Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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THE EFFECTS OF BOTULINUM TOXIN IN REDUCING THE TONE OF SPASTIC MUSCLES
No full textBotulinum toksin (BTa) nastaje kao posljedica bakterije Clostridium (botulin) koja u anaerobnim uvjetima prelazi u drugi, vegetativni oblik bakterije. Postoje različite vrste botulinum toksina od kojih su najpoznatije botulinum A, B, C1, D, E, F, G. Prva pojava botulinum toksina javlja se 1822. godine, a zvanično prakticiranje započinje 1980. godine, nakon čega postaje i odličan preparat u tretmanu i redukciji tonusa spastične muskulature. Spastičnost (spazam) pojam je kliničkog stanja koje nastaje kao posljedica oštećenja središnjeg živčanog sustava (SŽS), kojeg karakterizira pojačanje spinalnih refleksa te gubitkom mehanizama supraspinalne inhibicije i voljnih pokreta. Uzrok oštećenja središnjeg živčanog sustava može biti različit. Najčešći razlog jeste moždani udar, cerebralna paraliza, različite traumatske ozljede mozga, multipla skleroza i drugo. Cilj rada jeste prikazati učinak botulinum toksina na tonus spastične muskulature, njegove specifičnosti te prikazati primjenu i rezultate primjene samog botulinum toksina.Ključne riječi:Botulinum toxin (BTa) is produced as a result of the bacterium Clostridium (botulinum), which in anaerobic conditions changes into another, vegetative form of the bacterium. There are different types of botulinum toxin, the most famous of which are botulinum A, B, C1, D, E, F, G. The first appearance of botulinum toxin occurred in 1822, and official practice began in 1980, after which it became an excellent medicine for spastic muscles. Spasticity (spasm) is the term for a clinical condition that occurs as a result of damage to the central nervous system (CNS), which is characterized by a large increasing of stretch reflexes, loss of supraspinal inhibition mechanismand voluntary activity aggravation. The cause of damage to the central nervous system can be different. The most common reason is stroke, cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis and others. The aim of the paper is to show the effect of botulinum toxin on different types of spastic musculature tone, and to show the application and results of botulinum itself and its specificities
TRAFFIC AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE
No full textPromet kao fenomen zadovoljava čovjekove potrebe za premještanjem ljudi i stvari, odvijanjem u prostoru i vremenu, od ranih migracija čovječanstva, pomorskih putovanja i otkrića, pa sve do danas kada putovanja u svemir nisu više novost. Promet je postao potreban svakom čovjeku kako bi putovao bilo to privatno ili službeno te kako bi zadovoljio svoje potrebe za proizvodima. Gospodarski značaj prometa je nemjerljiv, prije svega potreban je u slučaju katastrofa (potresi, poplave, požari), rata, kada koristi prometna sredstva i mreže prometnih putova.Traffic as a phenomenon satisfies human needs for moving people and things, by unfolding in space and time, from the early migrations of mankind, sea voyages and discoveries, until today when space travel is no longer a novelty. Traffic has become necessary for every person to travel, be it private or official, and to satisfy their needs for products. The economic significance of transport is immeasurable, it is primarily needed in the event of disasters (earthquakes, floods, fires), war, when using means of transport and road networks
CORRELATION BETWEEN BODY MASS AND EXPLOSIVE STRENGHT OF LEGGS AMONG PHYSIOTHERAPY STUDENTS - COMPARATION OF ATHLETES AND NON ATHLETES
No full textEksplozivna snaga je sposobnost osobe da proizvede maksimalnu snagu u što kraćem vremenskom periodu. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati eksplozivnu snagu studenata i njezinu povezanost sa tjelesnom masom i sastavom tjelesne mase kod studenata koji se bave sportom i onih koji nisu sportaši. U ovoj presječnoj studiji ispitanici su bili studenti prve godine studija fizioterapija Veleučilišta „Lavoslav Ružička“ u Vukovaru od kojih je bilo 40 žena i 15 muškaraca u dobi od 19 do 24 godine. Od ukupno 55 ispitanika, njih 25 su sportaši, dok je ostalih 30 ispitanika pripalo skupini nesportaša. Nađene su statistički značajne razlike između sportaša i nesportaša i u sastavu tjelesne mase i u eksplozivnoj snazi tipa skočnosti. Sportaši imaju manje masnog, a