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THE EFFECT OF SGLT2 INHIBITORS ON MARKER OF MYOCYTE STRESS (NTproBNP) IN TYPE 2 DIABETES
No full textU ovoj prospektivnoj opservacijskoj studiji procjenjivani su kardiovaskularni učinci
inhibitora kotransportera natrij-glukoza 2 (SGLT2) kod bolesnika sa šećernom bolesti tipa 2 u
kojih je postojala loša glukoregulacija na monoterapiji metforminom te im je bila potrebna
intenzifikacija terapije (SGLT2 inhibitori ili inhibitori dipeptidil-peptidaze 4). Na početku i
nakon šest mjeseci dodatne terapije obavljena je krvna analiza te fizikalni i ehokardiografski
pregled. Nisu nađene značajne razlike između skupina u biomarkerima miocitnog i
oksidacijskog stresa, upale te krvnom tlaku, dok su se indeks tjelesne mase, trigliceridi,
aspartat-aminotransferaza, mokraćna kiselina, E/E’, deceleracijsko vrijeme i sistolički tlak u
plućnoj arteriji značajno snizili, a udarni volumen i indeksirani udarni volumen te lipoprotein
visoke gustoće, hematokrit i hemoglobin značajno povisili u skupini na SGLT2 inhibitorima.
Iz navedenog proizlazi da mehanizmi djelovanja SGLT2 inhibitora podrazumijevaju brze
promjene u odnosu masnog i nemasnog tkiva, metaboličkim parametrima, zatim smanjeno
srčano opterećenje te poboljšanje dijastoličkih i sistoličkih parametara srčane funkcije.This prospective observational study evaluated the cardiovascular effects of sodium
glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) in patients with type 2 diabetes and poor
glucoregulation on metformin who needed additional therapy (SGLT2i or dipeptidyl peptidase4 inhibitors in the control group). At the beginning and after six months of additional therapy,
laboratory analysis, physical and echocardiographic examination were performed. There were
no significant differences between the two groups in terms of biomarkers of myocyte and
oxidative stress, inflammation and blood pressure. Body mass index, triglycerides, aspartate
aminotransferase, uric acid, E/E’, deceleration time, and systolic pressure in the pulmonary
artery significantly decreased, while stroke volume, and indexed stroke volume as well as highdensity lipoprotein, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, significantly increased in the group on
SGLT2i. According to the results, SGLT2i mechanisms of action obviously comprise rapid
changes in body composition and metabolic parameters, reduced cardiac load, and
improvement in diastolic and systolic heart parameters
Conceptualization of convergent media credibility – content characteristics, media workers' and audience perception
No full textU vremenu promjenjivog medijskog okruženja, neupitan je značaj medijske vjerodostojnosti kao temelja u odnosu medija i publike. Ranija istraživanja potvrđuju tu važnost u kontekstu medijskog sadržaja, ali i iz perspektive publike te medijskih djelatnika, a studije se dijele upravo s obzirom na to koji od navedenih segmenta vjerodostojnosti ispituju. Ovo empirijsko istraživanje prvi puta objedinjuje sva tri pristupa te kombinirajući kvantitativnu i kvalitativnu metodologiju daje kompletnu sliku o vjerodostojnosti konvergentnih medija, a s ciljem usporedbe vjerodostojnosti tiskanih i mrežnih izdanja tri hrvatske dnevne nacionalne novine. Studija kombinira tri znanstvene metode pa je tako kvantitativna analiza sadržaja obuhvatila 9538 članaka (1058 na kvartarnoj razini) objavljenih u novinama te na portalima Jutarnjeg lista, Večernjeg lista i 24sata, anketa o vjerodostojnosti medija provedena je na reprezentativnom nacionalnom uzorku od 1009 ispitanika u Hrvatskoj, a polustrukturirani intervjui s 15 novinara i urednika u tri redakcije. Za potrebe istraživanja bilo je potrebno postaviti i novi koncept vjerodostojnosti konvergentnih medija te je definirano šest kriterija vjerodostojnosti – autorstvo, relevantnost teme, kvaliteta obrade teme i njezine prezentacije, razlikovanje činjenica od komentara te nepristranost. Analiza sadržaja prema svakom od kriterija pokazala je da se članci napisani isključivo za mrežna izdanja značajno razlikuju od onih u tiskanim izdanjima sva tri medija, a pritom su potonji vjerodostojniji. Iako su novinari i urednici tih razlika svjesni te ih pripisuju drugačijim redakcijskim praksama, publika većinski ne razlikuje novine od portala, a ocjenu vjerodostojnosti za medijski brend donosi na temelju stavova o onoj platformi koju dominantno koristi, unatoč tome što ovo istraživanje zaključuje da su međusobno sličnija tiskana izdanja različitih medijskih tvrtki, nego tiskana i mrežna izdanja istog medija.In the ever-changing media environment, the importance of media credibility as one of the key factors of stability and strength in the relationship between the media and the audience is unquestionable. Previous research confirms this significance, both for the media themselves, and for the fulfilment of their role in society. Similarly, media credibility is important for democracy and the public sphere as well. Researchers began investigating media credibility in the first half of the 20th century. Considering the complexity of the concept, which includes "all components of the communication process" (Kurtić, 2007, p. 40), the research conducted so far can be classified within one of three main approaches – research on media content credibility, research on audience perception and research on the perception of media credibility by media workers. The first approach objectively analyses media messages and gives an answer to the question of media content credibility and its extent, while the latter approaches refer to the subjective perception of the media credibility by the audience or journalists and editors. It is therefore quite possible that research results obtained within different approaches do not overlap, and the only way to get a complete picture of media credibility is to conduct research considering all three approaches. Since research so far has often focused on only one aspect of credibility, the scientific contribution of this research study lies precisely in the fact that, for the first time in Croatia, it combines all three approaches with an emphasis on the analysis of convergent media in order to compare the credibility of print and online editions of three Croatian daily newspapers. The goals set in this dissertation are as follows: (1) To determine whether there are differences in the credibility of the content published in the print edition of Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata and in their online editions; (2) To examine the opinions of the audience on the similarities and differences between the print editions of daily newspapers and their online editions; (3) To investigate the perception of the credibility of print and online publications by media workers. The topic of this dissertation is media credibility in the convergent environment, which implies that news media produce content for different platforms, both traditional and digital ones. The scientific problem in the focus of this research is whether content differs depending on the platform, i.e. whether different editorial policies are followed in the print editions of Croatian daily newspapers and in their online editions, and what the opinions of the audience and media workers are related to such newsroom practices. The dissertation is based on the thesis of George Brock (2013) who believes that regardless of technological innovations, different formats and numerous changes that journalism faces, it is crucial for the future of the media to preserve its set of values and ideals. The question is whether this is true for the analysed media outlets, i.e. whether Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata manage to preserve their credibility in the convergent environment or whether they lose credibility by publishing content on digital platforms. Since this research combines all three approaches in examining media credibility, its distinctive feature is the use of combined quantitative and qualitative methodology and three scientific methods. In the first phase of the research, quantitative content analysis, which was conducted during a two-week period in November and December 2020, explored the content of 9,538 articles published in print and online editions of Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata (1058 at the final level of analysis). In the second phase, in the same time period, a survey was conducted on a representative national sample of 1,009 respondents in Croatia. In the third phase, the methodology switched from quantitative to qualitative, and in February 2023, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 editors and journalists in three newsrooms2 . In addition to the aforementioned methodological scientific contribution, the theoretical contribution of this dissertation should also be highlighted. Namely, it defines a new concept of media credibility in the convergent media environment based on previous measurement scales. In fact, the existence of a measurement scale is crucial for designing and conducting credibility research, but no single, generally accepted scale actually exists. A number of studies have defined measurement scales on the basis of research which focused on the audience and media workers, as well as on the basis of research on media content. Yet, taking into account the specificity of the rapidly changing media environment, the redefinition of measurement scales is necessary. It is worth noticing that the newly