba spola, nM=107 i nŽ=400, prosječne dobi 50,75 ± 8,97 godina. Slučajnim odabirom ispitanici su podijeljeni u tri eksperimentalne skupine. Prvoj skupini od 192 ispitanika (nM - 33, nŽ - 159,) dodijeljen je program vježbanja nordijsko hodanje, druga skupina od 207 ispitanika (nM - 50, nŽ - 157,) provodila je kružni program vježbanja, dok je treća skupina ispitanika (nM - 22, nŽ - 86,) provodila kardio program vježbanja. Sve tri grupe provodile su programe vježbanja dva puta tjedno u trajanju od dvanaest tjedana. U kardio programu vježbe su bile dominantno usmjerene na razvoj kardiorespiratornog sustava, kružni program činile su vježbe s naglaskom na aktivaciju svih većih mišićnih skupina vanjskim opterećenjem ili težinom vlastitog tijela dok je treći program, nordijsko hodanje, fokusiran na aerobnu komponentu, ali je istovremeno prisutna i aktivacija većih mišićnih skupina gornjih i donjih ekstremiteta.
Na temelju dobivenih rezultata može se utvrditi da su ispitanici u sva tri programa ostvarili značajne pozitivne promjene sastava tijela te su poboljšali svoje funkcionalne i motoričke sposobnosti. Ako se promatraju promjene prema programu vježbanja, tada su ispitanici koji su provodili kardio program vježbanja ostvarili najbolje rezultate u varijablama za procjenu sastava tijela, osim u varijabli mišićna masa, te je utvrđena značajna razlika u
odnosu na druga dva odabrana programa. Nadalje, ispitanici kružnog programa vježbanja ostvarili su najbolji rezultat u varijabli mišićna masa. Kada se promatra učinkovitost različitih programa vježbanja na promjene u motoričkim i funkcionalnim sposobnostima, primjetno je da su najveće pozitivne promjene ostvarili ispitanici kružnog programa vježbanja, dok su u ispitanika koji su provodili program nordijskog hodanja te razlike najmanje, ali također ukazuju na pozitivne promjene i utjecaj tjelesnoga vježbanja. Nadalje, utvrđen je pozitivan učinak vježbanja koji se ogleda kroz malo, statističko značajno i mjerljivo povećanje IgG glikana GP9 za koji je u ranijim istraživanjima potvrđeno da ima zaštitnu ulogu u kardiovaskularnom zdravlju žena. Protektivni učinak GP9 povećao se u sve tri grupe ispitanika prema programu vježbanja i to u žena i muškaraca, iako za muškarce GP9 nema istu kardioprotektivnu indikaciju. Nadalje, opažen je mali proupalni pomak glikana nakon prva tri mjeseca tjelesne aktivnosti u populaciji koja je prethodno bila neaktivna. Utvrdili smo niže vrijednosti digalaktoziliranih, monosijaliziranih i disijaliziranih struktura, kao i povećanje agalaktoziliranih, asijaliziranih i jezgri fukoziliranih struktura povezanih s povećanim proupalnim potencijalom IgG. Budući da je u istraživanje uključena neaktivna i sjedilački orijentirana populacija s višim vrijednostima ITM-a, koja je tek započela s programom vježbanja i s ciljem promjene načina života, ovi nalazi su djelomično očekivani.