više mišićnog tkiva u poređenju s nesportašima. Također sportaši imaju veću eksplozivnu snagu nogu od nesportaša, bez obzira na sadržaj mišića. Eksplozivna snaga nogu negativno korelira sa sadržajem masnog, a pozitivno sa sadržajem mišićnog tkiva u cijelom uzorku i među nesportašima, dok kod sportaša nema statistički značajnih korelacija. Sastav tjelesne mase je prediktor eksplozivne snage nogu među studentima nesportašima.Explosive strenght is a person's ability to produce maximum force in the shortest possible period. The aim of this research was to examine the explosive strenght of students and it's relationship with body mass and body composition in students who play sports and those who are not athletes. In this cross-sectional study, the respondents were students of the first year of physiotherapy at the College of Aplied Sciences „Lavoslav Ružička“ in Vukovar, of whom there were 40 woman and 15 med aged 19 to 24. Out of a total of 55 respondents, 25 of them are athletes, while the other 30 respondents belong to the group of non-athletes. Statistically significant differences were found between athletes and non-athletes both in the body mass composition and in the explosive strenght of the legs. Athletes have less fat and more muscle tissue compared to non-athletes. Also, athletes have higher explosive leg strenght that non-athletes, regardless of muscle content. Explosive leg strenght correlates negatively with fat content and positively with musce tissue content in the entire sample and among nonathletes, while there are no statistically significant correlations among athletes. Body mass composition is a predictor of explosive leg strenght among non-athletes students
HIP IMPINGEMENT SYNDROME AND ACETABULAR LABRUM LESIONS
No full textBol u kuku kod odraslih tradicionalno se povezuje s osteoartritisom zgloba. Međutim, mnogi mladi pacijenti s bolovima u kukovima upućuju se ortopedima, no bez artritisa. Abnormalnosti kostiju i mekih tkiva mogu se manifestirati bolovima u kukovima kod aktivne odrasle osobe. Među širokom diferencijalnom dijagnozom mogućih uzroka, jedna od najbrže razvijajućih etiologija boli u kuku je sindrom sraza kuka. Uz ponavljajuće opterećenje, ovaj femoroacetabularni nesklad može biti izvor ozljeda i oštećenja acetabularnog labruma i hrskavice.Sindrom sraza kuka rašireniji je u atletskoj populaciji, posebice kod sportaša mlađe životne dobi.Ove abnormalnosti mogu dovesti do preranog artritisa. S poboljšanjima u kliničkom pregledu za sindrom sraza kuka, radiološkom snimanju pomoću artrografije magnetskom rezonancijom (MRA) i/ili skeniranju kompjutoriziranom tomogramom (CT), te se lezije rano otkrivaju. Ako je neoperativno liječenje neuspješno, kirurško liječenje se često provodi artroskopski i s pozitivnim rezultatima. Stoga je cilj ovog preglednog rada pružiti opis temeljen na dokazima o anatomiji, patofiziologiji, kliničkim značajkama i liječenju sindroma sraza kuka te oštećenja acetabularnog labruma.Hip pain in adults is traditionally associated with osteoarthritis of the joint. However, many young patients with hip pain are referred to orthopedists without arthritis. Subtle bone and soft tissue abnormalities can present with hip pain in an active young adult. Among the widedifferential diagnosis of possible causes, one of the fastest growing etiologies of hip pain is hip impigement syndrome. With repetitive strain, this femoroacetabular discrepancy can be a source of injury and damage to the acetabular labrum and cartilage. Hip impingement syndrome is morewidespread in the athletic population, especially in younger athletes. These abnormalities can leadto premature arthritis. With improvements in clinical examination for hip impingement syndrome,radiologic imaging using magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA) and/or computed tomography (CT) scanning, these lesions are being detected early. If non-operative treatment is unsuccessful, surgical treatment is often performed arthroscopically with good results. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an evidence-based description of the anatomy, pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment of hip impingement syndrome and acetabular labrum damage
TRADE IN EU