established measurement scales should be based on the categories and conclusions of previous research, which enables a longitudinal comparison. The newly established concept of the credibility of convergent media in this research differs from the existing ones because it is adapted to the analysis of the convergent media, and the defined measurement scale is adapted and upgraded with the possibility of comparative analysis of print and online editions of the same media outlet. This concept consists of six defined credibility criteria - authorship, quality of the topic, quality of topic coverage, quality of topic presentation, unbiased reporting and distinguishing facts from opinions. Its theoretical foundation can be found in large-scale research of newspaper credibility conducted in Croatia in 2007 by a research group gathered around the Journalism Education and Training in Croatia (JETiC) Tempus project. The categories set in that research study, which also referred to key measurement scales from previous studies (Gaziano and McGrath, 1986; Bogart, 1989; Meyer and Kim 2003), were partly adopted, partly adapted, and some new ones were added considering today's digital environment. Also, the results obtained in that research were compared with the figures obtained now in order to be able to follow the development of the main trends in Croatian journalism. Before analysing media credibility according to each of the mentioned criteria, this dissertation first presents the results on the general dynamics of publishing and content consumption in order to get a detailed insight into the media landscape of daily newspapers and their online editions in Croatia. The credibility analysis then shows that the articles written exclusively for online editions differ significantly from those in the print editions of all three newspapers, with the latter being more credible. Moreover, the results show that the content of different media outlets (both print and online) is more similar than the print and online editions of the same media outlet. While journalists and editors are aware of these differences and attribute them to different journalistic routines and practices but also to the conditions created by the competitive market and the fight for clicks, the results also show that the audience mostly does not distinguish the differences between newspapers and news websites. In the dissertation, the results are broken down according to defined criteria, and their detailed analysis provides an overview of the credibility of the analysed media outlets. Authorship is defined as the first criterion of credibility according to which content is analysed. This criterion is used to examine whether the author of the article is named and, if so, who he or she is. The goal is to get an answer to the question to what extent journalists are named as the authors of the analysed articles, and to what extent the articles were editorials or taken from agencies and other media outlets. The results show that in that aspect, the print editions of Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata are unquestionably more credible than the online ones, and it is proven that significantly more authored content is published in the newspapers. Although media workers generally agree that authorship is important for credibility, especially from the perspective of the audience, they admit that in online editions much less attention is paid to the author's work. This raises concerns for the relationship between the audience and the news media, given that the survey conducted on a representative sample proved that trust in journalists declines, especially among younger generations. The analysis of the quality of the topic as another credibility criterion refutes the assumption that content is trivialised in online editions. This criterion answers the question of what kind of content the media outlet focuses on. In general, the analysis of the sections and the number of articles showed that, given the unlimited space, more diverse content is published on online news websites. In this research study, the focus is placed on the articles published in the national politics, international politics and crime sections of Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata. The results also show that both in newspapers and on news websites, hard news dominates compared to soft news. The interviewed journalists and editors agree that online editions open more opportunities but add that for them the issue of choosing topics on news websites actually poses a dilemma as to how much they should be guided by public interest and how much by the wishes of the audience expressed through clicks, especially knowing that these approaches often contradict each other. On the other hand, although the majority of the respondents believe that the quality of the topic is equal in the print newspapers and on news websites, as they think for each of the examined credibility criteria, in this case, a slightly larger number of respondents notice a greater variety of topics in online editions. The analysis of the quality of topic coverage as the third credibility criterion confirms again that more credible content is published in newspapers. In fact, the results show that longer and more complex journalistic forms of writing account for a larger share of articles published in print editions. While short news and other shorter forms dominate on news websites, longer forms like features, analyses, interviews and reportage dominate in newspapers. The audience does not notice this difference again, although the interviewed journalists and editors point out that their work approach to newspapers and online editions is completely different because of the specifics of the platforms themselves, different habits of the audience, but also because of the speed of work and more intense pace of online editions. The analysis of the quality of topic presentation as the fourth criterion of credibility involves the examination of headlines, eyebrow headings and standfirsts, photos and additional elements. The results of the research show that both in the case of newspapers and in the case of news websites, the headlines-related elements and photos come from the textual part of the article and are not misleading. When it comes to the informativeness of the headlines, it is concluded that in most cases they bring concrete information, with the exception of clickbait, which is analysed separately. The interviewed journalists and editors confirm that in the case of news websites they have to try harder to attract readers with presentation. On the other hand, the same audience mostly does not notice the difference in headlines on news websites and in newspapers. However, those respondents who do differentiate the degree of informativeness between platforms, note that they predominantly give preference to news websites as more informative and interesting. The analysis of unbiased reporting as the fifth criterion of credibility shows that in all three media outlets, regardless of the platform, few articles were published without any specified sources of information and that this issue does not threaten media credibility. However, a large number of articles which rely on only one source of information have been detected as a problem, and these are the articles that dominate in online editions. On the other hand, the figures show that the articles published in print editions had, on average, a larger number of sources used, while the advantage of online editions is that they published fewer articles with anonymous sources. Media workers once again attribute the different approach to sources primarily to the speed and much shorter time that journalists on the news websites have to write articles, while the audience once again believes that the platforms are equally biased or unbiased. The analysis of distinguishing facts from opinions as the sixth credibility criterion undoubtedly gives preference to online editions, since the authors' views were almost never expressed in the articles published on the news websites. However, this was the case in a significantly larger number of newspaper articles, in all three analysed media outlets. These results correspond to the conclusions of the previous criteria that the role of authorship is stronger in print editions, while articles on news websites are often almost unified. However, it is interesting that neither media workers nor the audience can give a clear assessment of the differences between the platforms in this respect. As for six analysed criteria of credibility, in three of them it has been confirmed that more credible content was published in the print editions of the analysed media outlets, for two it turned out to be the opposite, and one criterion was found to be equally valid for both platforms. Considering such findings, it has been proven that the content published in the analysed daily newspapers is more credible than the content published on their websites, but with a minimal number of confirmed criteria. However, what has definitely been confirmed is that the content published in Jutarnji list, Večernji list and 24sata differs significantly from the content written for the jutarnji.hr, vecernji.hr and 24sata.hr websites across a vast majority of criteria. The similarities between the two platforms stem from the fact that almost all the content that is published in newspapers is also published on news