Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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CHEESE AS MERCHANDISE - TYPES, STORAGE AND SALES CONDITIONS
No full textSir je mliječni proizvod različitih vrsta, okusa i oblika nastao koagulacijom mliječnog proteina kazeina. Postoje razne vrste sireva kao i različite podjele. Sireve se može podijeliti prema konzistenciji, udjelu mliječne masti u suhoj tvari, prema vrsti proteina, zrenju sira. Rad objašnjava cjelokupan proces proizvodnje od pripreme mlijeka do zrenja i pakiranja sira. U proizvodnji sira cilj je postići karakterističan okus i izgled za određenu vrstu sira, npr. gouda, cheddar, što ovisi o temperaturi pri zrenju, količini mliječne masti i proteina, vlažnosti zraka, brzini grušanja sirnog zrna i dodavanja raznih aditiva. Iskustvo u sirarstvu također igra važnu ulogu jer dobar sirar zna procijeniti kada je sir gotov sa zrenjem ili kada je sirno tijesto spremno za rezanje. Svaki sir, kao i bilo koji drugi prehrambeni proizvod mora imati deklaraciju na kojoj se nalaze svojstva, mjesto proizvodnje sira i nutritivna vrijednost, kao i prisutnost mogućih alergena. U svakom slučaju, u proizvodnom procesu i nakon njega važno je održavati higijenske uvjete prostorija i opreme i provoditi redovitu dezinfekciju kako neželjeni mikroorganizmi ne bi dospjeli u mlijeko ili sir.Cheese is a dairy product of various types, flavors, and shapes, produced by coagulation of the milk protein casein. There are different types of cheese and also different subdivisions. Cheese can be classified according to the consistency, the percentage of milk fat in the dry matter, the type of protein and cheese ripening. The paper explains the entire production process from milk preparation to cheese ripening and packaging. Cheese making is about achieving a characteristic taste and appearance for a particular type of cheese, e.g. Gouda, Cheddar, which depends on the temperature during ripening, the amount of milk fat and protein, the humidity, the coagulation rate of the cheese grain and the addition of various additives. Cheese making experience also plays an important role, as a good cheesemaker is able to judge when the ripening of the cheese is complete or when the cheese dough is ready for cutting. Every cheese, like any other food, must have a declaration that includes the characteristics, the place of cheese production and nutritional values, as well as the presence of possible allergens. In any case, during the manufacturing process and afterwards, it is important to maintain the hygienic conditions of the premises and equipment and to carry out regular disinfection so that no undesirable microorganisms get into the milk or cheese
REHABILITATION OF PATIENTS WITH ACHILLES TENDON RUPTURE
No full textNajjača tetiva u ljudskom tijelu je Ahilova tetiva. Ozljede tetive se događaju češće u sportskim aktivnostima koje zahtijevaju skakanje, trčanje te brze i nagle pokrete. Prekomjernom upotrebom Ahilove tetive dolazi do bolnosti, osjećaja žarenja ili pucketanja. Određene studije izjavljuju da je potrebno niz degenerativnih promjena prije rupture, ali veliki broj puknuća tetiva se događa bez ikakvih simptoma ili znakova. Ruptura Ahilove tetive se smatra jednom od najtežih ozljeda lokomotornog sustava. U trenutku kada nastupi ozljeda pacijent ne može stajati na prstima, hodanje mu postaje otežano te se pri palpaciji osjeti udubljenje i velika bol. Liječenje je kirurško kod mladih pacijenata, a konzervativno liječenje se provodi kod starijih osoba i osoba koje boluju od kardiovaskularnih, malignih i šećernih bolesti. Cilj liječenja se svodi na isto, vraćanje u stanje prije ozljede, osposobiti normalan hod bez abnormalnih obrazaca, vratiti opseg pokreta u zglobu te omekšati strukture. Rad opisuje fizioterapijski pristup, u kojeg spadaju pregled i procjena, testovi i mjerenja, plan fizioterapije te liječenje ozljeda. Adekvatna fizioterapija omogućuje bolji, brži i uspješniji oporavak pacijenta.The strongest tendon in the human body is the Achilles’ tendon. Tendon injuries occur more often in sports activities that require jumping, running, and fast and sudden movements. Overuse of the Achilles’ tendon leads to soreness, a burning sensation, or a crackling sensation. Certain