No full textEuropska unija je jedno od najznačajnijih gospodarstava za globalno gospodarstvo. Istovremeno je to jedno od gospodarstava koja su najokrenutija prema svijetu. To znači da Europska unija ima dosta vanjske trgovine. Unutar Europske unije postoji zajedničko unutarnje tržište koje poduzećima omogućuje slobodno kretanje roba, usluga, kapitala i ljudi unutar država članica. To se postiže uklanjanjem trgovinskih barijera i usklađivanjem pravila i standarda. To je pomoglo porastu trgovine unutar Europske unije, čineći Europsku uniju jednim od najvećih trgovinskih blokova na svijetu. Europska unija igra središnju ulogu u oblikovanju svakog trgovinskog sustava. Ekonomska otvorenost prema vanjskom svijetu donijela je veliku korist za Europsku uniju, premda nemaju svi sektori jednake koristi od otvaranja tržišta. Cilj rada je istražiti trgovinu u Europskoj uniji te analizirati trgovinu Europske unije.The European Union is one of the most significant economies in the global economy. At the same time, it is one of the most globally-oriented economic systems. That means that the European Union records high rates of external trade. There is a joint internal market within the European Union that enables the free movement of goods, services, capital and people among its Member States. This is achieved by removing trade barriers and coordinating rules and standards. Such practice has helped elevate trade levels within the European Union, rendering it one of the strongest trade systems. The European Union has a crucial role in shaping all trade systems. Globally-oriented economic openness has provided the European Union with many benefits, although not all sectors have equally benefited from market opening. The aim of this paper is to explore the conceptual meaning of trade in the European Union and to analyze EU trade
QUALITY OF LIFE OF PEOPLE WITH HIP OSTEOARTHRITIS
No full textOsteoartritis predstavlja kroničnu i progresivnu bolest zgloba kojoj je osnovni uzrok propadanje zglobne hrskavice. Najčešće zahvaća zglob kuka i koljena te zglobove ruke. Najviše zahvaća stariju životnu dob. Uzrokom osteoartritisa smatra se oštećenje uzrokovano mehaničkim stresom, zajedno sa smanjenom regeneracijom zglobova. Bol je glavni simptom bolesti te je povezana s ukočenošću zglobova, nestabilnošću i slabošću. Također, može uzrokovati smanjen opseg pokreta, funkcionalna ograničenja i poteškoće u obavljanju svakodnevnih aktivnosti. Fizioterapijskom procjenom kroz subjektivni i objektivni pregled pacijenta te analize mjerenja i testova, dovodi se do plana terapije kojemu je cilj smanjiti bol te poboljšati funkcionalnost i svakodnevne aktivnosti života. Osim farmakološkog i kirurškog liječenja, fizioterapija ima bitnu ulogu u liječenju i rehabilitaciji bolesnika s osteartritisom, ali isto tako, bitna je i edukacija pacijenata zbog postizanja veće samostalnosti u obavljanju aktivnosti svakodnevnog života. Kvaliteta života je vrlo narušena, stoga je bitno pacijentima olakšati izvođenje nekih aktivnosti i savjetima im pomoći da budu što manje ovisni o drugima.Osteoarthritis is a chronic and progressive joint disease, the mail cause of which is the deterioration of joint cartilage. It most often affects the hip and knee joints and the joints of the hands. It mostly affects older people. Damage caused by mechanical stress, together with reduced regeneration of joints, is consudered to be the cause of osteoarthritis. Pain is the main symptom of disease and is associated with joint stiffness, instability and weakness. It can also cause reduced range of motion, functional limitations and difficulties in performinf daily activities. Physotherapy assessment through subjective and objectie examination of the patient and analysis of measurements and tests leads to a therapy plan whose goal is to reduce pain and improve functionality and daily activities of life. In addition to pharmacological and surgical treatment, physiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment and rehabilitation of patient with osteoarthritis, but it is also important to educate patients in order to achieve greater independence in performing activities of daily life. The quality of life is greatly impaired, therefore it is important to make it easier for patients to perform some activities and help to be as less dependent on others as possible
GREY ECONOMY