U zaključku, rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na pozitivan utjecaj vježbanja srednjeg do visokog intenziteta u populaciji s prekomjernom tjelesnom težinom i pretilošću, koja je prethodno bila neaktivna, što rezultira pomakom sastava IgG glikana prema proupalnom uzorku glikana. Međutim, to je i očekivano s obzirom na karakteristike ispitivane populacije i s obzirom na činjenicu da su sudionici bili tek na početku režima vježbanja. S druge strane, tri mjeseca tjelesne aktivnosti već su pokazala da postoji mali, ali pozitivan utjecaj na profil kardiovaskularnog rizika, čime je još jednom istaknuta važnost redovite tjelovježbe za kardiovaskularno i cjelokupno zdravlje. Neka buduća istraživanja mogla bi za cilj imati istražiti učinak dulje intervencije vježbanja u ovoj vrsti populacije kako bi se bolje razumjela točna uloga IgG N-glikozilacijskih promjena i kako bi se dalje istražili pro i protuupalni učinci tjelesnog vježbanja.Choosing a certain lifestyle which includes healthy or unhealthy lifestyle habits has a direct impact in terms of an accelerated or delayable aging process. Hence, numerous studies have been initiated in the field of molecular age markers that could be used to reliably assess and monitor physiological aging and some diseases associated with the aging process. The aim of this study is to investigate whether physical exercise can influence positive changes in the morphological and motor status of respondents, as well as the decrease of biological age, which is a better indicator of the general health condition and the aging process than chronological age, and this will be done with the help of the monitoring biomarkers of age. Furthermore, the aim was also to determine the differences between exercise programs and their effectiveness on the observed variables. The main hypothesis is that individuals who do not engage in any type of recreational exercise and spend most of their time in a sedentary lifestyle are biologically older than their chronological age, i.e. that appropriate physical activity can slow down the aging process at a biological level, which will be determined on the basis of changes in glycan structure by using the Glycan Age method to determine the biological age of the respondents.
The target sample of respondents in the mentioned project were groups of physically inactive middle-aged population who mostly lived a sedentary lifestyle. The research was conducted on a sample of 507 respondents of both sexes, nM=107 and nF=400, with an average age of 50.75 ± 8.97 years. By random selection, the respondents were divided into three experimental groups. The first group of 192 respondents (nM - 33, nF - 159,) was assigned a Nordic walking exercise program, the second group of 207 respondents (nM - 50, nF - 157,) carried out a circular exercise program, while the third group of respondents (nM - 22, nF - 86,) conducted a cardio exercise program. All three groups performed the exercise programs twice a week over a period of 12 weeks. In the cardio program, the exercises were predominantly focused on the development of the cardiorespiratory system, the circular program consisted of exercises with an emphasis on the activation of all major muscle groups by external load or the weight of one's own body, while the third program, Nordic walking, was focused on the aerobic component, however also including at the same time activation of larger muscle groups of the upper and lower extremities.
On the basis of the obtained results it can be determined that the respondents in all three programs achieved significant positive changes in body composition and improved their
functional and motor abilities. If the changes are observed according to each exercise program, then the respondents who performed the cardio exercise program achieved the best results in the body composition variables, except in the muscle mass variable, and a significant difference was found compared to the other two selected programs. Furthermore, the respondents of the circular exercise program achieved the best results in the muscle mass variable. Upon examining the effectiveness of different exercise programs on changes in motor and functional abilities, it was observed that the most positive changes were achieved by the respondents in the circular exercise program, whereas the respondents in the Nordic walking program showed the smallest differences, however also showing positive changes and results from physical exercise. Furthermore, a positive effect of exercise was identified, reflected in a small, statistically significant and measurable increase in IgG glycan GP9, which was confirmed in previous studies to have a protective role in cardiovascular health of women. The protective effect of GP9 increased in all three exercise groups, both in women and men, although for men GP9 does not have the same cardioprotective indication. In addition, a small pro-inflammatory glycan shift was observed after the first three months of physical activity in the previously inactive population. Lower values were found of the digalactosylated, monosialized and disialized structures, as well as increases in the agalactosylated, asialized and nucleus fucosylated structures associated with the increased IgG pro-inflammatory potential. These findings are partly expected, as the study included inactive and sedentary population with higher ITM scores, who had just started an exercise program and aimed to change their lifestyle.