websites, but in online editions a significant amount of content is published exclusively for that platform, and it has now been proven that these articles are significantly different from those in newspapers - in terms of topics, topic coverage, topic presentation, use of sources of information, and in terms of distinguishing facts from opinions. Finally, media workers confirm that completely different journalistic practices exist on two platforms, and that the same authors often do not write for newspapers and news websites. Nevertheless, all content in newspapers and on news websites is published under the name of the same media brand. Readers then draw conclusions regarding the brand on the basis of the platform on which they predominantly consume media content. This is a phenomenon called "credibility transfer", which has also been proven by this research. Firstly, it has been confirmed that from the perspective of the audience, the content published on different platforms differs minimally, and that most respondents believe that they can assess the credibility of a media brand even if they only consume it through one platform. For readers, Jutarnji list is Jutarnji list, Večernji list is Večernji list, and 24sata is 24sata, regardless of whether it is a news website or a newspaper. However, it is important to emphasise that the respondents who predominantly consume online editions, when assessing the credibility of a media brand, give the media outlet a lower credibility rating on average than those respondents who mostly consume newspapers and assess the entire media outlet based on that content. This is in line with the results of earlier research which show that "online news consumers have lower levels of general trust in news media than those who primarily use traditional news media platforms" (Fisher, 2016, p. 1). There are two main conclusions in this dissertation. Firstly, an undisputed difference in the credibility of print and online editions of convergent media has been proven, which media workers are also aware of. Secondly, the audience does not notice these differences and has difficulty in critically approaching the content that the media publishes. The question of media literacy of readers is key, considering that, along with media professionalism, it is recognised as a key factor for establishing a strong relationship of trust between the media and the audience. Namely, it is impossible to preserve credibility without the media adhering to fundamental journalistic values and criteria on all platforms, but also without a media-literate audience that will be able to access media content competently
Aporije esencijalizma – Rortyjeva kritika esencijalizma
No full textThe purpose of this work is to outline the constitutive elements of the views of the American philosopher Richard Rorty (1931-2007). His entire philosophy is marked by a trope known as “anti-essentialism.” Anti-essentialism, simply put, is a radical critique of traditional philosophy that sought to be grounded in ahistorical and intelligible essences. Essentialism begins with a pivotal moment in the history of philosophy, specifically Plato's epistemological framework, reaching its zenith with the Kantian system. Anti-philosophers (Groys 2012), such as Nietzsche and later Heidegger, are among the first anti-essentialists. Essentialism finds its support in academic thermos-topes, where its status is seldom questioned. In this paper, we will address the radical critique of essences through Rorty’s views, whether they derive from a theoretical-centric provenance, such as epistemology (in the analytical tradition), or arise from a more practical realm, as seen in certain ideologies. For Rorty, epistemological totalitarianism is not fundamentally different from ideological totalitarianism, as both are constructed upon the yearning for an unquestionable and monomaniacal essence.
The trajectory of Richard Rorty’s intellectual development coincides with the intensification of his critique. In his first magnum opus, “Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature”, he provides a radical critique of philosophy centered on epistemology. This critique encompasses both the historical dimension and contemporary thematizations in the philosophy of language, mind, and science, all of which are closely related to representationalism—a mode of thought around which essentialism gravitates within the analytical philosophy circles. This critique corresponds with the first part of this dissertation, which elaborates on the concept of the mirror of nature and Rorty’s ‘edifying’ alternative. In the first section, Rorty’s critique is examined against what he refers to as Glassy Essences and the Eye of Mind, which, when reduced, relate to the extension of Descartes' philosophy into analytical philosophy. This extension initially permeates current debates surrounding the problem of consciousness and mind—a debate between cognitivism and philosophy of mind. Both positions, while differing, are derivatives of the marking of the ‘mental’ or ‘mentalism’, which is a legacy of Descartes. Rorty observes these impulses in the philosophy of language as well. The central aspect, according to Rorty, is the critique of the Kantian derivative in the Anglo-Saxon reflective tradition. This Kantian derivative is facilitated through a conceptual tool that Kant calls “Erkenntnistheorie.” This conceptual tool will undergo a metamorphosis, emerging in current philosophical trends as epistemology or theory of knowledge. Through this theory, representationalism is established, which implies the “secure path of philosophy to science.’ Representationalism, via the theory of knowledge, creates a dictation surrounding the problem of knowledge—this dictation is conveyed through discursive extensions: 1) privileged representations and 2) accurate representations. Representationalism aims to establish [Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft] (Heidegger), thus positioning philosophy as a rigorous science that engages with specific problems and themes related to logic, truth, language, and mind—a kind of attempt to detach philosophy from social dynamics. Yet, within this essentialist framework, certain sparks emerge, attempting to create new paths outside the rigid worldviews of the analytical tradition. This turn is known as ‘behaviorism’ or ‘psychological nominalism’ and is represented by a dynamic quartet: Nelson Goodman, W.V.O. Quine, Wilfrid Sellars, and Donald Davidson. These thinkers disrupt the analytical worldview by creating new forms of expression. The influence of these thinkers renders Rorty’s pragmatism a ‘linguistic pragmatism.’
The alternative to this philosophical approach can be found in what may be termed “Rorty’s pragmatic hermeneutics.” As a framework that can temporarily withstand epistemological domination, Rorty proposes hermeneutics. The variant he embraces combines several tropes of classical hermeneutics, such as historicity and horizon, with the historical approach of the philosophy of science (Kuhn, Feyerabend, Lakatos). Pragmatic hermeneutics serves as a viable means to engage with the interpretative community and democratize science. This democratization seeks a shift from cognitans to sur-cognitans, as Bachelard posits. The truths of science are not the creations of an individual but are part of the flow of the scientific interpretative community within a specific temporal context, a notion that Fleck refers to as ‘mutual attunement.’ We will conclude this first part by presenting the antidote to representationalism: ‘edifying’ philosophy. For Richard Rorty, edifying philosophy means: “I shall use ‘edification’ to stand for this project of finding new, better, more interesting, more fruitful ways of speaking. The attempt to edify (ourselves or others) may consist in the hermeneutic activity of making connections between our own culture and some exotic culture or historical period, or between our own discipline and another discipline which seems to pursue incommensurable aims in an incommensurable vocabulary” (Rorty 1979: 360). Edifying philosophy encompasses not only Rorty’s philosophical ‘heroes’—Heidegger, Dewey, and Wittgenstein—but also continental philosophers like Nietzsche, Foucault, and Derrida. Edifying philosophy will serve as a gateway to consolidating his pragmatic variant, as well as the notion that is both debatable and polemical: the concept of post-philosophical culture.
In the second part, we will outline Rorty’s neo-pragmatism. Rorty's neo-pragmatism is based on discourse rather than experience, as is the case with classical pragmatism. Considering this, we may refer to this redesign of pragmatism as linguistic pragmatism. In this section, alongside elaborating on linguistic pragmatism as a radical critique of two theories of truth—those of correspondence and coherence—we will focus on the concept of post-philosophical culture. We will dissect post-philosophical culture by making comparisons and drawing tangents with the concept of anti-philosophy. Post-philosophical culture is part of the context created by post-metaphysical thought. Thus, it is democratic, plural, and marked by the moment of the decline of sovereign registers, both in epistemology and other dimensions of social dynamics. From this juncture, Rorty’s entire academic career will be characterized by his confrontations with thinkers of both provenances regarding the idiosyncratic reading of pragmatism.
