Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
No full textCilj ovog završnog rada je obraditi zaštitu ljudskih prava u Europskoj uniji. Kako bi razumjeli zaštitu ljudskih prava u Europskoj uniji potrebno je prvenstveno razumjeti i objasniti samu povijest europskih integracija, kao i okolnosti koje su dovele do stvaranja Europske unije. Proces pridruživanja Hrvatske Europskoj uniji bio je iznimno složen, težak i dugotrajan, a razlozi tome su obrađeni u ovome radu. Predstavljene su glavne institucije Europske unije kao i druga tijela koja nadopunjuju njihov rad. Sustav ljudskih prava Vijeća Europe nastao je usvajanjem Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, koja jamči temeljna građanska i politička prava, te stvara nadzorne institucije. Drugim posebnim pitanjima ljudskih prava bave se Europska socijalna povelja, Okvirna konvencija za zaštitu nacionalnih manjina, Konvencija u suzbijanju trgovanja ljudima, te Europska konvencija protiv mučenja.The paper aims to present the concept of human rights protection in the European Union. To understand the protection of human rights in the European Union, it is first necessary to understand and explain the history of European integration, as well as the circumstances which led to the creation of the European Union. The paper seeks to present the reason for the highly complex, demanding, and longsome process of joining Croatia to the European Union. The head institutions of the European Union are presented, as well as other bodies that complement their work. The human rights system of the European Council was created by the adoption of the European Convention on Human Rights, which guarantees fundamental civil and political rights and makes supervisory institutions. Other human rights issues are dealt with by the European Social Charter, the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, the Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, and the European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
NUTRITION AND PHYSIOTHERAPY INTERVENTIONS IN PEOPLE WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
No full textCerebralna je paraliza klinički proces koji zahvaća neurološki razvoj od djetinjstva, a okarakterizirana je lošim mišićnim tonusom i posturom, odsustvom pokreta i balansa, često udružena sa senzornim, kognitivnim i percepcijskim problemima, epileptičnim napadajima, a uzrokovana je prenatalnim, perinatalnim i postnatalnim čimbenicima. Prilikom određivanja nutritivnog plana osoba s CP potrebno je izračunati potrebe djece ovisno o stupnju bolesti, kako ne bi došlo do prekomjernog ili premalog unosa nutrijenata. Većina nutrijenata bi se tako trebala unositi u istoj kvantiteti kao i kod neurotipične djece uz prilagodbu unosa reduciranoj energetskoj potražnji. Problem u nutritivnoj potpori osoba s CP očituje se kroz teškoće u pogledu žvakanja i gutanja hrane te može doći do reduciranosti unosa hrane uslijed zahtjevnosti konzumacije hrane, a to će u konačnosti rezultirati pothranjenošću. U pogledu poboljšanja nutricije, ali i kvalitete cjelokupnog života značajnu ulogu u osoba s CP imaju i fizioterapeuti koji se brinu o omogućavanju provedbe svakodnevnih aktivnosti te intenzivno rade na osamostaljenju osoba za što više tih aktivnosti. Fizioterapeut radi na poboljšanju pokreta i balansa, funkcija ruku, različitih deformiteta koji su nastali kao posljedica CP, poboljšanju opsega pokreta, prevenciji komplikacija i općenitog aktiviteta mišića.Cerebral palsy is a clinical process which intervenes with neurological development from childhood, and it is characterized by bad muscular tone and posture, lack of movement and balance, frequently joining sensory, cognitive and perceptive problems or epileptic seizures. It is caused by prenatal, perinatal and postnatal factors. Whilst determining the nutritional plan in people with cerebral palsy it is needed to calculate the need of children depending on the level of disease, so there wouldn't be any problem regarding consuming more or less nutrients. Problem in nutritional support of people with cerebral palsy is seen through toughness of chewing and swallowing food, and it can result in reduction of food consumption because of how demanding eating can be, which can then result in malnutrition. When it comes to improving the nutrition and quality of life, physiotherapists have a lead role, they are the ones who can potentiate everyday activities and help people with cerebral palsy to become independent in those activities. Physiotherapists work on improving movement and balance, hand and arm functions, diverse deformities which were caused by the cerebral palsy, range of motion, complication prevention and general muscle activity