In conclusion, the results of this study indicate a positive effect of moderate to high intensity exercise in an overweight and obese population, which was previously inactive, resulting in a shift in IgG glycan composition towards an pro-inflammatory glycan sample. However, this is also expected given the characteristics of the studied population and given the fact that the respondents were only at the beginning of the exercise regimen. On the other hand, three months of physical activity has already shown that there is a small, but positive impact on the cardiovascular risk profile, once again highlighting the importance of regular exercise for cardiovascular and overall health. Some future research could aim to investigate the effect of longer exercise interventions in this population type in order to better understand the exact role of IgG N-glycosylation changes and to further investigate the pro- and anti-inflammatory effects of exercise
Metode personalizacije dubokog učenja u istorazinskim heterogenim sustavima
No full textRecent research has shown considerable interest in collaborative training of deep neural networks utilizing edge devices. Two predominant architectural paradigms for this training process include centrally orchestrated Federated Learning and fully decentralized peer-to-peer learning. Edge devices, termed agents, harbor local deep neural network models and distinct local datasets, composed of data collected specifically by each agent. While peer-to-peer learning techniques have been extensively investigated assuming independent and identically distributed (IID) data across agents, the learning efficacy significantly diminishes under non-IID assumptions, resulting in reduced model accuracy and slower convergence rates. The thesis aims to identify viable strategies for alleviating the impact of non-IID data on the overall learning process and to devise novel methodologies applicable in peer-to-peer deep learning contexts. These methodologies are subsequently evaluated using realistic non-IID datasets to assess their efficacy and applicability. The thesis will analyze autonomous personalized peer connection creation and present two methods of improving the peer-to-peer learning process in non-IID environments. The methods relate to improving peer-to-peer learning by enabling multi-task collaboration between agents learning two distinct tasks, and improving agent’s local model performance by a personalization technique. The results indicate a statistically significant increase of 11.6% in the mean relative accuracy for the proposed multi-task technique, and 16.9%-29.8% relative accuracy increase (depending on the topology) for the personalization technique. Compared to existing approaches, presented methods can be used to enhance the performance and scalability of peer-to-peer learning systems, and improve personalization resulting in greater model accuracy in diverse real-world scenarios.Suradničko obučavanje dubokih neuronskih mreža na rubnim (mobilnim i ugradbenim) uređajima izazvalo je znatan interes u nedavnoj literaturi, pri čemu su istaknute dvije vodeće paradigme: centralno savezno (eng. Federated Learning) i potpuno decentralizirano učenje na istorazinskim rubnim uređajima. Rubni uređaji, nazvani agentima, posjeduju lokalne modele dubokih neuronskih mreža i različite lokalne skupove podataka. Iako su tehnike učenja istorazinskih agenata detaljno istražene pod pretpostavkom identično distribuiranih i neovisnih podataka, njihova učinkovitost opada pod pretpostavkom da su podaci neovisno i nejednako distribuirani (NND), što rezultira smanjenom točnošću modela i sporijim konvergencijskim stopama. Stoga je cilj ovog istraživanja razviti postupke i metode za ublažavanje utjecaja NND podataka na ukupni proces učenja te osmisliti nove metodologije primjenjive u kontekstu istorazinskog učenja među agentima, s fokusom na uporabu realističnih skupova podataka. Decentralizirano učenje među istorazinskim agentima je paradigma učenja koja se oslanja na razmjenu lokalnih modela među agentima prateći