In the third part, we will focus on the elaboration of the problem of contingency. Rorty's philosophy cannot be fully understood without examining contingency. In fact, Calcaterra refers to Rorty’s reflections on contingency as “contingentism” (Calcaterra 2019). Rorty's contingentism is constituted by two main elements: 1) contingency and 2) nominalism. In Rorty's contingentism, contingency and nominalism achieve harmony, as both are situated within history. In this section, we will dissect the concept of contingency in Rorty across its three dimensions: 1) as contingency in language, viewing language not as something ahistorical or intelligible, but as a product of historical contingencies; 2) the contingency of selfhood, which can be interpreted as a critique of subject-centrism, yet also as an affirmation of the creative potential expressed through contingency; and 3) the contingency of community, which represents the neuralgic point of Rorty’s reflection, as he attempts to link his anti-foundationalism and anti-essentialism with his political worldviews. Through community, he emphasizes the primacy of democracy over philosophy. Rorty's democratic community consists of an inseparable triptych that includes democracy, solidarity, and freedom.
In the fourth part, we will elaborate on what we term ‘authentic liberality’ and Rorty’s non-theoretical solidarity. Rorty’s authentic liberality will initially be analyzed through a historical lens, examining how liberalism as an idea has been constructed in political philosophy. This historical analysis leads to the conclusion that there is no precise definition of liberalism, except for certain postulates that, depending on different thinkers and periods, have held various meanings and connotations. At this juncture, Rorty’s authentic liberality represents a combination of the egalitarian root and the freedom inherent in liberalism with the American democratic principles of Whitman and Dewey, which emphasize brotherhood, solidarity, and an ethical/radical democracy. These values are essential for understanding the emancipatory anthropo-poetic vision that Rorty endeavors to present. His vision, at first glance, may seem romantic, but it embodies a ‘romanticism of everyday life’ (Critchley 1999).
After elaborating on authentic liberalism, we will focus on dissecting the concept of the liberal ironist. Initially, we will analyze his critique of “agelasts” (people who do not laugh), based on reflections by writer Milan Kundera. Then we will conduct a historical introspection regarding the problem of irony, starting from a philological aspect and moving to the philosophical dimension, and ultimately to literature and literary criticism, where irony finds significant application in both reflection and creativity within the literary process. The conclusion of this section will attempt to synthesize a narrative through the lens of the political turn in Rorty’s thought. In this section, we will also analyze the concept of hope, which in Rorty does not have messianic overtones. Perhaps the best way to understand hope, in the context of Richard Rorty’s philosophy, is through Havel’s expression that ‘hope is not a preorganization.’ After analyzing the concept of hope, we will turn to the concept of ‘non-theoretical solidarity,’ one of the most important concepts in Rorty’s work. ‘Non-theoretical solidarity’ has three main components: a) it is historical, b) it is contextual, and c) it is not subjected to any theoretical or ideological projection. These two conceptual tools—hope and non-theoretical solidarity—create what Rorty calls ‘social poetry.’ Social poetry allows us to maintain a manifesto for improvement, with the aim of reducing institutional cruelty and social denigration. According to Rorty, through social poetry we make the world less cruel.
In the final section, we will delve into the context of constructing essentialism through the urging of philosophers towards the truth. At this point, we will conduct a genealogy of the concept of truth, examining how it becomes a crucial part of thinking within the metaphysics-epistemology binomial. In this chapter, we will present Rorty’s critique of this mode of philosophical thought and truth. At the same time, in this section, we will also outline his position regarding truth, which is constructed, contextual, and should be based on events and actuality. This vision of truth could also be freely referred to as ‘minimal truth’ (Davidson).
In conclusion, we will offer a turn towards narrative as a poetic and human-too-human way of constructing our hopes. Perhaps the conclusion encapsulates the very phrase as follows: ‘A poiesis as a creative act for a human-all-too-human praxis.’Svrha ovog rada je prikazati konstitutivne elemente pogleda američkog filozofa Richarda Rortyja (1931.–2007.). Njegova filozofija obilježena je tropom poznatim kao „anti-esencijalizam“. Anti-esencijalizam, pojednostavljeno rečeno, predstavlja radikalnu kritiku tradicionalne filozofije koja se nastojala temeljiti na ahistorijskim i razumljivim esencijama. Esencijalizam ima svoje ishodište u ključnom trenutku povijesti filozofije, konkretno u Platonovom epistemološkom okviru, dosežući svoj vrhunac u Kantovom sustavu. Anti-filozofi (Groys 2012.), poput Nietzschea i kasnije Heideggera, ubrajaju se među prve anti-esencijaliste. Esencijalizam pronalazi uporište u akademskim termotopima, gdje je njegov status rijetko dovođen u pitanje. U ovom radu razmatrat ćemo radikalnu kritiku esencija kroz Rortyjeve stavove, bilo da proizlaze iz teorijsko-centrične provenijencije, poput epistemologije (u analitičkoj tradiciji), ili izviru iz praktičnijeg područja, kao što je slučaj s određenim ideologijama. Za Rortyja, epistemološki totalitarizam nije bitno različit od ideološkog totalitarizma, budući da su oba izgrađena na težnji za neupitnom i monomaničnom esencijom.
Razvoj intelektualne putanje Richarda Rortyja podudara se s intenziviranjem njegove kritike. U svom prvom magnum opusu, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature, Rorty nudi radikalnu kritiku filozofije usmjerene na epistemologiju. Ta kritika obuhvaća i povijesnu dimenziju i suvremene tematizacije u filozofiji jezika, uma i znanosti, koje su usko povezane s reprezentacionalizmom—načinom mišljenja oko kojega se esencijalizam okuplja unutar krugova analitičke filozofije. Ključni aspekt, prema Rortyju, jest kritika kantovskog derivata u anglosaksonskoj refleksivnoj tradiciji. Taj kantovski derivat ostvaruje se kroz konceptualni alat koji Kant naziva „Erkenntnistheorie“. Taj konceptualni alat prolazi metamorfozu, pojavljujući se u suvremenim filozofskim tendencijama kao epistemologija ili teorija spoznaje. Kroz ovu teoriju, uspostavlja se reprezentacionalizam, koji podrazumijeva „sigurni put filozofije prema znanosti“. Reprezentacionalizam, putem teorije spoznaje, diktira problematiku znanja—ta diktatura se provodi kroz diskurzivne ekstenzije: 1) privilegirane reprezentacije i 2) točne reprezentacije. Reprezentacionalizam nastoji uspostaviti Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft (Husserl), pozicionirajući filozofiju kao rigoroznu znanost koja se bavi specifičnim problemima i temama vezanim uz logiku, istinu, jezik i um—vrsta pokušaja odvajanja filozofije od društvene dinamike.