STRUCTURE OF GENERAL ACTS
No full textStruktura općeg akta sastoji se od uvodnog, glavnog i završnog dijela. Može sadržavati priloge i dodatke (anekse). Svaki dio općeg akta sadržava odredbe, te ima svoje zakonitosti oblikovanja. Na početku općeg akta nalazi se uvodni dio koji čini preambulu općeg akta, naziv općeg akta, predmet uređenja, popis izvora međunarodnog prava i pravnih akata međunarodnih organizacija, te njihovih tijela s kojima se usklađuju odredbe općeg akta ili se njime prenose određena rješenja u domaći pravni poredak. Uvodni dio sastoji se i od određenja značaja (definicije) i skraćivanja naziva pojmova, utvrđivanja rodne neutralnosti, izričaja i pojmova u općem aktu i načela općeg akta. Glavni dio nema tipični sadržaj i strukturu, izrađuje se pojedinačno - ovisno za potrebe konkretnog općeg akta. Nije moguće iz toga razloga u cjelini analizirati taj dio općeg akta, izuzevši neke sastavnice (npr. kaznene odredbe). Završni dio se u pravilu sastoji od prijelaznih i završnih odredaba. Nomotehnika kao pravna disciplina bavi se proučavanjem izrade propisa, te nastoji usavršiti kvalitetu općih akata.The structure of the general act consists of an introductory, main and final part. It may contain addition and upgrade (annexes). Each part of the general act contains provisions, and has its own laws of design. At the beginning of the general act there is an introductory part which is the preamble of the general act, the title of the general act, the subject of regulation, the list of sources of international law and legal acts of international organizations and their bodies which comply with the provisions of the general act or transfer certain solutions to the national legal order. The introductory part also includes defining the terminology (including the shortened terms), determining the gender neutrality of expressions and terms in the general act and the principles of the general act. The main part does not have a typical content and structure, it is made individually - depending on the need for a specific general act. It is therefore not possible to analyze this part of the general act in its entirety, with the exception of some components (e.g. penal provisions). The final part usually consists of transitional and final provisions. Nomotechnics as a legal discipline deals with the study of drafting regulations, and seeks to improve the quality of general acts
BIOMECHANICAL CHANGES OF THE FOOT DUE TO DIABETES
No full textŠećerna bolest (lat. diabetes mellitus) spada u metaboličke bolesti kod koje dolazi do poremećaja regulacije razine glukoze u krvi. Ukoliko nije kontroliran, tijek dijabetesa je obilježen razvojem akutnih i/ili kroničnih komplikacija kao što su kardiovaskularne bolesti, neuropatija, nefropatija, retinopatija i dijabetičko stopalo. Glavna značajka dijabetičkog stopala je ta što su plantarni pritisci veći nego kod stopala zdravih osoba. Smatra se kako uzroci njihovog povećanja mogu biti koštane deformacije, flektirani položaj prstiju stopala, pes cavus, manjak mekog tkiva na stopalu zaduženog za amortizaciju udaraca prilikom kretanja i ograničena mobilnost zglobova. Ove promjene će kao posljedicu imati promjenu načina hoda, koji će uglavnom biti nešto sporiji sa širokom bazom oslonca, poremećenom ravnotežom i koordinacijom pokreta. Razumijevanje biomehaničkih poremećaja stopala koje dijabetes uzrokuje je važno zato što se samo pravovremenom prevencijom može smanjiti učestalost njihovog nastanka i rezultirajućih komplikacija.Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that causes disorders in the regulation of blood glucose levels. If left uncontrolled, the course of diabetes is marked by the development of acute and/or chronic complications such as cardiovascular disease, neuropathy, nephropathy, and diabetic foot. The main feature of diabetic foot is that plantar pressures are elevated in comparison to the feet of healthy individuals. It is believed that their elevation can be caused by present bone deformities, flexed position of the toes, pes cavus, lack of soft tissue on the foot that is in charge of shock absorption during movement and limited joint mobility. These changes will result in gait alterations, which will generally be somewhat slower with a wide base of support, disturbed balance, and coordination of movements. Understanding the biomechanical foot disorders caused by diabetes is important because the frequency of their occurrence and the resulting complications can only be reduced by early prevention