neku mrežnu topologiju. Mrežna topologija obično je unaprijed definirana, a putem nje su utvrđene veze između agenata, koje se koriste za međusobnu komunikaciju. Tijekom komunikacije, agenti razmjenjuju samo svoje lokalne modele, dok se lokalni podaci agenata nikada ne razmjenjuju. Primljeni modeli susjednih agenata agregiraju se s lokalnim modelom na način da se izračuna prosjek svih primljenih modela (u slučaju više primljenih) zajedno s lokalnim modelom, stvarajući tako novi model. Alternativno, svaki primljeni model može se direktno agregirati s lokalnim modelom te na taj način dobiti novi lokalni model. Ciklički proces u kojem svaki agent najprije lokalno trenira svoj model na vlastitim lokalnim podacima, a zatim razmjenjuje taj model sa susjednim agentima, ponavlja se sve dok se ne postigne određeni kriterij zaustavljanja, obično vezan uz konvergenciju modela. Heterogenost lokalnih skupova podataka među agentima ima značajan utjecaj na konačne vrijednosti parametara modela nakon lokalnog treniranja. Različite distribucije, karakteristike i veličine podataka mogu rezultirati različitim lokalnim modelima, čak i ako su agenti početno inicijalizirani s istim parametrima modela. Kada dođe do razmjene lokalnih modela među različitim agentima, proces agregacije modela koji imaju značajne razlike u parametrima može rezultirati stvaranjem novog modela koji ima znatno slabije performanse. Ovaj fenomen direktno utječe na stabilnost procesa učenja, brzinu kojom modeli konvergiraju te na općenite sposobnosti generalizacije konačnih modela. Ova disertacija pisana je prema takozvanom Skandinavskom modelu u sklopu kojeg su objavljena tri znanstvena rada koja prikazuju originalni doprinos u području decentraliziranog istorazinskog učenja između agenata. Prvi rad prikazuje decentraliziranu varijantu istorazinskog učenja agenata s prilagodbom postojeće tehnike gossip averaging u kombinaciji s normalizacijskim slojevima koji čine sastavni dio arhitekture modela. Ispituje se učinkovitost normalizacijskih slojeva u ublažavanju negativnog utjecaja NND podataka među decentraliziranim agentima. Uz to, uvodi se i varijanta tehnike uranjenog zaustavljanja, koja u kombinaciji s normalizacijskim slojevima djeluje kao personalizacijska tehnika za fino podešavanje lokalnog modela agenata. Predložena metoda evaluirana je kroz brojne simulacije koristeći zadatak predikcije sljedeće riječi na korisničkim komentarima iz skupova podataka Reddit i StackOverflow. Rezultati simulacija pokazuju da predložena metoda u prosjeku postiže relativno povećanje točnosti između 16.9%-29.8% u usporedbi s najboljim baznim decentraliziranim pristupom učenja, u različitim mrežnim topologijama. Drugi rad istražuje primjenu tehnike višezadaćnog učenja za rješavanje dva zasebna zadataka u obradi prirodnog jezika. Predstavlja se nova metoda koji koristi transformer arhitekturu koja se sastoji samo od enkodera, kako bi se omogućila suradnja između agenata koji uče različite zadatke. Metoda je evaluirana simuliranjem različitih skupina agenata koji uče različite zadatke kako bi se ispitalo na koji način se može ostvariti međusobna korisnost djeljenja modela između svih agenata i na taj način ostvariti bolje rezultate lokalnih modela. Simulacije provedene u radu pokazuju da suradnja među agentima, čak i kada agenti uče različite zadatke, može poboljšati lokalnu točnost modela svih agenata, posebno kada su veze između agenata pažljivo razmotrene i ograničene. Višezadaćna suradnja dovela je do statistički značajnog povećanja od 11.6% u prosječnoj relativnoj točnosti u usporedbi s rezultatima baznih eksperimenata za pojedinačne zadatke. U trećem radu se istražuje autonomno uspostavljanje veza između agenata tijekom decentraliziranog učenja u kontekstu NND skupova podataka među agentima, u sintetičkim i stvarnim okruženjima. Fokus je na analizi učinkovitosti različitih metodologija u scenarijima koji obuhvaćaju zadatke klasifikacije slika i obrade prirodnog jezika. Kroz eksperimente provedene u sintetičkim i realnim NND okruženjima, metode PANMGrad i PANMLoss pokazale su se