U drugom dijelu prikazat ćemo Rortyjev neo-pragmatizam. Rortyjev neo-pragmatizam temelji se na diskursu, a ne na iskustvu, kao što je to bio slučaj s klasičnim pragmatizmom. S obzirom na to, ovaj redizajn pragmatizma možemo nazvati jezičnim pragmatizmom. U ovom ćemo dijelu, uz razradu jezičnog pragmatizma kao radikalne kritike dviju teorija istine—one korespondencije i koherentnosti—posebno obraditi koncept post-filozofske kulture. Post-filozofsku kulturu analizirat ćemo usporedbom i povlačenjem paralela s konceptom anti-filozofije.
U trećem dijelu fokusirat ćemo se na razradu problema kontingencije. Rortyjevu filozofiju nije moguće u potpunosti razumjeti bez sagledavanja kontingencije. Calcaterra čak Rortyjeve refleksije o kontingenciji naziva „kontingentizmom“ (Calcaterra 2019.). Rortyjev kontingentizam sastoji se od dva glavna elementa: 1) kontingencije i 2) nominalizma. U Rortyjevom kontingentizmu, kontingencija i nominalizam dolaze u sklad, budući da su oba smještena unutar povijesti. U ovom ćemo dijelu analizirati koncept kontingencije kod Rortyja u tri dimenzije: 1) kao kontingenciju jezika, koji se ne shvaća kao nešto ahistorijsko ili razumljivo, već kao proizvod povijesnih kontingencija; 2) kontingenciju sebstva, koja se može interpretirati kao kritika subjekt-centričnosti, ali i kao afirmacija kreativnog potencijala izraženog kroz kontingenciju; i 3) kontingenciju zajednice, koja predstavlja neuralgičnu točku Rortyjeve refleksije, jer pokušava povezati svoj anti-fundacionalizam i anti-esencijalizam sa svojim političkim svjetonazorima.
U četvrtom dijelu razradit ćemo ono što nazivamo „autentičnom liberalnošću“ i Rortyjevom ne-teorijskom solidarnošću. Autentičnu liberalnost najprije ćemo analizirati kroz povijesnu prizmu, istražujući kako je liberalizam kao ideja konstruiran u političkoj filozofiji. Povijesna analiza dovodi do zaključka da ne postoji precizna definicija liberalizma, osim određenih postulata koji, ovisno o različitim misliocima i razdobljima, imaju različita značenja i konotacije.
Nakon elaboracije autentične liberalnosti, usmjerit ćemo se na analizu koncepta liberalnog ironika. Prvotno ćemo analizirati njegovu kritiku „agelasta“ (ljudi koji se ne smiju), oslanjajući se na refleksije pisca Milana Kundere. Zatim ćemo provesti povijesnu introspekciju problema ironije, počevši od filološkog aspekta i prelazeći na filozofsku dimenziju, a potom na književnost i književnu kritiku, gdje ironija pronalazi značajnu primjenu i u refleksiji i u kreativnosti unutar književnog procesa. Možda je najbolji način za razumijevanje nade u kontekstu filozofije Richarda Rortyja kroz Havelov izraz da „nada nije preorganizacija“. Nakon analize koncepta nade, prelazimo na koncept „ne-teorijske solidarnosti“, jednog od najvažnijih koncepata u Rortyjevom djelu. „Ne-teorijska solidarnost“ ima tri glavne komponente: a) povijesna je, b) kontekstualna je i c) nije podvrgnuta nikakvoj teorijskoj ili ideološkoj projekciji. Ta dva konceptualna alata—nada i ne-teorijska solidarnost—čine ono što Rorty naziva „socijalna poezija“. Socijalna poezija omogućuje održavanje manifesta za unapređenje, s ciljem smanjenja institucionalne okrutnosti i društvenog poniženja.
U završnom dijelu ulazimo u kontekst izgradnje esencijalizma kroz težnju filozofa prema istini. Na ovoj točki provodimo genealogiju koncepta istine, istražujući kako ona postajeključnim dijelom mišljenja unutar binoma metafizike-epistemologije. U ovom ćemo poglavlju predstaviti Rortyjevu kritiku tog načina filozofskog mišljenja i istine.
Na kraju, nudimo zaokret prema naraciji kao poetskom i ljudski-previše-ljudskom načinu izgradnje naših nada. Zaključak se možda najbolje sažima u frazi: “Poiesis kao kreativan čin za ljudski-previše-ljudsku praxis
Immunomodulatory effect of multiple sclerosis therapy on the change in taste, clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection and reinfection
No full textImunološka obrana oboljelog u infekciji SARS-CoV-2 virusom važan je čimbenik u razvoju kliničke slike i krajnjeg ishoda infekcije, stoga su bolesnici s multiplom sklerozom skupina od posebnog značenja s obzirom na to da lijekovi za liječenje multiple skleroze na različite načine interferiraju s imunološkim sustavom.
Cilj predloženog istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost terapije interferonom kod bolesnika s multiplom sklerozom s asimptomatskom COVID-19 infekcijom, poremećajem okusa u COVID19 infekciji, post-COVID sindromom i pojavom COVID-19 infekcije nakon cijepljenja te ih usporediti s utjecajem ostalih terapijskih opcija za multiplu sklerozu. Uključeno je ukupno sto
ispitanika. Podaci su analizirani pomoću Hi-kvadrat testa, Fisherovog egzaktnog testa, Waldovog testa tipa III i procjene omjera izgleda uz 95 %-tne Waldove intervale pouzdanosti. Značajnom se pokazala povezanost terapije interferonom i asimptomatske COVID-19 infekcije (p = 0,0015), post-COVID sindroma (p < 0,0001), kognitivnih smetnji (p = 0,0002) i umora (p = 0,0025) u post-COVID sindromu, poremećaja okusa u COVID-19 infekciji (p < 0,0001) i COVID-19 infekcija nakon cijepljenja (p = 0,0002). Nije se pokazala značajnom veza interferona i trajanja kognitivnih smetnji i umora u post-COVID sindromu te veza spola i poremećaja okusa u COVID-19 infekciji.
Rezultati sugeriraju protektivan utjecaj terapije interferonom na ishode COVID-19 infekcije.The immune response of a patient infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus is, along with age, sex, comorbidities and response to the vaccine, an important factor in the development of the clinical picture and the outcome of the infection. Patients with multiple sclerosis are emphasized as a group of special importance, considering that different disease modifying treatments used to treat multiple sclerosis interfere with the immune system in different ways. Interferons are cytokines isolated from human blood and have the ability to inhibit virus replication, inhibit tumor growth and influence the immune system. The mode of action of interferon beta in multiple sclerosis is complex and not fully understood so far. An in vitro study showed that the application of IFN-α or IFN-β can reduce the titer of SARS-CoV-2 virus in cells and that they have the highest potency against SARS-CoV-2 virus in the form of antigen expression and reduction of viral load. Clinical data support the positive effect of subcutaneous and inhaled IFN in combination with other drugs on survival rate, reduction of infection symptoms and reduction of hospitalization days. A meta-analysis of clinical studies showed that IFN-β treatment reduced the risk of treatment of COVID-19 infection in the intensive care unit by 42% and increased the discharge rate 3.05 times, but additional confirmation of effectiveness is needed. Patients with multiple sclerosis, compared to the general population, have a significantly higher risk of infections in general, of serious infections, as well as of more severe clinical outcomes of the COVID-19 infection, but, for now, with the incompletely clarified effect of immunomodulating and immunosuppressive MS therapies on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection. According to current knowledge, patients with multiple sclerosis who were treated with fingolimod, ocrelizumab, rituximab and ofatumumab have a higher susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, a higher risk of a more severe clinical picture and a higher risk of complications of COVID-19 infection, while those treated with interferon β and glatiramer acetate have the lowest risk of infection. The positive effect of interferon in patients
with multiple sclerosis is known to reduce the level of cytokines IL6, IL-1 β and TNFα (participating in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection) within 24-48 hours after the injection
of interferon β. Anti-CD20 therapy partially attenuates the formation of antibodies after vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, while with interferon there is normal seroconversion after vaccination, but data on reinfections in patients with multiple sclerosis are scarce. The sequelae of the COVID-19 infection in which interferons play a role, the post-COVID syndrome, and taste disorders in patients with MS have also been insufficiently investigated.
