Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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PHYSIOTHERAPY APPROACH TO LUMBAR PAIN SYNDROME
No full textLumbalni bolni sindrom kronični je zdravstveni problem mehaničkog podrijetla. Označava jaku i naglu bol, koja može biti akutna i kronična, u području lumbalnog dijela kralježnice. Lumbalni dio kralježnice podnosi najveći dio opterećenja, stoga su lumbalni kralješci veliki i građom kompaktni. Nije moguće utvrditi jasan uzrok križobolje kod pacijenata. Bol je najdominantniji klinički simptom, a oboljeli zauzima antalgičan položaj. Križobolju dijelimo na specifičnu i nespecifičnu, ovisi o uzroku. Uzrok boli kod nespecifične (mehaničke) križobolje je još uvijek nepoznat. Kod specifične križobolje, okarakterizirane kao bolest koja je destruktivna riječ je o tumoru ili infekciji. U odnosu na druge bolesti, rizični čimbenici križobolje su veliki. Rizici mogu biti psihosocijalni, individualni i nastali uslijed fizičkih opterećenja. Otklonjenje boli je najvažnija zadaća liječenja, zatim spriječenje povratka boli i vraćanje bolesnika u radnu sposobnost, konzervativno liječenje se pokazalo najboljim.Lumbar pain syndrome is a chronic health problem of mechanical origin. Indicates severe and sudden pain, which can be acute or chronic, in the area of the lumbar spine. The lumbar spine carries most of the load, so the lumbar vertebrae are large and compact in structure. It is not possible to determine the clear cause of low back pain in 90% of patients. Pain is the most dominant clinical symptom, and the patient occupies an analgesic position. Low back pain is divided into specific and nonspecific, depending on the cause. We cannot find the cause of non-specific back pain, although it is mainly mechanical back pain. When we talk about a specific back pain, we most often think of a destructive disease such as a tumor or infection. Low back pain has a large number of risk factors unlike other diseases and painful conditions, they can be divided into psychosocial, individual and those related to physical activity. Pain relief is the most important task of treatment, then preventing the return of pain and returning the patient to working ability, conservative treatment has proven to be the best
THE PARIS AGREEMENT
No full textU ovome radu ću pisati o Pariškom sporazumu i njegovom utjecaju na okoliš. Odradit ću njegovo donošenje i usvajanje. Pokušat ću se u radu što više fokusirati na RH i njezinu provedbu sporazuma. Spomenuti ću što sve države rade u cilju smanjenja stakleničkih plinova na državnoj razini i kakvi su rezultati par godina nakon njegova donošenja i usvajanja. Obradit ću i Republiku Hrvatsku i njezinu strategiju niskougljičnog razvoja kao i konferenciju COP26 u Glasgowu
PHYSIOTHERAPY AND PREVENTION OF ANKLE DISTORTION IN TEAM SPORTS ATHLETES
No full textAkutno uganuće gležnja često se može primijetiti i u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti i u sportskoj medicini, kao i u hitnim odjelima, a može rezultirati značajnim kratkotrajnim morbiditetom, ponovljenim ozljedama i funkcionalnom nestabilnošću. Tijelo na sportske ozljede često reagira upalnim znakovima kao što su crvenilo, vručina, oticanje, bol i smanjenje funkcije. Nestabilnost gležnja klasično je organizirana u tri kategorije: lateralne, medijalne i sindezmotičke ozljede ligamenta. Ove se ozljede često vide u kombinaciji s drugim popratnim ozljedama, posebno zahvaćajući zglobnu površinu talarne kupole i peronealne tetive. Zaostali nedostaci u propriocepciji, mišićna neravnoteža i poremećena neuromuskularna kontrola koji nisu adekvatno tretirani u vrijeme početne ozljede mogu doprinijeti razvoju kronične nestabilnosti gležnja nakon uganuća gležnja. Najveće stope akutnih uganuća gležnja tipično su zabilježene u sportovima koje karakteriziraju trčanje, promjenu smjera i skakanje, kao što su košarka, nogomet, nogomet i odbojka. Visoka stopa incidencije akutnih uganuća gležnja djelomično je posljedica učestalosti ponovnih ozljeda nakon početnog uganuća gležnja. Mnoga su istraživanja otkrila da postoje učinkovite intervencije odnosno prevencijski programi koji mogu smanjiti i učestalost ozljeda gležnja i kroničnih simptoma koji mogu umanjiti izvedbu. Postoje neki uobičajeni mitovi i pogreške u liječenju uganuća gležnja, kojih bi svi kliničari trebali biti svjesni i izbjegavati ih. Primjena algoritamskog pristupa utemeljenog na dokazima koji uzima u obzir individualne karakteristike je korisna i preporučljiva.Acute ankle sprains are frequently