studies declare that a number of degenerative changes are required before rupture, but a large number of tendon ruptures occur without any symptoms or signs. Achilles’ tendon rupture is considered one of the most severe injuries to the musculoskeletal system. At the moment when the injury occurs, the patient cannot stand on his toes, walking becomes difficult, and when palpation is felt, a dent is felt. Treatment is surgical in young patients, and conservative treatment is carried out in the elderly and people suffering from cardiovascular, malignant, and diabetes diseases. The goal of treatment is to return to the same condition as before the injury, to enable normal gait without abnormal patterns, to restore the range of motion in the joint, and to soften the structures. The work describes the physiotherapy approach, which includes examination and assessment, tests and measurements, a physiotherapy plan, and injury treatment. Adequate physiotherapy allows for a better, faster, and more successful recovery for the patient
INFLUENCE OF SWIMMING ON SCOLIOSIS
No full textSkolioza predstavlja trodimenzionalnu zakrivljenost kralježnice koja je praćena torzijom kralježnice i rotacijom kralježaka oko uzdužne tjelesne osi. Uzroci skolioze nisu u potpunosti poznati, ali se pretpostavlja kako nastanku bolesti pogoduje kombinacija genetskih i okolišnih čimbenika. Skolioza značajno narušava čovjekovu posturu i posturalnu adaptaciju i može imati puno opasnih posljedica. Terapija u osoba sa skoliozom je dugotrajan i kompleksan proces koji zahtijeva individualan i sveobuhvatan pristup bolesniku. Liječenje može biti konzervativno i kirurško liječenje, a fizioterapijski se postupci sastoje od fizioterapijske procjene, provođenja terapijskih vježbi i primjene fizikalnih procedura. U tjelesnu aktivnost osoba sa skoliozom treba uvrstiti i plivanje jer ono djeluje pozitivno na mnoge elemente pravilnog tjelesnog razvoja djeteta i prevenira brojne bolesti, među kojima je i skolioza. Osobe koje imaju skoliozu trebaju primjenjivati prsnu plivačku tehniku i leđnu plivačku tehniku. Utjecaj plivanja na skoliozu može biti korekcija zakrivljenosti, sprječavanje progresije bolesti, poboljšanje pokretljivosti, povećanje mišićne snage, poboljšanje koordinacije, poboljšanje funkcije respiratornog sustava i prevencija sekundarnih komplikacija.Scoliosis represents a three-dimensional curvature of the spine, which is accompanied by torsion of the spine and rotation of the vertebrae around the longitudinal body axis. The causes of scoliosis are not fully known, but it is assumed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to the development of the disease. Scoliosis significantly disrupts a person's posture and postural adaptation and can have many dangerous consequences. Therapy for people with scoliosis is a long-term and complex process that requires an individual and comprehensive approach to the patient. Treatment can be conservative or surgical treatment, and physiotherapy procedures consist of a physiotherapy assessment, the implementation of therapeutic exercises and the application of physical procedures. Swimming should be included in the physical activity of people with scoliosis because it has a positive effect on many elements of proper physical development of the child and prevents numerous diseases, including scoliosis. People who have scoliosis should use the breaststroke technique and the backstroke technique. The influence of swimming on scoliosis can be correction of curvature, prevention of disease progression, improvement of mobility, increase of muscle strength, improvement of coordination, improvement of the function of the respiratory system and prevention of secondary complications
MARKETING ASPECT OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