IMPACT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DYSMENORRHEA
No full textDismenoreja, sinonim za menstrualnu bol, upisuje veliku pojavnost u životu žene, posebice u doba adolescencije. Dismenoreja se pojavljuje unutar 8 sati od početka menstrualnog krvarenja i popraćena je neugodnom do jakom boli u predjelu donjeg abdomena, zdjeličnog obruča i prepona. Tjelesna aktivnost je sinonim za brojne statističke uspjehe u vidu poboljšanje kvalitete života, pa tako i kod menstrualnih tegoba. Osim svog djelovanja na smanjenje tegoba, tjelesna aktivnost kada se provodi redovito, dovodi do regulacije menstrualnog ciklusa i hormonalnog balansa prilikom čega se postiže relativna homeostaza. Pojavnost menstrualnih tegoba ostavlja i psihosocijalne posljedice na žene, posebice adolescentice, zbog čega je velika prevalencija izostanka iz škole, vannastavnih i društvenih aktivnosti. Brojne su fizikalne procedure koje mogu smanjiti menstrualne tegobe i neugodne manifestacije, ali redovita tjelesna aktivnost zaokružuje cijeli menstrualni ciklus od faze stvaranje folikula, do njegovog propadanja i dolaska do menstrualnog krvarenja, ali i do psihosocijalnog boljeg osjećaja i višeg standarda kvalitete života.Dysmenorrhea, a synonym for menstrual pain, has a high incidence in a woman's life, especially during adolescence. Dysmenorrhea appears within 8 hours of the start of menstrual bleeding and is accompanied by unpleasant to severe pain in the lower abdomen, pelvic ring and groin. Physical activity is well known as successes way of improving the quality of life, including menstrual problems. In addition to its effect on the reduction of complaints, physical activity, when carried out regularly, leads to the regulation of the menstrual cycle and hormonal balance. The occurrence of menstrual problems also has psychosocial consequences for women, especially adolescent girls, which is why there is a high prevalence of absenteeism from school, extracurricular and social activities. There are lot of physical procedures that can reduce menstrual discomfort and unpleasant manifestations, but regular physical activity conducted during the entire menstrual cycle, from the phase of follicle formation to its deterioration and arrival to menstrual bleeding showing statistically important values
BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART RATE AMONG FOOTBALL PLAYERS DURING PREPARATIONS AND COMPETITION SEASON
No full textPromjene u krvnom tlaku i frekvenciji srca uzrokovane provođenjem tjelesne aktivnosti predmet su brojnih istraživanja. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi promjene u vrijednostima krvnog tlaka i srčane frekvencije koje se događaju nakon zimske stanke, odnosno tijekom pripremnog perioda i proljetnog dijela sezone kod igrača nogometnog kluba „NK Croatia“ iz Bogdanovaca. Uzorak je činilo 20 nogometaša muškog spola prosječne starosti 24 godine. Mjerene varijable su bile krvni tlak, frekvencija srca te je izračunat VO2max uz pomoć Cooperovog testa na početku i kraju pripremnog perioda. Mjerenja su provođena u 3 navrata: na početku pripremnog perioda, na kraju pripremnog perioda (odnosno početku natjecateljske sezone) te na kraju natjecateljske sezone. Osim mjerenja, na početku istraživanja ispitanici su ispunili upitnik s podacima o godinama života i duljini treniranja, poziciji igranja. Rezultati su pokazali da nema statistički značajne razlike u mjerenim vrijednostima među igračima koji igraju na različitim pozicijama. Statistički značajna razlika pronađena je u vrijednostima sistoličkog tlaka između drugog i trećeg mjerenja, koji se smanjio u toku natjecateljske sezone, te u vrijednostima VO2max između početka i kraja pripremnog perioda, gdje se primjećuje povećanje VO2max. Na osnovu rezultata možemo zaključiti da nogometni trening ima pozitivan učinak na kardiovaskularni sustav i cjelokupno zdravlje sportaša.Changes in blood pressure and heart rate caused by the conduct of physical activity are the subject of numerous studies. The aim of this study was to determine the changes in blood pressure and heart rate values that occur after the winter break, that is, during the preparatory period and the spring season in the players of the football club "NK Croatia" from Bogdanovci. The sample consisted of 20 male footballers with an average age of 24. The variables measured were blood pressure, heart rate and VO2max was calculated with the help of the Cooper test at the beginning and end of the preparatory period. Measurements were carried out on 3 occasions: at the beginning of the preparatory period, at the end of the preparatory period (i.e. the beginning of the competitive season) and at the end of the competitive season. In addition to measurements, at the beginning of the study, the subjects completed a questionnaire with data on the years of life and length of training, the position of play. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in measured values among players playing in different positions. A statistically significant difference was found in the values of systolic pressure between the second and third measurements, and results showed decrease in systolic pressure. VO2max value increased between the initial measurement and the end of the preparatory period. Based on these results, we can conclude that football training has a positive effect on the cardiovascular system and the overall health of the athlete
SPECIFICS OF PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC APPROACH TO RESPIRATORY THERAPY IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM ASTHMA
No full textAstma je bolest koja se očituje teškim disanjem i napadajima koji se ponavljaju. Simptomi astme razlikuju se od bolesnika do bolesnika, dok se mogu razlikovati i kod istog bolesnika u različitim periodima zbog čega je astma heterogena bolest. Napadaji nestašice zraka tipičan su simptom astme koji se može pojaviti u mirovanju i prilikom napora može se pogoršati. Uslijed toga bolesnik ima osjećaj gušenja i težine u prsima. Uz nestašicu zraka dolazi i do piskanja u prsima ili suhog kašlja, a ekspirij je otežan. Progresijom napada dolazi do cijanoze, osoba ima osjećaj smušenosti, prisutna je tahikardija. U liječenju astme primjenjuju se lijekovi za dugotrajnu kontrolu bolesti, kontroleri, a za ublažavanje simptoma, reliveri. Cilj je održati kontrolu bolesti uz što manju pojavu simptoma. Respiratornom fizioterapijom pospješuje se evakuacija sekreta iz pluća, time se poboljšava i disanje, te se sprječava nastanak deformacija grudnog koša.Asthma is a disease that manifests itself in difficult breathing and repeated attacks. Asthma symptoms differ from patient to patient, while they can differ in the same patient in different periods, which is why asthma is a heterogeneous disease. Attacks of shortness of breath are a typical symptom of asthma that can occur at rest and worsen with exertion. As a result, the patient has a feeling of suffocation and heaviness in the chest. Along with the lack of air, there is wheezing in the chest or a dry cough, and exhalation is difficult. As the attack progresses, cyanosis occurs, the person feels confused, tachycardia is present. In the treatment of asthma, drugs are used for long-term control of the disease, controllers, and relievers are used to relieve symptoms. The goal is to maintain control of the disease with as few symptoms as possible. Respiratory physiotherapy improves the evacuation of secretions from the lungs, thereby improving breathing and preventing the formation of chest deformations
BENEFITS OF PROPRIOCEPTIVE TRAINING ON IMPROVING SPORT'S ABILITIES
No full textPropriocepcija se definira kao svjesnost pokreta i držanja koju proizvode mišići, tetive i zglobovi. Mišićno vreteno zajedno s Golgijevim tetivnim organom predstavlja glavne proprioceptore iz kojih proizlaze razne informacije poput osjeta položaja zgloba i mišićnog kretanja, te također djeluju kao mehanoreceptori. Oštećena propriocepcija karakteristična je za mnoge mišićno-koštane poremećaje u različitim dijelovima tijela, od vratne kralježnice do nožnog zgloba. Kako je prilikom bavljenja sportom neizbježna pojava ozljede, propriocepcija i proprioceptivni trening koristi se kao preventivna i terapijska metoda. Da bi preventivni programi bili uspješni, trebali bi uključivati vježbe snage, pliometriju, agilnost, propriocepciju, ravnotežu i neuromišićni trening.Proprioception is defined as apprehension of motion and stance produced by muscles, tendons and joints. The two most important proprioceptors are the muscle spindle and the Golgi tendon organ, which provide sensory information about position of every joint and movement of muscles, and also function as mechanoreceptors. Impaired proprioception is characteristic of many musculoskeletal disorders in different body parts, from the cervical spine to the ankle joint. Since injuries are inevitable when playing sports, proprioception and proprioceptive training are used as a preventive and therapeutic method. For prevention programs to be efficient, they should include strength training, jump training, agility, proprioception, stability, and neuromuscular training