Aim of this study was to determine the association of interferon therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis with clinical outcomes of coronavirus infection and the occurrence of coronavirus infection after vaccination, and to compare the obtained results with other therapeutic options for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The associations between interferon therapy and asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, taste disturbances in coronavirus infection, post-COVID syndrome, and the
occurrence of coronavirus infection after vaccination were analysed.
Material and methods: The subjects were patients with multiple sclerosis from the Neurology Department of Sestre milosrdnice University Hospital Center, who had recovered from the coronavirus infection and had been vaccinated with the SARS-CoV-2 virus vaccine. The subjects were divided into two groups: a group of 50 patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferons and another group of 50 patients with multiple sclerosis treated with other therapies that modify the course of multiple sclerosis. All subjects answered a paper questionnaire, the data on the degree of disability and the type of multiple sclerosis were obtained from the hospital electronic database, and the subjective taste disorder present at the time of answering the questionnaire was objectified with validated Burghart strips. The research is based on the assumption that interferon could affect the clinical picture, post-COVID syndrome and taste disturbances in coronavirus infection. Data on the clinical picture of acute coronavirus infection, the occurrence and duration of post-COVID syndrome, fatigue and cognitive impairment in post-COVID syndrome, and the number of postvaccination coronavirus infections were collected. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, Wald type III test, and odds ratio estimation with 95% Wald confidence intervals.
Results: The association between interferon therapy and asymptomatic COVID-19 infection was significant (p=0.0015), as well as the association between interferon therapy and post-COVID syndrome (p<0.0001), but also individually cognitive disorders (p=0.0002) and fatigue (p=0.0025) as part of the post-COVID syndrome. The association between interferon and the duration of cognitive impairment and fatigue in the post-COVID syndrome was not found to be significant.
The association between taste disorders in COVID-19 infection and interferon therapy was found to be significant (p<0.0001), while the association between gender and taste disorders in COVID19 infection was not significant. The association between interferon and COVID-19 infection after vaccination was found to be significant (p=0.0002).
Conclusion: This study showed that interferon therapy in patients with multiple sclerosis is associated with asymptomatic COVID-19 infection, taste disturbance in COVID-19 infection, post-COVID syndrome, cognitive impairment and fatigue in post-COVID syndrome, and COVID19 infection after vaccination suggesting a protective effect of interferon therapy on the outcomes of COVID-19 infection
The importance of clinical and morphological parameters in assessing the risk of rupture and the outcome of embolization treatment of intracranial aneurysms
No full textIntrakranijske aneurizme su patološka proširenja krvnih žila, najčešće okruglog oblika koje nalazimo u oko 2% opće populacije. Patogeneza nastanka aneurizmi nije do kraja razjašnjena. Pretpostavljeni mehanizam je genetska podloga u kombinaciji sa okolišnim čimbenicima. Jedan dio aneurizmi može tijekom života rupturirati i izazvati subarahnoidalno krvarenje (SAH), relativno rijedak, ali potencijalno fatalan oblik moždanog udara. Nakon postavljene dijagnoze SAH-a (nativnim CT-om mozga i/ili lumbalnom punkcijom), unutar 24 sata potrebno je učiniti angiografski prikaz krvnih žila mozga. Glavni cilj liječenja aneurizmi je prevencija rupture (odnosno rerupture) isključivanjem aneurizme iz cirkuacije. Liječenje aneurizmi se provodi endovaskularnom embolizacijom ili neurokirurškom operacijom postavljanja metalnih klipsi na vrat aneurizme. Usprkos velikom značaju prevencije rupture, niti jedan modalitet liječenja nije bez rizika iatrogenih komplikacija, stoga je predikcija rupture intrakranijskih aneurizmi još uvijek neostvareni cilj brojnih istraživanja. Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je procijeniti rane i dugoročne kliničke i morfološke ishode endovaskularnog liječenja rupturiranih i nerupturiranih intrakranijalnih aneurizmi u kohorti bolesnika iz jednog centra. Retrospektivno smo analizirali ishode liječenja 402 endovaskularno liječene intrakranijalne aneurizme s prosječnim praćenjem od 5.5 godina. Svi uključeni pacijenti liječeni su endovaskularnim tehnikama (coill, stent ili oboje). Analizirali smo demografiju pacijenata, čimbenike rizika za rupturu aneurizme, karakteristike aneurizme te kliničke i angiografske komplikacije i ishode. Analizirali smo i usporedili podatke iz dvije skupine, rupturirane aneurizme (RA) i nerupturirane aneurizme (UA), zasebno. Od 318 uključenih bolesnika, dobar rani klinički ishod postignut je u 78.5 % RA i u 95.3 % UA. Nije bilo komplikacija u 87.71 % bolesnika s UA i u 80.45 % s RA. Periproceduralna stopa rupture za UA i RA bila je 0,8 % odnosno 2,2 %. Postotak tromboembolijskih događaja bila je 4.8 % odnosno 8% za UA i RA. Ponovno liječenje zbog rekanalizacije bilo je potrebno u 9.21 % bolesnika s UA i u 16.66 % bolesnika s RA. Rezultati našeg centra pokazali su sveukupno povoljan klinički ishod s prihvatljivim periproceduralnim komplikacijama i za RA i za UR aneurizme i dokazali su da je endovaskularna metoda sigurna i učinkovita u liječenju intrakranijalnih aneurizmi.Intracranial aneurysms are pathological dilatations of blood vessels that are usually round in shape and occur in about 2 % of the population. The pathogenesis of aneurysms is not yet fully understood. A genetic background in combination with environmental factors is suspected as the mechanism. Part of the aneurysm may rupture in the course of life and cause a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), a relatively rare but potentially fatal form of stroke. Once the diagnosis of SAH has been made (via a native CT scan of the brain and/or a lumbar puncture), angiographic imaging of the blood vessels of the brain must be performed within 24 hours. The main goal of aneurysm treatment is to prevent rupture (or rerupture) by excluding the aneurysm from the circulation. Aneurysms are treated with endovascular embolization or neurosurgical procedures in which metal clips are attached to the neck of the aneurysm. Despite the great importance of preventing rupture, no treatment method is without the risk of iatrogenic complications. Therefore, the prediction of rupture of intracranial aneurysms is still an unfulfilled goal of numerous studies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the early and long-term clinical and morphologic outcomes of endovascular treatment of ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms in a single-centre patient cohort. We retrospectively analysed the treatment outcomes of 402 endovascularly treated intracranial aneurysms with a mean follow-up of 5.5 years. All included patients were treated with endovascular techniques (coil, stent or both). We analysed patient demographics, risk factors for aneurysm rupture, aneurysm characteristics, and clinical and angiographic complications and outcomes. We analysed and compared the data of the two groups, ruptured aneurysms (RAs) and unruptured aneurysms (UAs), separately. Of the 318 patients included, a good early clinical outcome was achieved in 78.5 % of RAs and in 95.3 % of UAs. No complications occurred in 87.71 % of patients with UAs and in 80.45 % with RAs. The periprocedural rupture rate for UAs and RAs was 0.8 % and 2.2 %, respectively. The rate of thromboembolic events was 4.8 % and 8 % for UAs and RAs, respectively. Retreatment due to recanalization was required in 9.21 % of patients with UAs and in 16.66 % of patients with RAs. The results from our centre showed an overall favourable clinical outcome with acceptable periprocedural complications for both RA and UR aneurysms, proving that the endovascular approach is safe and effective in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms
Association of plasma levels of chemokines with metabolic complications of type 1 diabetes and obesity in children
No full textU djece sa šećernom bolešću tipa 1 i pretilošću, dobi 12 do 18 godina, analizirali smo profil kemokina i kemokinskih receptora u perifernoj krvi s ciljem usporedbe sa zdravim ispitanicima te utvrđivanja povezanosti s kardiometaboličkim čimbenicima rizika. Koncentracija kemokina CCL2 povišena je u djece s loše reguliranim šećernom bolešću, kemokina CXCL11 snižena je u značajno pretilih, dok je kemokina CXCL12 snižena u obje skupine bolesnika. Uočene su brojne značajne korelacije kemokina i kemokinskih receptora s kardiometaboličkim i upalnim parametrima. U šećernoj bolesti se izdvaja pozitivna korelacija monocita CCR2+ s krvnim tlakom, limfocita B CCR2+ i CXCR3+ s trigliceridima, kemokina CCL2 s udjelom HbA1c i kemokina CXCL12 s omjernom albumina i kreatinina u urinu (ACR), uz negativnu povezanost subpopulacija CCR2+ s ACR. U pretilih dominira pozitivna povezanost kemokina CXCL12 s više metaboličkih parametara, negativna povezanost monocita CCR4+ i CXCR3+ s omjerom ACR te monocita s vrijednostima HOMA-IR. U obje bolesti nalazimo negativnu povezanost subpopulacija CXCR4+ s omjerom ACR i limfocita T CXCR3+ s lipidogramom te pozitivnu povezanost limfocita T CCR4+ s krvnim tlakom. Iako različiti rezultati sugeriraju imunoregulaciju specifičnu za pojedinu bolest, između šećerne bolesti i pretilosti postoje i preklapajući obrasci koji povezuju kemokinske signale s metaboličkom i vaskularnom disfunkcijom te predstavljaju moguće zajedničke terapijske ciljeve.We compared peripheral blood chemokine/receptor profiles in children and adolescents (12-18 years) with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) or obesity to healthy controls and analyzed associations of chemokine network with cardiometabolic risk factors. The level of CCL2 was higher in poorly controlled T1D, CXCL11 was lower in severe obesity and CXCL12 was lower in both diseases. Numerous significant associations were found for chemokine/receptor profiles and cardiometabolic/inflammatory parameters. In T1D we can emphasize positive associations of CCR2+ monocytes with blood pressure, CCR2+ and CXCR3+ B lymphocytes with triglycerides, CCL2 levels with HbA1c and CXCL12 levels with urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), and inverse association of CCR2+ subsets with ACR. Major findings in obesity are positive associations of CXCL12 with metabolic parameters, inverse association of CCR4+ and CXCR3+ monocytes with ACR, and CXCR4+ monocytes with HOMA-IR. Both diseases share inverse associations of CXCR4+ subsets with ACR and CXCR3+ T lymphocytes with lipid profile, and positive associations of CCR4+ T lymphocytes with blood pressure. Although different results indicate disease-specific immunoregulation, overlapping patterns found in T1D and obesity suggest shared associations of chemokine axes with metabolic and vascular disfunction. Thus, chemokine axes might present potential common therapeutic targets for disease-related morbidity
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODOLOGY FOR IMPROVING REMOTE SENSING EXPLORATION OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN THE KARST DINARIDES
No full textProvedeno istraživanje je na primjeru testnog područja Bribirskih Mostina razmotrilo mogućnost korištenja daljinskih istraživanja u svrhu poboljšanja interpretiranih geoloških granica i rasjeda, budući da ponovno kartiranje cjelokupnog područja u skorije vrijeme nije izgledno. Drugo područje istraživanja je Vrličko polje, unutar kojeg se analizirala primjenjivost daljinskih istraživanja u identifikaciji i izdvajanju gipseva. Metode istraživanja uključile su digitalnu obradu postojećih analognih geoloških podataka, digitalnu obradu dostupnih satelitskih i zračnih snimaka, strojno učenje, statističke metode i terenski rad. Razvijena je metodologija koja unaprjeđuje prvu fazu u istraživanju mineralnih sirovina te omogućuje poboljšanje preciznosti postojećih geoloških karata, ali i razvoj novih, digitalnih i georeferenciranih podataka. Integracija daljinskih istraživanja s terenskom i laboratorijskom verifikacijom te primjena naprednih metoda analize predstavlja znanstveni doprinos važan za buduće istraživačke projekte u sličnim geološkim okruženjima.Within this research, at Bribirske Mostine test site the possibility of using remote sensing methods in the existing geological boundaries and fault systems improvement was considered, as re-mapping of the entire area is unlikely in the foreseeable future. At the second study area, located in the Vrlika karst polje, the applicability of remote sensing was tested in the identification and delineation of gypsum occurrences. Research methods included digital processing of analog geological maps, available satellite and aerial images, machine learning, statistics and field work. A methodology has been developed that improves the first phase of mineral resource exploration and enables the enhancement of the precision of existing geological maps, as well as the development of new, digital georeferenced data. The integration of remote sensing with field and laboratory verification and the application of advanced analytical methods represents a significant scientific contribution for future research projects in similar geological settings
The role of peace agreements under the jurisdiction of the United Nations from 1991 to 2001 in ending conflicts - establishment of an empirically based typology