No full textMarketing i društveno odgovorno poslovanje izvorno su bili potpuno različiti koncepti, ali njihov razvoj uvjetovan istim vanjskim utjecajima i društvenim problemima doveo je do barem djelomičnog ujednačavanja njihovih ciljeva. Marketing i društveno odgovorno poslovanje predstavljaju komplementarne dijelove poslovanja i njihova strateška integracija ključ je za uspjeh na današnjem tržištu. Cilj rada je prikazati razvoj ovih dvaju koncepata i objasniti kako je došlo do njihove povezanosti te kako različita poduzeća mogu pristupiti integraciji društveno odgovornog poslovanja u poslovni model. Rad također sadrži praktične primjere uspješne integracije te potencijalne probleme s kojima se poduzeće može suočiti u procesu.Although originally completely different concepts, marketing and corporate social responsibility have been influenced by the same external influences and social issues over the course of their development to a point at which their goals at least partially align. Marketing and corporate social responsibility represent complementary parts of business activities and their mutual integration is a key to success in today's market. The goal of the paper is to explain how their development led to a connection between the two and how businesses can approach process of integration of corporate social responsibility into their business model. The paper also contains examples of successful integration and the potential issues that business can face in the process
THERAPEUTIC APPROACHES IN THE TREATMENT OF BIPOLAR MOOD DISORDER
No full textBipolarni poremećaj (BP) raspoloženja je mentalni poremećaj kojeg karakteriziraju ponavljajuće epizode depresije s izmjeničnim epizodama manije i/ili hipomanije. Razdoblje euforije naziva se maničnim epizodama, dok razdoblje tuge depresivnim epizodama. Kada se istovremeno pojavljuju periodi euforije, razdražljivosti, napetosti i tuge, takvo stanje se naziva mješoviti oblik bipolarnog poremećaja raspoloženja. Bipolarni poremećaj raspoloženja tipa I najteži je oblik i karakterizira ga prisutnost najmanje jedne manične epizode u trajanju od 7 dana ili pojava simptoma koji su do te mjere neizdržljivi da zahtijevaju hospitalizaciju. Bipolarni poremećaj raspoloženja II karakteriziraju ponavljajući periodi velike depresije u kombinaciji s razdobljima hipomanije, blažeg oblika maniji, te simptomi trebaju trajati najmanje 4 dana. Kao najblaži oblik bipolarnog raspoloženja je ciklotimija. Ciklotimični poremećaj očituje se umjerenim simptomima bipolarnog poremećaja, te ne utječe uvelike na društveni i poslovni život osobe. Farmakoterapija predstavlja glavno uporište u liječenju ove vrste poremećaja raspoloženja. Psihosocijalne intervencije imaju vrlo važnu ulogu u liječenju bipolarnog poremećaja raspoloženja. Korisne su za liječenje akutnih faza bipolarnog poremećaja, mješovitog oblika, u fazi održavanja stanja i pomažu u sprječavanju recidiva te na taj način poboljšavaju kvalitetu pojedinca i njegove obitelji.Bipolar mood disorder (BP) is a mental disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of depression with alternating episodes of mania and/or hypomania. The period of euphoria is called manic episodes, while the period of sadness is called depressive episodes. When periods of euphoria, irritability, tension and sadness appear at the same time, such a condition is called a mixed form of bipolar mood disorder. Bipolar disorder type I is the most severe form and is characterized by the presence of at least one manic episode lasting 7 days or the occurrence of symptoms that are so unbearable that they require hospitalization. Bipolar mood disorder II is characterized by recurring periods of major depression combined with periods of hypomania, a milder form of mania, and the symptoms should last at least 4 days. The mildest form of bipolar mood is cyclothymia. Cyclothymic disorder is manifested by moderate symptoms of bipolar disorder, and does not greatly affect a person's social and business life. Pharmacotherapy is the mainstay in the treatment of this type of mood disorder. Psychosocial interventions play a very important role in the treatment of bipolar mood disorder. They are useful for the treatment of the acute phases of bipolar disorder, mixed form, in the phase of maintaining the condition and help to prevent relapse, thereby improving the quality of the individual and his family
THE IMPACT OF DNS EXERCISES ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PEOPLE WITH LOWER BACK PAIN SYNDROME