seen in both primary care and sports medicine, as well as emergency departments, and can result in significant short-term morbidity, re-injury and functional instability. The body often reacts to sports injuries with inflammatory signs such as redness, heat, swelling, pain and reduced function. Ankle instability is classically organized into three categories: lateral, medial and syndesmotic ligament injuries. These injuries are often seen in combination with other concomitant injuries, particularly involving the articular surface of the talar dome and peroneal tendon. Residual deficits in proprioception, muscle imbalances, and impaired neuromuscular control that are not adequately treated at the time of initial injury may contribute to the development of chronic ankle instability after an ankle sprain. The highest rates of acute ankle sprains are typically seen in sports characterized by running, changing direction, and jumping, such as basketball, soccer, football, and volleyball. The high incidence rate of acute ankle sprains is partly due to the frequency of re-injury after the initial ankle sprain. Many studies have revealed that there are effective interventions or prevention programs that can reduce both the frequency of ankle injuries and chronic symptoms that can reduce performance. There are some common myths and mistakes in the treatment of ankle sprains that all clinicians should be aware of and avoid. Applying an evidence-based algorithmic approach that takes into account individual characteristics is useful and recommended
DIJABETIČKO STOPALO
No full textStopalo je završni dio donjeg ekstremiteta koji ima mnogobrojne uloge u svakodnevnom funkcioniranju. Dijabetes predstavlja kroničnu bolest koju karakterizira povišena razina glukoze u krvi i koja sa sobom donosi brojne komplikacije. Jedna od njih je i dijabetičko stopalo, odnosno sindrom koji uključuje sva patološka stanja stopala koja su direktna posljedica dijabetesa ili dijabetičkih komplikacija. Sindrom dijabetičkog stopala kasna je i kronična posljedica dijabetesa koja se pojavljuje na donjim ekstremitetima i koja, ukoliko nije adekvatno tretirana i zbrinuta, može dovesti do amputacije zahvaćenog segmenta i posljedičnih tjelesnih, psiholoških i socioekonomskih poteškoća. Dijabetičko stopalo može biti u različitim stadijima, počevši od nultog stadija u kojem je koža stopala očuvana i nisu prisutne ulceracije na stopalu, ali postoji poremećaj osjeta nastao zbog dijabetesa. Ostali su stadiji dijabetičkog stopala prvi stadij ili normalno stopalo, drugi stadij ili visoko rizično stopalo, treći stadij ili dijabetički ulkus, četvrti stadij ili infekcija te peti stadij ili nekroza. Velika je važnost primarne, sekundarne i tercijarne prevencije dijabetičkog stopala te adekvatnih terapijskih postupaka i multidisciplinarnog pristupa. Važna je i uloga fizioterapeuta, posebice u preventivnim programima, koji treba provesti primjerenu fizioterapijsku procjenu, edukaciju bolesnika i njegove obitelji te cirkulacijske vježbe donjih ekstremiteta.The foot is the final part of the lower limb, which has many roles in everyday functioning. Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by an elevated level of glucose in the blood, which brings with it numerous complications. One of them is the diabetic foot, that is, a syndrome that includes all pathological foot conditions that are a direct consequence of diabetes or diabetic complications. Diabetic foot syndrome is a late and chronic consequence of diabetes that appears on the lower extremities and, if not adequately treated and cared for, can lead to amputation of the affected segment and consequent physical, psychological and socioeconomic difficulties. Diabetic foot can be in different stages, starting from the zero stage in which the skin of the foot is preserved and there are no ulcerations on the foot, but there is a sensory disturbance caused by diabetes. The other stages of diabetic foot are first stage or normal foot, second stage or high risk foot, third stage or diabetic ulcer, fourth stage or infection and fifth stage or necrosis. The importance of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of diabetic foot and adequate therapeutic procedures and a multidisciplinary approach is great. The physiotherapist's role is also important, especially in preventive programs, who should carry out appropriate physiotherapy assessment, education of the patient and his family, and circulatory exercises of the lower extremities
PHYSIOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS IN CHILDREN WITH DUCHENN MUSCLE DYSTROPHY
No full textDuchennova mišićna distrofija predstavlja progresivnu bolest koja utječe na kvalitetu života oboljelih. Uzrok ove bolesti jest defekt gena koji nosi protein zadužen za proizvodnju mišićnog proteina distrofina uslijed čega dolazi do promjene mišićnih vlakana. Klinička slika pacijenata razvija se progresivno u dobi između druge i šeste godine života te bolest pogađa poprečnoprugaste mišiće i srčani mišić. U ranoj fazi javljaju se poteškoće u kretanju, daljnjim napredovanjem bolesti može doći do potpune funkcionalne onesposobljenosti. Fizioterapijskim intervencijama nastoji se spriječiti progresiju razvoja kontraktura. Fizioterapijske metode koje se primjenjuju u rehabilitaciji pacijenata oboljelih od ovog oblika mišićne distrofije jesu prije svega vježbe opsega pokreta, istezanja, provođenje vježbi snaženja i izdržljivosti mišića. S pacijentima se provode vježbe stabilnosti i koordinacije te hidroterapija koja olakšava postojeće simptome. U kasnom stadiju bolesti primjenjuju se ortoze ili druga tehnička pomagala poput invalidskih kolica. Rehabilitacija ne mijenja tijek same bolesti, ali utječe na funkcionalne mogućnosti pacijenta poboljšavajući kvalitetu života oboljelog.Duchenn's muscle distrophy is a progressive illness which affects its patients’ life quality. The cause of this disease is a gene defect which is contained in a protein in charge of the production of a muscle protein – dystrophin. It causes the change of muscle fibers. This illness progresses between the age of two and six and it affects striated muscles and a heart muscle. In the early stages of its development difficulties in movement can occur, while in the future stages the disease can lead to a complete physical disability. Physical therapy interventions are used to stop the further progression of contractures. Some of the physical therapy methods that help patients that suffer from this form of muscle dystrophy are mainly the range of motion exercises, stretches and exercises that work on muscles’ strength and endurance. Patients are motivated to do stability and coordination exercises, as well as hydrotherapy which eases the existing symptoms. In the more severe stages of this disease orthotics and technical aids such as wheelchair are used. The rehabilitation does not stop the progression of the disease. It rather affects patients’ functional abilities and improves their life quality
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES IN OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE HIP
No full textOsteoartritis je bolest koja zahvaća sve strukture zgloba – hrskavicu, subhondralnu kost, kapsulu zgloba, sinoviju. Dijagnosticirani osteoartritis kuka (OA) jedno je od najčešćih i onesposobljavajućih stanja koja pogađa starije osobe. Bolest kao takva s različitim skupom čimbenika rizika ima višefaktorsku etiologiju (na razini osobe i na zglobovima) koji djeluju zajedno da uzrokuju pojavu OA u bilo koje pojedine osobe. Dijagnoza osteoartritisa kuka postavlja se na temelju anamneze te fizikalnog pregleda. Osteoartitis kuka može se dijagnosticirati kod pacijenata koji imaju tipične značajke, kao što su bol prilikom čučnja u stražnjem dijelu kuka, smanjeni raspon pokreta zahvaćenog kuka ili bol u preponama pri abdukciji ili adukciji. Također, može se i dijagnosticirati uz pomoć testova od strane fizioterapeuta, bez upotrebe rendgena i bez nepotrebnog izlaganja pacijenta zračenju. Jedan od primarnih ciljeva u dijagnostičkoj procjeni pacijenata s bolovima u kuku je identificiranje i ispravljanje patologija koje bi mogle napredovati do osteoartritisa. Vodeći simptom kod OA kuka jest bol. Sveobuhvatni plan liječenja OA kod pojedinog pacijenta može uključivati obrazovne, bihevioralne, psihosocijalne i fizičke intervencije, kao i topikalne, oralne i intraartikularne lijekove. Preporuke pretpostavljaju odgovarajuću primjenu fizičke, psihološke i/ili farmakološke terapije od strane odgovarajućeg pružatelja.Osteoarthritis is a disease that affects all structures of the joint - cartilage, subchondral bone, joint capsule, synovium. Diagnosed osteoarthritis of the hip (OA) is one of the most common and disabling conditions affecting the elderly. The disease as such with a different set of risk factors has a multifactorial etiology (at the level of individuals and at the joints) that work together to cause the occurrence of OA in any individual. The diagnosis of osteoarthritis of the hip is made on the basis