No full textU ovom doktorskom radu istražuje se uloga mirovnih sporazuma pod nadležnošću UN-a od 1991. do 2001. godine u okončanju sukoba. U istraživanju se detaljnije proučavaju različiti aspekti uloge mirovnih sporazuma koje je UN imao u razdoblju od 1991. do 2001. godine, s posebnom usmjerenošću na četiri pokazatelja: tip rata, dizajn sporazuma, ishod sukoba te način završetka sukoba. Autor razvija empirijski utemeljenu tipologiju mirovnih sporazuma, koristeći te pokazatelje kao važne kriterije za klasifikaciju. Analizira se razdoblje nakon Hladnog rata s naglaskom na sukobe, promjene u geopolitici, etničke sukobe, građanske ratove i međudržavne ratove. Razdoblje od 1991. do 2001. godine odabrano je zbog globalnih promjena, prije svega, raspada Sovjetskog Saveza te porasta međunarodnih intervencija. To je razdoblje u kojem su UN imali važnu ulogu u posredovanju, uspostavi mirovnih misija, pružanju humanitarne pomoći te promicanju demokracije. Autor analizira političke, društvene i gospodarske uvjete te istražuje političke čimbenike mirovnih sporazuma. Rad istražuje teoriju mirovnih sporazuma, naglašavajući njihovu ulogu u legalizaciji mira i uspostavljanju pravila među suprotstavljenim stranama. Proučava se važnost mirovnih sporazuma te analizira načine rješavanja sporova vezanih uz njihovu primjenu sporazuma. Odlučujuće je istaknuti da kvaliteta dizajna mirovnog sporazuma utječe na uspješnost i trajnost mira. Rad uvodi „tipološku teoriju mirovnih sporazuma“ kao novi pristup, razlikujući različite vrste sporazuma i istražujući njihovu učinkovitost u suvremenim sukobima. Postavlja se nekoliko hipoteza, uključujući one o povezanosti kvalitete dizajna s dugotrajnošću mira. Bitno je napomenuti da se istraživanje fokusira na desetljeće s početka 1990-ih kako bi se zadržao naglasak na određenim događajima i dinamikama spomenutog vremenskog okvira.This doctoral thesis examines the role of peace agreements under the authority of the UN from 1991 to 2001 in ending the conflict. The research examines in more detail various aspects of the role of peace agreements that the UN had in the period from 1991 to 2001, with a special focus on four indicators: type of war, design of the agreement, outcome of the conflict and the way the conflict ended. The author develops an empirically based typology of peace agreements, using these indicators as important criteria for classification. The period after the Cold War is analyzed with an emphasis on conflicts, changes in geopolitics, ethnic conflicts, civil wars and interstate wars. The period from 1991 to 2001 was chosen because of global changes, primarily the collapse of the Soviet Union and the rise of international interventions. This is the period in which the UN played an important role in mediation, establishing peace missions, providing humanitarian aid and promoting democracy. The author analyzes the political, social and economic conditions and investigates the political factors of peace agreements. The paper explores the theory of peace agreements, emphasizing their role in legalizing peace and establishing rules between opposing parties. The importance of peace agreements is studied and the ways of resolving disputes related to their application of the agreement are analyzed. It is decisive to point out that the quality of the design of the peace agreement affects the success and durability of the peace. The paper introduces the "typological theory of peace agreements" as a new approach, distinguishing different types of agreements and investigating their effectiveness in contemporary conflicts. Several hypotheses are put forward, including those about the relationship between design quality and the longevity of peace. It is important to note that the research focuses on the decade from the beginning of the 1990s in order to keep the emphasis on certain events and dynamics of the mentioned time frame
Karakteristike bipolarnoga tranzistora s horizontalnim tokom struje u režimu velikoga signala i na kriogenim temperaturama
No full textThis work presents characteristics of horizontal bipolar transistor (HCBT) at the limits of large
signal regime and at the cryogenic temperatures. High current and high voltage limitations of
HCBT for three differently doped collectors were examined. In both cases HCBTs voltage and
current swings exceed previously considered limitations. Therefore, new linear operating area
(LOA) limits were established. For these new limits optimal loadline conditions were
determined and parameters like efficiency, output power and reflection coefficient calculated.
High-speed switching performance of HCBT is examined and measured against commercial
devices, with the goal to demonstrate benefits of utilizing bipolar transistors in this role for
envelope tracking power supply modulation. Cryogenic measurement setup for characterization
of transistors is developed and discussed in detail with comparison of multiple methods for
measured data calibration and de-embedding. Characterization of HCBT technology at
cryogenic temperatures is performed for both DC and RF characteristics. Unique properties of
HCBT technology, like DC current gain recovery, were additionally discussed and explained.U ovom radu prikazane su karakteristike bipolarnog tranzistora s horizontalnim tokom struje (HCBT) na granicama režima velikog signala i pri niskim temperaturama. Ispitana su ograničenja u režimu visoke struje i visokog napona HCBT-a za tri različito dopirana kolektora. U oba slučaja promjene napona i struje HCBT-a premašuju prethodno razmatrana ograničenja. Stoga su uspostavljena nova ograničenja linearnog operativnog područja (LOA). Za ove nove granice određeni su optimalni uvjeti opterećenja i izračunati su parametri poput učinkovitosti, izlazne snage i koeficijenta refleksije. Istražene su performanse HCBT-a u režimu brzog preklapanja i uspoređene s komercijalnim tehnologijama, s ciljem da se pokažu prednosti korištenja bipolarnih tranzistora u ovoj ulozi za modulaciju napajanja za praćenje omotnice. Razvijen je i detaljno karakteriziran mjerni postav za karakterizaciju tranzistora na kriogenim temperaturama, uz usporedbu više metoda za kalibraciju izmjerenih podataka. Karakterizacija HCBT tehnologije na krigenim temperaturama provedena je i za DC i za RF karakteristike. Jedinstvena svojstva HCBT tehnologije, poput oporavka pojačanja istosmjerne struje, dodatno su raspravljena i objašnjena
Mechanochemical and sonochemical preparation of smallpore zeolites and their modification with cooper
No full textU sklopu ove disertacije pripravljeni su materijali koji pripadaju u tri različite skupine strukturnih tipova zeolita s malim šupljinama (MER, CHA i LTA). Zeoliti MER i CHA po prvi su puta pripravljeni temperaturno kontroliranom mehanokemijskom interzeolitnom pretvorbom. Zeolit tipa LTA pripravljen je sonokemijski prilagodbom otprije poznatih procedura. Također, provedeni su referentni pokusi bez mljevenja i sonikacije. Prilikom mehanokemijskih sinteza provedeno je sistematsko proučavanje utjecaja vremena reakcije, temperature, količine vode i prisutnosti klica kristalnih cjepiva kako bi se proširilo znanje o mehanokemijskoj sintezi zeolita. Nakon sinteze dobiveni produkti podvrgnuti su mehanokemijskoj, sonokemijskoj i klasičnoj ionskoj izmjeni s bakrom te su detaljno proučavane nastale vrste bakra u uzorcima te mogući utjecaji destabilizacije i amorfizacije kristalne strukture zeolita.In the scope of this doctoral thesis three smallpore zeolites were synthetized (MER, CHA and LTA zeolites). MER and CHA-type zeolites were synthetized for the first time utilizing thermally-controllable mechanochemistry via interzeolite conversion. LTA-type zeolite was synthetized via sonochemistry. Reference experiments without milling or sonication were performed. Additionally, during mechanochemical syntheses a systematic study of the effects of reaction time, temperature, water content and the presence of crystal seeds was conducted in an effort to expand the knowledge of mechanochemistry in zeolites. After the synthesis, mechanochemical, sonochemical and solution-based ion-exchange with copper was performed on the synthetized materials. Detailed analysis on the copper species formed and destabilization effects on the zeolite structures was performed