kao optimalna rješenja, pokazujući kako učinkovitost komunikacije tako i otpornost na tendencije centralizacije. Publikacije zajednički čine koherentno tijelo rada i doprinose shvaćanju procesa decentraliziranog učenja među istorazinskim agentima u kontekstu heterogenih skupova podataka. Jedan od radova analizira strategije za autonomno uspostavljanje komunikacijskih veza između agenata, dok se u druga dva rada predlažu nove metode temeljene na poboljšanju performansi učenja kroz višezadaćno učenje ili personalizaciju lokalnih modela. Iz navedenog proizlaze sljedeći znanstveni doprinosi: - Metoda uspostave veza i razmjene modela između heterogenih agenata i različitih ciljeva učenja, - Metoda treniranja zajedničkih slojeva modela za brzu konvergenciju u okruženju s više ciljeva učenja, - Metoda personalizacije modela istorazinskih agenta temeljena na normalizacijskim slojevima, - Evaluacija, usporedba i identifikacija optimalnih metoda za autonomno uspostavljanje veza između agenata nad sintetičkim i realističnim podacima
BIO-INNOVATED POLYESTER MATERIAL AIMED FOR USE IN A HOSPITAL ENVIRONMENT
No full textPoliester čini gotovo 80 % ukupne proizvodnje sintetskih vlakana, od kojih je najzastupljeniji poli(etilen-tereftalat), PET. U medicini i zdravstvu se primjenjuju i vlakna i materijali iz PET-a u područjima gdje su mehanička svojstva, bioinertnost i trajnost od ključne važnosti. U ovom radu istraživanje je obuhvatilo razvoj bio-inoviranih poliesterskih materijala za ciljanu primjenu u bolničkom okružju kroz 3 faze, a odabrane metode primijenjene su s ciljem analize postavljenih parametara učinkovitosti. Prva faza je aktivacija površine poliesterske tkanine (standardna i PET) hidrolizom s naglaskom na održivost procesa. U tu svrhu istražena je alkalna hidroliza pri sniženoj temperaturi uz dodatak akceleratora te hidroliza ekološki prihvatljivim enzimima. Rezultati istraživanja potvrdili su postavljenu hipotezu da se proces hidrolize poliesterskih vlakana u tkanini može provesti upotrebom ekološki povoljnijih sredstava i/ili na energetski i ekonomski povoljniji način alkalnom hidrolizom uz dodatak heksadeciltrimetilamonijeva klorida (2 g/l HDTMAC, 80 °C, 10 min) te enzimskom hidrolizom amanolipazama Amano Lipase A iz Aspergillus niger (ALA) i Amano Lipase iz Pseudomonas fluorescens (ALAK) - vrijednost pH 9, koncentracija enzima 0,2 g/l, 60 °C, 60 min. Hidrolizom dolazi do povećanja hidrofilnosti što je potvrđeno analizom sorpcijskih svojstava. Za razliku od alkalne hidrolize, enzimskom hidrolizom ostaju zadržana primarna svojstva tkanine. Druga faza obuhvaća pripremu kitozana te implementaciju na površinu aktivirane tkanine. S obzirom na prikazane rezultate, kao i na postojanost obrade nakon prvog ciklusa pranja u neionskom tenzidu, funkcionalizacija kitozanom postupkom impregnacija-sušenje-kondenzacija homogeniziranom otopinom kitozana u octenoj kiselini pokazala se povoljnijom u odnosu na termosol postupak dispergiranim submikronskim česticama kitozana. Za pretpostaviti je da su kod funkcionalizacije termosol postupkom prisutne samo vodikove veze, dok su kod postupka impregnacija-sušenje-kondenzacija prisutne i ionske veze jer je kitozan protoniran. Rezultati ciljanih istraživanja potvrdili su postavljenu hipotezu da se poliesterska tkanina može funkcionalizirati kitozanom, a postupak impregnacija-sušenje-kondenzacija homogeniziranom otopinom kitozana u octenoj kiselini je postojana i nakon višestrukih ciklusa pranja. To je potvrđeno SEM i elektrokinetičkom analizom, bojadisanjem, poboljšanjem sorpcijskih svojstava i analizom antimikrobne učinkovitosti. U trećoj fazi ispitana je antimikrobna učinkovitost funkcionaliziranih tkanina nakon 10 ciklusa prilagođenog industrijskog pranja kako bi se utvrdila postojanost obrade. Tkanina zadržava dobivena svojstva do 3 ciklusa pranja, a antimikrobnu učinkovitost i nakon 10 pranja te se kao takva može primijeniti u bolničkom okružju kao zamjena za jednokratnu zaštitnu odjeću. Enzimski hidrolizirana PET tkanina funkcionalizirana kitozanom ima veću učinkovitost u odnosu na alkalno