No full textSiva ekonomija je složen fenomen koji ima duboke i široke posljedice na društvo i gospodarstvo. Njezin razvoj i obujam mogu se razlikovati od zemlje do zemlje, ovisno o specifičnim socioekonomskim uvjetima, političkoj situaciji i regulativnom okviru. Takav dinamičan fenomen pod utjecajem je različitih čimbenika, koji su u nastavku rada detaljnije analizirani i objašnjeni. Nadalje, važno je razumjeti da siva ekonomija nije problem koji se može jednostavno riješiti, već zahtijeva sveobuhvatan pristup. Vlade moraju jačati svoje porezne sustave, provoditi regulacije i osigurati pravedno poslovno okruženje. Tijekom globalne pandemije COVID-19, siva ekonomija je postala još izazovniji problem s kojim se suočava svijet. Dok su države i gospodarstva pokušavale odgovoriti na zdravstvenu krizu i ograničiti širenje virusa, siva ekonomija je istovremeno pokazivala svoju prilagodljivost i otpornost. Kroz ovaj je rad, osim teorijskog dijela, analiziran i razvoj sive ekonomije u Republici Hrvatskoj, na razini Europske unije, ali i za vrijeme globalne pandemije COVID-19.The gray economy is a complex phenomenon that has deep and wide consequences for society and the economy. Its development and scope may differ from country to country, depending on specific socioeconomic conditions, political situation and regulatory framework. Such a dynamic phenomenon is influenced by various factors, which are analyzed and explained in more detail in the rest of the paper. Furthermore, it is important to understand that the gray problem of the economy, which can be easily solved, requires a comprehensive approach. Governments must strengthen their tax systems, enforce regulations and ensure a fair business environment. During the global COVID-19 pandemic, the shadow economy has become an even more challenging problem facing the world. While states and economies tried to respond to the health crisis and limit the spread of the virus, the gray economy simultaneously showed its adaptability and resilience. Through this work, apart from the theoretical part, the development of the gray economy in the Republic of Croatia, at the level of the European Union, but also during the global pandemic of COVID-19 was analyzed
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF ADHESIVE CAPSULITIS
No full textAdhezivni kapsulitis je sindrom koji se još i naziva smrznuto rame (engl. „frozen shoulder“) ili „bolno rame“. Javlja se u otprilike dva do pet posto populacije, najčešće kod žena u dobi od 40 do 60 godine i više na strani nedominantne ruke. Može biti primarni i sekundarni. Pri adhezivnom kapsulitisu zglobna kapsula je zadebljana te se u njoj nalaze upalne stanice kroničnog tipa i fibroblasti. Pojavljuju se bol i ograničenje pokreta vanjske rotacije, unutarnje rotacije i abdukcije nadlaktice u ramenom zglobu. Pacijent ovu bol opisuju kao jaku, probadajuću i oštru bol s osjećajem žarenja po cijelom ramenom obruču. Tijekom noći je najveća bol koja se javlja u području deltoidnog mišića. Postavljanje dijagnoze: postupan početak, noćnu bol, bol pri izoliranim pasivnim pokretima u skapulohumeralnom zglobu, bolno ograničenje pasivne elevacije, kao i vanjske rotacije. Može se provoditi brojnim pretragama: magnetska rezinanca, rendgenski snimak, dijagnostički ultrazvuk i artrografija. Fizioterapijska procjena je prvi korak u provedbi fizioterapijskog procesa. Fizioterapijska intervencija se provodi u cilju smanjenja boli, sprječavanja kontraktura, unaprjeđenje aktivnosti svakodnevnog života i povećanje opsega pokreta. Pacijentu se treba pristupiti pravilno i razumljivo pri edukaciji. Edukacija pacijenta je neizostavni dio liječenja koja doprinosi boljem liječenju i vraćanju aktivnostima svakodnevnog života što ranije. Pacijenta je potrebno educirati o aktivnostima koje treba provoditi kod kuće kako bi mu bilo bolje. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi utjecaj fizioterapijskih postupaka kod liječenja adhezivnog kapsulitisa.Adhesive capsulitis is a syndrome also known as frozen shoulder or painful shoulder. It occurs in approximately two to five percent of the population, most commonly in women aged 40 to 60 years and typically on the non-dominant side. It can be primary or secondary. In adhesive capsulitis, the joint capsule thickens and contains chronic inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Symptoms include pain and restricted movement of external rotation, internal rotation, and abduction of the upper arm at the shoulder joint. Patients describe this pain as intense, stabbing, and sharp, often