LEADERSHIP
No full textOvaj završni rad sastoji se od nekoliko poglavlja i potpoglavlja koja obrađuju temu “Liderstvo”. U ovom radu može se saznati što je to liderstvo i tko je lider te kakve osobine mora posjedovati da bi uspješno vodio određeno poduzeće. Također kroz ovaj rad opisuju se četiri stila vođenja, a to su delegirajući, trenerski, usmjeravajući i podržavajući. Čitatelj iz ovog rada može saznati kakva je povezanost između liderstva i moći te kako se u današnjem svijetu žene bore za poziciju lidera. U radu se također spominje etika u liderstvu i pet bitnih načela etičkog vođenja. Praktični dio rada je proveden uz pomoć ankete gdje su ispitanici odgovarali na pitanja koja su vezana uz temu liderstva. Na kraju rada napravljena je analiza ankete u kojoj se može vidjeti koliko su ispitanici informirani o ovoj temi.This final thesis consists of several chapters and subchapters dealing with the topic of ‘Leadership’. This paper provides details on what leadership is and who is a leader, as well as what qualities must a person possess to lead an enterprise successfully. In addition, four leadership styles are described, specifically delegating, coaching, directive and supportive. The reader can find out what is the connection between leadership and power and how women fight for leadership positions in today’s world. The paper also refers to ethics in leadership and five important principles of ethical leadership. The practical part of the paper was carried out using a survey, with respondents answering leadership-related questions. Finally, an analysis of the survey was made, demonstrating how well were the respondents informed about this topic
CLASSICAL AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF TREATMENT FOR LUMBAL DISC HERNIATION
No full textBol u lumbalnom dijelu kralježnice jedna je od najčešćih tegoba i to na globalnoj razini. Jedna od najzastupljenijih i najčešćih dijagnoza koja se veže za bolove u donjem dijelu leđa je upravo lumbalna diskus hernija. Neadekvatan životni stil i navike te tjelesna neaktivnost ubrzavaju degeneraciju intervertebralnog diska koja vrlo često rezultira hernijacijom diska. Osim degenerativnih procesa uzrok hernijacije može biti i trauma. Kralježnica je vrlo važan i složen mehanizam koji igra bitnu ulogu u kvalitetnom kretanju. Kako bi kralježnica neometano funkcionirala svi njeni dijelovi pa tako i intervertebralni disk moraju biti u ravnoteži te potpuno zdravi. Zdrav disk je izuzetno čvrst te je upravo on zaslužan za prijenos težine, apsorpciju opterećenja ili ublažavanje udaraca. Oštećenje diska dovodi do lumbalne diskus hernije čiji simptomi se manifestiraju na različite načine. Napretkom medicine te pristupa liječenja pacijenti imaju mogućnost izbora među klasičnim, ali i alternativnim metodama liječenja koje doživljavaju svoj uspon i kliničku primjenu. Liječenje je individualno te usmjereno ka pojedincu te se može provoditi kombinacijom klasičnih i alternativnih metoda od kojih svaka metoda ima svoje specifične pozitivne učinke i djelovanja, a sve s ciljem omogućavanja što kvalitetnijeg života pacijenta.Lumbar spine pain is one of the most common physical discomforts on a global scale. One of the most prevalent diagnoses connected to lumbar spine pain is lumbar disc herniation. Inadequate lifestyle, habits, and physical inactivity accelerate intervertebral disc degeneration, which often results in disc herniation. Besides degeneration, trauma can also be the cause of a herniation. The spine is a crucial and complex mechanism with an important role in correct body movement. For a spine to function undisturbed, all of its sections, along with the intervertebral disc, have to be completely healthy and in balance. A healthy disc is exceptionally sturdy and is responsible for either weight transfer, load absorption or impact mitigation. Disc damage leads to lumbar disc herniation, symptoms of which can manifest in many ways. With medical development and treatment access, patients have the possibility to choose between traditional and alternative treatment methods, which are experiencing their increase in clinical use. Treatment is specific and directed at the individual and can be carried out in a combination of traditional and alternative methods, each one of which has its own positive effects and impact, all done with the goal of achieving a more satisfying life for the patient