No full textLumbalni bolni sindrom manifestira se bolovima između područja donjih rebarnih rubova i glutealnih nabora, sa ili bez propagacije u donji ekstremitet Bol je praćena smanjenom pokretljivošću i lošom stabilizacijom lumbalne kralježnice, hipotonijom okolne muskulature, napetošću te lošijom respiratornom funkcijom. Terapija lumbalnog bolnog sindroma može biti konzervativnog ili operativnog karaktera, a konzervativne se metode temelje na fizioterapijskim intervencijama. Prvi korak koji fizioterapeut treba učiniti kod osoba s lumbalnim bolnim sindromom je provođenje fizioterapijske procjene, a potom se izrađuje plan fizioterapijskih intervencija koje bi se trebale provoditi kod pregledanog bolesnika. Fizioterapijske intervencije koje se provode trebaju biti individualno prilagođene, a mogu uključivati mirovanje, primjenu fizikalnih agenasa, terapijske vježbe, trakciju, manipulaciju i edukaciju. Dinamička neuromuskularna stabilizacija predstavlja jednu od najmodernijih tehnika duboke stabilizacije mišićno-koštanog sustava te je ujedno i među najpriznatijim fizioterapijskim intervencijama koje se provode kod osoba s lumbalnim bolnim sindromom. Temelj DNS-a nalazi se u optimalnoj stabilizaciji čovjekovog trupa koja treba prethoditi svim voljnim anticipacijskim te rekreativnim čovjekovim kretnjama. S obzirom kako je temeljni preventivni čimbenik lumbalnog bolnog sindroma stabilnost trupa te snaga i primjerena zajednička koaktivacija kompletne abdominalne muskulature, DNS vježbe imaju veliku ulogu u liječenju lumbalnog bolnog sindroma. Istraživanjima je utvrđeno kako su DNS vježbe znatno učinkovitije u smanjenju boli kod lumbalnog bolnog sindroma u usporedbi sa općim tjelesnim vježbanjem, kako su posebice efikasne tijekom prva tri mjeseca rehabilitacije te kako se primjenom specifičnih DNS vježbi za poboljšanje stabilnosti trupa i jačanje duboke stabilizacijske muskulature trupa efikasno smanjuju bolovi uzrokovani lumbalnim bolnim sindromom.Lumbar pain syndrome is manifested by pain between the area of the lower rib edges and gluteal folds, with or without propagation to the lower extremity. The pain is accompanied by reduced mobility and poor stabilization of the lumbar spine, hypotonia of the surrounding musculature, tension and worse respiratory function. Lumbar pain syndrome therapy can be conservative or operative, and conservative methods are based on physiotherapy interventions. The first step that a physiotherapist should do for people with lumbar pain syndrome is to carry out a physiotherapy assessment, and then a plan of physiotherapy interventions that should be carried out in the examined patient is drawn up. Physiotherapy interventions carried out should be individually adapted, and may include rest, application of physical agents, therapeutic exercises, traction, manipulation and education. Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization represents one of the most modern techniques of deep stabilization of the musculoskeletal system and is also among the most recognized physiotherapy interventions performed on people with lumbar pain syndrome. The basis of DNS lies in the optimal stabilization of the human body, which should precede all voluntary anticipatory and recreational human movements. Given that the fundamental preventive factor of lumbar pain syndrome is the stability of the trunk and the strength and appropriate joint co-activation of the complete abdominal musculature, DNS exercises play a major role in the treatment of lumbar pain syndrome. Research has shown that DNS exercises are significantly more effective in reducing pain in lumbar pain syndrome compared to general physical exercise, that they are particularly effective during the first three months of rehabilitation, and that the application of specific DNS exercises for improving trunk stability and strengthening the deep stabilizing trunk musculature effectively reduce pain caused by lumbar pain syndrome
INJURIES AND REHABILITATION OF THE SHOULDER JOINT IN VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS
No full textOdbojka je jedan od najpopularnijih sportova širom svijeta. Specifični zadatci u odbojci kao što su skok, doskok, blokiranje smeč zahtijevaju puno od mišićno-koštanog sustava, a posebno stavljaju ogromno opterećenje na rameni obruč. Rameni zglob je najpokretljiviji kuglasti zglob u tijelu. U ramenom zglobu su mogući pokreti u svim smjerovima. Rameni zglob se sastoji od četiri različita zgloba: glenohumeralni zglob, akromioklavikularni zglob, sternoklavikularni zglob i scapulotorakalnog zgloba. Rameni zglob se sastoji od ključne kosti, lopatice i nadlaktične kosti. Na desnoj i lijevoj strani tijela te dvije kosti zatvaraju rameni obruč koji je straga nepotpun. Primarna mišićna skupina ramenog zgloba su mišići rotatorne manžete. Zbog ponavljajućih pokreta iznad glave u odbojci kojim je izložen dominantniji rameni obruč dolazi do fraktura i ozljeda mekih tkiva. Ako se ta naprezanja primjenjuju brzinom koja premašuje vrijeme oporavka tkiva, takvo preopterećenje s vremenom može rezultirati cjelokupnim oštećenjem ramena. Zbog većina vještine koje odbojkaši izvode u položaju iznad glave dolazi do disfunkcije odnosno prenaprezanja ramena. Zbog ponavljajučeg izvođenja smeča i visokog opterećenja najčešće su ozljede ramena u odbojci povezane sa sindromom prenaprezanja. Neke od njih su ozljede rotatorne manžete, sindrom sraza i supraskapularna neuropatija.Volleyball is one of the most popular sports around the world. Specific tasks in volleyball such as jumping, landing, blocking the shot demand a lot from the musculoskeletal system, and especially put a huge load on the shoulder girdle. The shoulder joint is the most mobile ball-and-socket joint in the body. In the shoulder joint, movements are possible in all directions. The shoulder joint consists of four different joints: the glenohumeral joint, the acromioclavicular joint, the sternoclavicular joint, and the scapulothoracic joint. The shoulder joint consists of the clavicle, scapula and humerus. On the right and left sides of the body, these two bones close the shoulder girdle, which is incomplete at the back. The primary muscle group of the shoulder joint is the rotator cuff muscles. Fractures and soft tissue injuries occur due to repetitive overhead movements in volleyball, which exposes the dominant shoulder girdle. If these stresses are applied at a rate that exceeds the recovery time of the tissue, such overloading can eventually result in overall damage to the shoulder. Due to the majority of skills performed by volleyball players in an overhead position, shoulder dysfunction or overstrain occurs. Due to the repetitive execution of garbage and high loads, the most common shoulder injuries in volleyball are related to overexertion syndrome. Some of them are rotator cuff injuries, impingement syndrome and suprascapular neuropathy
PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES IN THE TREATMENT OF ENTENSOPATHY OF THE ACHILLES TENDON
No full textEntezopatija Ahilove tetive predstavlja patološko stanje tetive u regiji od mjesta njezina pripajanja za calcaneus do drugog centimetra dužine tetive. Oko 6 % osoba tijekom života doživi bol u regiji Ahilove tetive, a klinička slika se sastoji od osjećaja bolnosti u posteriornoj petnoj regiji, neposredno ispod ruba obuće, koja se aktivira tijekom hodanja ili palpacije te zakočenosti gležanjskog zgloba uslijed dužeg perioda mirovanja. Terapijske intervencije kod entezopatije Ahilove tetive nisu točno definirane, no određene su terapijske smjernice kojima se djeluje na smanjenje simptoma. Najčešće primjenjivana fizioterapijska intervencija kod ovog stanja su vježbe istezanja, a moguće je provoditi i kineziterapiju u vidu ekscentričnih i izometričkih vježbi, fizikalnu terapiju u vidu udarnog vala i terapijskog ultrazvuka, manualne tehnike, primjerice, duboku frikcijsku masažu ili pak alternativne metode, primjerice, dry needling. Istraživanje je pokazalo kako ekscentrične vježbe, izometričke vježbe i udarni val imaju pozitivan učinak na tijek liječenja, dok masaža, terapijski ultrazvuk i dry needling nemaju značajan učinak.Enthesopathy of the Achilles tendon is a pathological condition of the tendon in the region from the place of its attachment to the calcaneus to the second centimeter of the tendon's length. About 6 % of people experience pain in the region of the Achilles tendon during their lifetime, and the clinical picture consists of a feeling of pain in the posterior heel region, just below the edge of the shoe, which is activated during walking or palpation, and ankle joint stiffness due to a longer period of rest. Therapeutic interventions for enthesopathy of the