of anamnesis and physical examination. Hip osteoarthritis can be diagnosed in patients who have typical features, such as pain during squats in the back of the hip, reduced range of motion of the affected hip, or groin pain on abduction or adduction. It can also be diagnosed with the help of tests by a physiotherapist, without the use of X-rays and without unnecessary exposure of the patient to radiation. One of the primary goals in the diagnostic assessment of patients with hip pain is to identify and manage pathology that could progress to osteoarthritis. The leading symptom in hip OA is pain. A comprehensive OA treatment plan for an individual patient may include educational, behavioral, psychosocial, and physical interventions, as well as topical, oral, and intraarticular medications. The recommendations presuppose the appropriate application of physical, psychological and/or pharmacological therapy by the appropiate provider
CONSUMER SATISFACTION
No full textMarketing ima veliku važnost u životu potrošača i iako ponekad nismo svjesni, marketing nas svakodnevno okružuje u različitim situacijama. Glavni cilj marketinga je prepoznati želje i potrebe potrošača te razumjeti njihovo ponašanje. Na temelju ponašanja potrošača kreira se ponuda koja najbolje odgovara odabranoj ciljnoj skupini i prate se povratne informacije koje potrošač šalje. Povratna informacija može biti zadovoljstvo ili nezadovoljstvo kupljenim proizvodom ili uslugom. Većina poduzeća svoje napore usmjeruje prema potrošačima jer žele proizvesti najbolji proizvod koji će zadovoljiti njihove želje i potrebe jer upravo o potrošačima ovisi uspjeh poduzeća. Zadovoljni potrošači odrađuju promociju za poduzeća na način da prenose svoja pozitivna iskustva i zadovoljstvo potencijalnim kupcima.Marketing has a great importance in consumer’s lives, and although we are not aware of it, marketing is an integral part of our everyday lives. The main goal of marketing is to recognize the wishes and needs of consumers, as well as to understand their behavior. Based on consumer behavior, an offer is created that best suits the selected target group and the feedback sent by the consumer is monitored. The feedback can be about satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the bought product or service. Most businesses focus their efforts on consumers because they want to produce the best product that will satisfy their wishes and needs, because the business success depends on the consumers. Satisfied consumers do the promotion for businesses by conveying their positive experiences and satisfaction to potential customers
CONSUMER BEHAVIOR DURING THE PANDEMIC COV-SARS 2
No full textPonašanje potrošača ovisi o željama, potrebama i mogućnostima kad je u pitanju odlučivanje o kupnji. Potrošači odluke o kupnji donose na temelju racionalnih izvora jer svaki potrošač mora zadovoljiti svoje želje i potrebe koje će se uklopiti u njegove proračunske mogućnosti. Svaki potrošač će pokušati maksimalno zadovoljiti svoje želje i potrebe. Na potrošača najviše utječu društvena i kulturna sredina. Obitelj koja pripada društvenoj sredini, potrošača od malih nogu navikava na neke određene proizvode i time se odluka kod kupnje ne mijenja. Postoje četiri vrste potrošača, a to su: lojalni potrošači, racionalni potrošači, impulzivni potrošači i kombinacija. Tijekom pandemije Corona virus koja je zahvatila cijeli svijet od prosinca 2019. godine, potrošači su bili prisiljeni na kupovinu online putem, mali broj proizvoda mogli su zapravo kupovati u trgovinama u kojima nije smjelo boraviti puno ljudi i svi su morali nositi masku za lice. Gospodarstvo svijeta se pogoršalo, ali pomoć koje konstantno dolaze od velikih europskih sila, Amerike i drugih razvijenih zemalja, pomažu malim zemljama poput Hrvatske da stane na noge i ne padne u krizu koja je na neki način spriječena. Corona virus još nije završio i znanstvenici ne znaju kada će pandemije završiti, ali promijenjeno ponašanje potrošača sada većim dijelom postaje svakodnevnica.Consumer behavior depends on wishes, needs and possibilities when it comes to deciding on a purchase. Consumers make purchasing decisions based on rational sources because each consumer must satisfy his wants and needs that will fit into his budget. That is, every consumer will try to satisfy his wants and needs as much as possible. The consumer is most influenced by the social and cultural environment. A family that belongs to the social environment, the consumer gets used to certain products from an early