accompanied by a burning sensation throughout the shoulder girdle. The pain is most severe at night and often localizes to the deltoid muscle area. Diagnosis involves a gradual onset of symptoms, nighttime pain, pain with isolated passive movements in the scapulohumeral joint, painful limitation of passive elevation, as well as external rotation. Various diagnostic tests can be performed, including magnetic resonance imaging, X-rays, diagnostic ultrasound, and arthrography.Physical therapy assessment is the first step in the physical therapy process, consisting of a comprehensive patient examination and evaluation of results. Physical therapy intervention aims to reduce pain, prevent contractures, improve daily activities, and increase range of motion. Proper and clear patient education is crucial, as it is an integral part of treatment contributing to better outcomes and a quicker return to daily activities. Patients need to be educated about home exercises that can help improve their condition. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of physical therapy interventions in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis
FOOTBALLER HEALTH SELF-ASSESSMENT
No full textUvod: Nogomet je najpopularniji sport na svijetu. Kao i svaki drugi sport, sa sobom nosi posljedice na fizičko i psihičko zdravlje igrača. Cilj ovoga istraživanja bio je prikupiti podatke o psihičkom i fizičkom zdravlju kod nogometaša (profesionalaca, amatera i rekreativaca), te putem samoprocjene istražiti kako sport utječe na fizičko i psihičko zdravlje nogometaša. Metode: Ovo je istraživanje provedeno od 15. kolovoza do 30. rujna 2023. godine putem anketnog upitnika namijenjenog nogometašima. Uzorak je bio 94 ispitanika. Rezultati: Spearmanovim koeficijentom korelacije ocijenjena je povezanost dobi ispitanika s pojedinom domenom kvalitete života. Uočava se da nema značajne povezanosti dobi s pojedinom domenom. U usporedbi ocjene kvalitete života u odnosu na to koliko imaju prosječno tjedno aktivnosti (treninzi i utakmice), ispitanici koji imaju do 3 aktivnosti značajno su lošije ocijenili svoje tjelesno funkcioniranje u odnosu na sve druge ispitanike (Kruskal Wallisov test, P = 0,001). Ispitanici veće tjelesne mase (Rho = 0,349) i većeg indeksa tjelesne mase (Rho = 0,332) bolje su ocijenili socijalno funkcioniranje. Rasprava: Statistički značajna razlika postoji u pojavi boli kod nogometaša u odnosu na duljinu trajanja treninga. Kod ispitanika kojima trening vremenski dulje traje, bol se češće pojavljivala. Statistički značajne razlike s obzirom na dob ispitanika nije bilo. Statistički značajna razlika postoji i kod usporedbe ocjene kvalitete života u odnosu na koliko tjedno aktivnosti ispitanici imaju. Ispitanici koji imaju do tri aktivnosti pokazuju statistički značajnu razliku u odnosu na ispitanike koji imaju više aktivnosti tjedno te bolje ocjenjuju kvalitetu života. Nema značajne povezanosti kvalitete života s tjelesnom visinom, masom i indeksom tjelesne mase. Zaključak: Potrebna su dodatna istraživanja kako bi se utvrdila povezanost spomenutih domena i s drugim sportovima te pronašlo način kako prevenirati pojavnost boli i poboljšati kvalitetu života sportaša.Introduction: Football is the most popular sport in the world. Like any other sport, it carries with it the consequences for the physical and mental health of players. The aim of this research is to collect data on physical and mental problems among footballers, including professionals, amateurs and recreational users, and to compare the same results. Methods: This survey was conducted from August 15 to September 30, 2023 through a survey questionnaire for footballers. The sample was 94 respondents. Results: With the Spearman correlation coefficient, we assessed the association of the age of the subjects by the combined quality of life domain. It is observed that there is no significant association of age with a particular domain. Compared to the quality of life rating in relation to how much they have an average of weekly activities (training and matches), subjects with up to 3 activities rated their physical functioning significantly worse compared to all other subjects (Kruskal Wallis test, P = 0.001). Subjects of higher body mass (Rho = 0.349) and higher body mass index (Rho = 0.332) better evaluated social functioning. Discussion: There is a statistically significant difference