hidroliziranu PET tkaninu funkcionaliziranu kitozanom budući da pokazuje učinkovitost i na mikrogljivice, a funkcionalizacija je postojana i nakon višestrukih ciklusa pranja. Enzimski hidrolizirana PET tkanina enzimom ALAK funkcionalizirana kitozanom pokazuje antimikrobni učinak na sva tri mikroorganizma čak i nakon 10 ciklusa pranja. Valja istaknuti da osim antimikrobnoj učinkovitosti enzimska hidroliza i funkcionalizacija kitozanom doprinose udobnosti tkanine jer se povećavaju hidrofilnost, upravljanje kapljevitom vlagom, osjet glatkoće i osjet mekoće. S obzirom na sve dobivene rezultate i analizu parametara učinkovitosti za ciljanu primjenu u bolničkom okružju, najprihvatljivijim se pokazao bio-inovirani postupak aktivacije površine PET tkanina enzimskom hidrolizom amanolipazom iz Pseudomonas fluorescens (ALAK) funkcionaliziran homogeniziranim kitozanom postupkom impregnacija-sušenje-kondenzacija.Polyester accounts for almost 80 % of the total production of synthetic fibers, of which poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET, is the most common. In medicine and healthcare, PET fibers and materials are also used in areas where mechanical properties, bioinertness and durability are crucial. In this doctoral thesis, the development of bio-innovated polyester materials aimed for use in a hospital environment was investigated in three phases. The first phase is the activation of the surface of polyester fabrics (standard and PET) by sustainable hydrolysis process. For this purpose, alkaline hydrolysis at reduced temperature with the addition of an accelerator and hydrolysis with environmentally friendly enzymes were performed. The effect of temperature on the alkaline hydrolysis of PET was analysed with and without the addition of an accelerator (cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, HDTMAC) in terms of the change in mass and in breaking force and the morphology of the fibers. The kinetics of PET degradation and the activation energy were determined according to the theoretical model. It was found that it is possible to carry out PET hydrolysis in a more environmentally friendly way compared to conventional alkaline hydrolysis (100 °C, 60 min). Alkaline hydrolysis with the addition of 2 g/l HDTMAC at 80 °C for 10 min results in the same changes. Although this process is still not completely environmentally friendly due to the use of sodium hydroxide, it is economically and energetically more acceptable and therefore more sustainable compared to the conventional process. Enzymatic hydrolysis, which is more environmentally friendly than alkaline hydrolysis, was performed using different hydrolases, esterase and lipase. Amano Lipases proved to be efficient and it is possible to carry out PET hydrolysis in more environmentally, economically and energetically favourable process. The effectiveness of the Amano Lipase A from Aspergillus niger (ALA) in an alkaline medium has been confirmed. An enzyme concentration of 0.1 g/l is sufficient, and hydrolysis can also be carried out at a reduced temperature of 60 °C, although hydrolysis at 100 °C is more effective. The Amano Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (ALAK) is effective in both acidic and alkaline media. In an acidic medium, it achieves the best results at a concentration of 0.2 g/l and a temperature of 100 °C. In an alkaline medium, satisfactory results can be achieved with a lower concentration of 0.1 g/l at a lower temperature and time. The analysis of the results in terms of sustainability of the hydrolysis process showed that the optimal process parameters for hydrolysis using the enzyme ALA are: pH value 9, enzyme concentration 0.1 g/l, 60 °C, 60 min; and for the enzyme ALAK: pH value 9, enzyme concentration 0.2 g/l, 60 °C, 60 min. In view of the easier comparability of all the results obtained and the small differences in the preliminary results, the enzyme concentration of 0.2 g/l was also used for the ALA enzyme, which was very effective. From this it can be concluded that the hydrolysis of the surface of