age, and thus the purchase decision does not change. There are four types of consumers, namely: loyal consumers, rational consumers, impulsive consumers and a combination. During the Corona virus pandemic that has affected the whole world since December 2019, consumers were forced to shop online, they could actually buy a small number of products in stores where not many people were allowed to stay and everyone had to wear a face mask. The world economy has worsened, but the aid that constantly comes from the big European powers, America and other developed countries, helps small countries like Croatia to get back on their feet and not fall into a crisis that was prevented in some way. The Corona virus is not over yet and scientists do not know when the pandemic will end, but the changed behavior of consumers is now mostly becoming an everyday thing
"DIVISION OF POWER IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA"
No full textGlavni zadatak ovog završnog rada je detaljnija analiza diobe vlasti u Republici Hrvatskoj. Republika Hrvatska je parlamentarna demokracija te je vlast podijeljena na principu trodiobe vlasti na izvršnu, zakonodavnu i sudbenu vlast. U izvršnu vlast spada Vlada i predsjednik Republike Hrvatske, a njihova osnovna funkcija je izvršavanje zakona koje donosi zakonodavna vlast. Provoditelj zakonodavne vlasti u Republici Hrvatskoj je Hrvatski sabor koji je predstavničko tijelo građana. Sudbena vlast u Republici Hrvatskoj je samostalna i neovisna te je provode sudovi, svaki za područje za koje je osnovan. Najviši sud je Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske.The main task of this final paper is a more detailed analysis of the division of power in the Republic of Croatia. The Republic of Croatia is a parliamentary democracy, so the authorities are divided on the principle of separation of authorities, that is, executive power, legislative power and judicial power. The executive power is represented by the government and the president of the Republic of Croatia and their main function is execution of the law that are made by the legislative power. The implementer of the legislative power in the Republic of Croatia is Croatian Parliament which is a representative body of citizens. The judicial power is autonomus and independent and it is enforced by the courts, each representing the domain that it was founded for. The highest court in the Republic of Croatia is The Supreme court of the Republic of Croatia
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP
No full textIako se poduzetništvo tradicionalno smatra „muškom“ aktivnošću evidentno je kako se danas sve više žena odlučuje za poduzetničku aktivnost. No, unatoč pozitivnim pomacima i razbijanju stereotipova poduzetnice su još uvijek suočene su brojnim preprekama koje se prepoznaju u: strukturnim preprekama (stereotipi o ženama u tehnologiji, tradicionalni pogledi na ulogu žene u društvu, usklađivanje poslovnog i privatnog života, regulatorno-pravni okvir), ekonomskim preprekama (otežan pristup financiranju) te „mekim“ preprekama (nedostatak mentorstva, pristup mrežama poduzetnica, programi osposobljavanja i treninzi). Cilj rada je prikazati žensko poduzetništvo u Republici Hrvatskoj s posebnim naglaskom na Strategiju razvoja poduzetništva žena u Republici Hrvatskoj za razdoblje 2014. do 2020. godine te povezivanje žena poduzetnica unutar udruga i raznih inicijativa i samostalnog istupa na domaćem i inozemnom tržištu.Although entrepreneurship is traditionally considered a "male" activity, it is evident that today more and more women are deciding on entrepreneurial activity. No, despite the positive developments and the breaking of stereotypes, female entrepreneurs are still faced with numerous obstacles, which can be identified in: structural obstacles (stereotypes about women in technology, traditional views on the role of women in society, harmonization of business and private life, regulatory and legal framework), economic obstacles (difficult access to financing) and "soft" obstacles (lack of mentoring, access to female entrepreneurs' networks, training programs and trainings). The aim of the paper is to show female entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia with special emphasis on the Strategy for the Development of Women's Entrepreneurship in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014 to 2020 and the connection of women entrepreneurs within associations and various initiatives and independent access to the domestic and foreign markets