Achilles tendon are not precisely defined, but therapeutic guidelines have been determined to reduce symptoms. The most commonly applied physiotherapy intervention for this condition is stretching exercises, and it is also possible to carry out kinesitherapy in the form of eccentric and isometric exercises, physical therapy in the form of shock waves and therapeutic ultrasound, manual techniques, for example, deep friction massage or alternative methods, for example, dry needling. Research has shown that eccentric exercises, isometric exercises and shock waves have a positive effect on the course of treatment, while massage, therapeutic ultrasound and dry needling have no significant effect
THE IMPACT OF THE EUROPEAN CHARTER ON LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA
No full textEuropska povelja o lokalnoj samoupravi ima tri dijela i usvojena je od strane Vijeća Europe 1985. godine. Povelja je stupila na snagu 1. rujna 1988. godine. Europska povelja o lokalnoj samoupravi ima status europske konvencije, što znači da države koje su je potpisale i ratificirale zakonski obvezuju se poštovati njezine odredbe. Lokalna i područna (regionalna) samouprava u Republici Hrvatskoj je organizirana na tri razine: općine, gradovi i županije. Lokalna samouprava u Republici Hrvatskoj ustrojena je na načelima Europske povelje.The European Charter on Local Self-Government has three parts and was adopted by the Council of Europe in 1985. The Charter entered into force on September 1, 1988. The European Charter on Local Self-Government has the status of a European convention, which means that the states that have signed and ratified are legally bound to respect its provisions. Local and regional self-government in the Republic of Croatia is organized on three levels: municipalities, cities and counties. Local self-government in the Republic of Croatia is governed by the principles of the European Charter
APPLICATION OF PHYSIOTHERAPY PROCEDURES AIMED AT IMPROVING THE LIVES OF ASTHMA PATIENTS
No full textPrimjena fizioterapijskih postupaka za poboljšanje kvalitete života osoba s astmom obećavajući je put zdravstvene intervencije. Ove su tehnike osmišljene za rješavanje jedinstvenih izazova koje predstavlja ovo respiratorno stanje. Kroz specijalizirane vježbe disanja, pojedinci mogu povećati svoj kapacitet pluća, poboljšavajući protok zraka i ublažavajući osjećaj nedostatka zraka tijekom napadaja astme. Osim toga, postupak fizioterapije prsnog koša igra ključnu ulogu u pomaganju uklanjanja sluzi iz dišnih putova, promicanju jasnijih prolaza za disanje i smanjenju učestalosti egzacerbacija. Značajan aspekt fizioterapijske intervencije je integracija aerobnog kondicioniranja u plan liječenja. Poboljšanjem kardiovaskularne kondicije, pacijenti su bolje opremljeni nositi se s fizičkim zahtjevima koje astma može nametnuti. Prilagođavanjem intervencija potrebama, željama i izazovima svakog pacijenta, fizioterapeuti osnažuju pojedince da preuzmu aktivnu ulogu u svom zdravstvenom putu. To ne samo da potiče osjećaj neovisnosti, već i ulijeva veći stupanj kontrole nad njihovim zdravljem.The application of physiotherapy procedures to enhance the quality of life for individuals afflicted with asthma is a promising path of healthcare intervention. These techniques are designed to address the unique challenges presented by this respiratory condition. Through specialized breathing exercises, individuals can expand their lung capacity, enhancing air flow and mitigating the sensation of breathlessness during asthma attacks. Additionally, chest physiotherapy procedures play a pivotal role in assisting the removal of mucus from the airways, promoting clearer passages for breathing and reducing the frequency of exacerbations. A notable aspect of physiotherapy intervention is the integration of aerobic conditioning into treatment plans. By improving cardiovascular fitness, patients are better equipped to handle the physical demands that asthma can impose. By tailoring interventions to each patient’s needs, aspirations and challenges, physiotherapists empower individuals to take an active role in their healthcare journey. This not only fosters a sense of independence but also instills a greater degree of control over their health