in the occurrence of pain in footballers compared to the length of training. In subjects whose training lasts longer, the pain appeared more often. There were no statistically significant differences with respect to the age of the respondents. There is also a statistically significant difference in comparing the quality of life assessment in relation to how many weekly activities respondents have. Subjects with up to three activities show a statistically significant difference compared to respondents who have multiple activities per week and better assess the quality of life. There is no significant association of quality of life with body height, mass and body mass index. Conclusion: Additional research is needed to determine the connection of the mentioned domains and with other sports and to find a way to translate the incidence of pain and improve the quality of life of athletes
CONTEMPORARY APPROACH IN THE REHABILITATION OF TENDINOPATHIES
No full textTetive predstavljaju vezivno tkivo većinom sačinjeno od sitnih kolagenih vlakana čija je funkcija osigurati pokretanje koštanih poluga. Tendinopatija označava disfunkciju zahvaćene tetive u kojoj se događa poremećaj prijenosa sile muskulature na kosti. Osnovne značajke tendinopatije su poremećaj u kolagenim nitima, povišena koncentracija proteoglikana, abnormalnosti u tenocitima, urastanje krvnih žila u tetivu te urastanje živčanih završetaka u tetivu. Klinička slika tendinopatija sastoji se od povećanja bolova tijekom aktivnog pokreta i pokreta uz otpor, ukočenost tetive i njezinog hvatišta te u nekim slučajevima i edem. Liječenje tendinopatija sastoji se od otklanjanja rizičnih čimbenika i provedbe konzervativnih terapijskih metoda zasnovanih na farmakološkoj terapiji i fizioterapijskim intervencijama. U suvremeno se doba primjenjuje operativno liječenje endoskopskog ili artroskopskog karaktera ukoliko konzervativne terapijske metode nisu imale učinka nakon dugotrajne primjene. Prije negoli se započne provedba rehabilitacije, potrebno je uzeti anamnezu, obaviti subjektivni i objektivni pregled bolesnika te provesti adekvatne testove, nakon čega slijedi izrada plana fizioterapijskih intervencija. Moguće je provoditi brojne fizioterapijske intervencije u svrhu liječenja tendinopatija, a važno je individualno ih prilagoditi bolesniku i specifičnostima njegovog stanja. Važno je sve rehabilitacijske postupke prilagoditi obliku tendinopatije koji je nastupio, a u praksi se najčešće pojavljuju tendinopatija rotatorne manžete, lateralni epikondilitis, glutealna tendinopatija, patelarna tendinopatija i tendinopatija Ahilove tetive.Tendons represent connective tissue mostly made of small collagen fibers whose function is to ensure the movement of bone levers. Tendinopathy means dysfunction of the affected tendon, in which there is a disturbance in the transmission of force from the musculature to the bone. The basic features of tendinopathy are a disorder in collagen threads, increased concentration of proteoglycans, abnormalities in tenocytes, ingrowth of blood vessels in the tendon and ingrowth of nerve endings in the tendon. The clinical picture of tendinopathies consists of increased pain during active movement and movement with resistance, stiffness of the tendon and its grip, and in some cases, edema. The treatment of tendinopathies consists of the elimination of risk factors and the implementation of conservative therapeutic methods based on pharmacological therapy and physiotherapy interventions. In modern times, operative treatment of an endoscopic or arthroscopic nature is applied if conservative therapeutic methods have not had an effect after long-term use. Before starting the implementation of rehabilitation, it is necessary to take an anamnesis, perform a subjective and objective examination of the patient and perform adequate tests, followed by the creation of a plan for physiotherapy interventions. It is possible to carry out numerous physiotherapy interventions for the purpose of treating tendinopathies, and it is important to adapt them individually to the patient and the specifics of his condition. It is important to adapt all rehabilitation procedures to the form of tendinopathy that has occurred, and in practice, rotator cuff tendinopathy, lateral epicondylitis, gluteal tendinopathy, patellar tendinopathy and Achilles tendon tendinopathy appear most often