commercially available polyester fabrics can be carried out in an ecologically, energetically and economically process, when the process parameters are carefully selected. Hydrolysis leads to an increase in hydrophilicity, which was confirmed by analysing the sorption properties. In contrast to alkaline hydrolysis, enzymatic hydrolysis preserves the primary properties of the fabric. This confirms hypothesis 1. HYPOTHESIS 1: The process of hydrolysis of polyester fibers in the fabric can be carried out by more environmentally friendly process and/or in a more energetically and economically favourable process. The second phase includes the preparation of chitosan and its implementation on the activated surface of the fabric. The implementation of chitosan was carried out by the thermosol process from dispersion of submicron particles of chitosan and by the pad-dry-cure process of chitosan homogenized in acetic acid solution. Considering the results presented and the durability of the functionalization treatment after the first washing cycle in a non-ionic surfactant, functionalization with chitosan using the pad-dry-cure method of chitosan homogenized in acetic acid solution proved to be more favourable than the thermosol process with dispersion of submicron chitosan particles. It is to assume that in thermosol process only H-bonds are present, while in pad-dry-cure process ionic bond occurs between protonated chitosan and PET fiber. The pad-dry-cure process of chitosan homogenized in acetic acid solution is durable after one washing cycle. This confirms hypothesis 2. HYPOTHESIS 2: Polyester fabric can be functionalized with chitosan. In the third phase, the antimicrobial efficacy of the functionalized fabrics was tested after 10 cycles of adapted industrial washing process for determination of the treatment durability. The morphological characterization of the surface (SEM), electrokinetic analysis, dyeing, improvement of sorption properties and analysis of antimicrobial efficacy were performed. Literary sources state that chitosan has antimicrobial effectiveness. Given that chitosan is a natural biopolymer that has not been proven to have a negative impact on humans or the environment, it is considered a favourable antimicrobial agent. The results show that alkaline hydrolysis leads to the migration of an antimicrobial agent (quaternary ammonium compounds, QAC) from the surface of the material, which can have a negative effect on the natural bacterial flora of the skin. In contrast, enzymatic hydrolysed PET fabrics functionalized with chitosan have no inhibition zone, have a higher efficacy than alkaline hydrolysed samples as they also act on fungi and are stable even after several washing cycles. The enzymatically hydrolysed PET fabric with ALAK enzyme functionalized with chitosan shows an antimicrobial effect on all three microorganisms tested even after 10 washing cycles, thus fulfilling the basic requirements for a good antimicrobial agent for textile substrates and the requirements for an ideal antimicrobial treatment. It should be noted that enzymatic hydrolysis and functionalization with chitosan, in addition to antimicrobial efficacy, also contribute to the comfort of the fabric by increasing its hydrophilicity, moisture management and the feeling of smoothness and softness. The fabric retains its properties up to 3 washing cycles and its antimicrobial efficacy even after 10 cycles and can therefore be used in hospitals as a replacement for disposable protective clothing. Considering this purpose, hypothesis 3 can be considered confirmed. HYPOTHESIS 3: Polyester fabric functionalized with chitosan is resistant to the washing process. Taking into account all the results obtained and analysing the efficiency parameters aimed for use in the hospital environment, the bio-innovative process for activating the surface of PET fabrics by enzymatic hydrolysis with Amano Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (ALAK) functionalized with homogenized chitosan by pad-dry-cure process proved to be the most acceptable