Repository of Polytechnic Lavoslav Ružička Vukovar
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ACCESSION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA TO THE SCHENGEN AREA AND THE INFLUENCE ON THE ECONOMY
No full text14. lipnja 1985. potpisan je Schengenski sporazum kojim su Belgija, Luksemburg, Francuska, Njemačka i Nizozemska predvidjele postupno ukidanje kontrola na zajedničkim granicama s primarnim ciljem stvaranja zajedničkog tržišta. Nakon potpisivanja Konvencije o provedbi Schenegenskog sporazuma, u lipnju 1990. godine, došlo je do uspostave zakonodavnog okvira koji je omogućio kontinuirano pridruživanje europskih zemalja. Danas Schengensko područje omogućava kretanje kroz 29 država bez čekanja i graničnih provjera. Ukidanje granica ima brojne utjecaje na gospodarstvo koji se ponajviše ogledaju u pozitivnim učincima na trgovinsku razmjenu, turizam te mobilnost radne snage i posljedično na tržište rada. U radu je prikazan pozitivan utjecaj pristupanja Republike Hrvatske Schengenu u području turizma, robne razmjene, BDP-a te kretanja stanovništva.On June 14, 1985, the Schengen Agreement was signed, under which Belgium, Luxembourg, France, Germany, and the Netherlands planned the gradual abolition of controls at their common borders, with the primary goal of creating a single market. After the signing of the Convention on the Implementation of the Schengen Agreement in June 1990, a legislative framework was established, allowing the continuous accession of European countries. Today, the Schengen Area enables travelling through 29 countries without waiting times and border checks. The removal of borders has numerous economic impacts, primarily reflected in positive effects on trade exchange, tourism, labor mobility, and consequently, the labor market. This paper presents the positive impact of Croatia's accession to the Schengen Area in the fields of tourism, trade exchange, GDP, and population movement
RECREATIONAL RUNERS ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE USE OF SUPPORTIVE ORTHOSES ON PERFORMANCE AND PAIN REDUCTION
No full textUvod: Trčanje je jedan od najčešćih oblika rekreacije, ali nosi povećan rizik od ozljeda donjih ekstremiteta. Potporne ortoze koriste se za poboljšanje biomehanike i smanjenje rizika od ozljeda, no njihova učinkovitost među rekreativnim trkačima nije u potpunosti istražena. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati stavove trkača o korištenju ortoza te njihov učinak na performanse i bol. Metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 41 ispitanik (51,2 % muškaraca, 48,8 % žena). Podaci su prikupljeni online upitnikom koji je obuhvatio demografske podatke, sportske navike te percepciju učinka ortoza. Statistička analiza uključivala je deskriptivne metode i Likertovu skalu. Rezultati: Većina ispitanika koristi ortoze, posebno u fazi oporavka. Prosječne ocjene pokazale su umjereno pozitivan učinak ortoza na smanjenje boli (3,24) i ubrzanje oporavka (3,41), dok je utjecaj na performanse bio nešto niži (3,22). Trkači s većom kilometražom izražavali su veće zadovoljstvo, a učinak ortoza na poboljšanje performansi nije potvrđen. Rasprava: Ortoze se subjektivno doživljavaju korisnima za smanjenje boli i stabilnost, no potrebna su daljnja istraživanja za objektivnu procjenu njihovog dugoročnog učinka. Individualizirani pristup ključan je za optimalnu funkcionalnu potporu. Zaključak: Potporne ortoze percipiraju se kao korisne za smanjenje boli i stabilnost, no njihov učinak na performanse ostaje nejasan. Potrebna su dodatna istraživanja kako bi se potvrdila njihova učinkovitost u prevenciji ozljeda.Introduction: Running is one of the most common forms of recreational activity but carries an increased risk of lower limb injuries. Supportive orthoses are used to improve biomechanics and reduce injury risk, yet their effectiveness among recreational runners remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to examine runners’ attitudes toward orthoses and assess their impact on performance and pain. Methods: The study included 41 participants (51.2% male, 48.8% female). Data were collected through an online questionnaire covering demographic information, sports habits, and the perceived effects of orthoses. Statistical analysis included descriptive methods and a Likert scale assessment. Results: Most participants use orthoses, particularly during the recovery phase. Average ratings indicated a moderately positive effect on pain reduction (3.24) and faster recovery (3.41), while the impact on performance was lower (3.22). Runners with higher mileage reported greater satisfaction, but the effect of orthoses on performance improvement was not confirmed. Discussion: Orthoses are subjectively perceived as beneficial for pain reduction and stability; however, further research is needed to objectively assess their long-term impact. An individualized approach is essential for optimal functional support. Conclusion: Supportive orthoses are perceived as useful for pain reduction and stability, but their effect on performance remains unclear. Additional research is required to confirm their effectiveness in injury prevention
CUSTOMER PREFERENCES ABOUT THE POINT OF SALE
No full textRadom se istražuju preferencije kupaca pri odabiru prodajnog mjesta i što sve i u kojoj količini ima utjecaj na kupčevu odluku. Demografski čimbenici poput dobi, spola i prihoda važni su za razumijevanje potreba kupaca, kao i psihografski čimbenici, poput stila života i osobnih uvjerenja. Kroz anketno istraživanje analizirani su čimbenici koji najviše utječu na odluku kupca pri odabiru fizičkih prodajnih mjesta, kao i učestalost kupovine u fizičkim prodajnim mjestima i online. Fokus istraživanja bio je na čimbenicima kao što su cijena i kvaliteta proizvoda, lokacija, ljubaznost trgovaca, promocije i popusti. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da cijena proizvoda predstavlja ključni faktor u odabiru prodajnog mjesta, dok su promocije i popusti također značajan motivator za potrošače. Na temelju rezultata može se zaključiti da kupci preferiraju kupovinu u prodajnim mjestima koja nude povoljne cijene, kvalitetne proizvode i atraktivne promocije. Također, rezultati pokazuju da većina ispitanika preferira fizičke trgovine, ali i sve veću učestalost online kupovine, koja postaje važna uz tradicionalne kanale prodaje. Ovaj rad pruža korisne informacije za bolje zadovoljenje potreba i očekivanja kupaca.The paper explores buyers’ preferences when choosing a retail outlet and what and to what extent influences the buyers’ decision. Demographic factors such as age, gender and income are important for understanding buyer needs, as are psychographic factors such as lifestyle and personal beliefs. A survey was conducted to analyse the factors that most influence the buyers’ decision when choosing physical retail outlets, as well as the frequency of shopping in physical retail outlets and online. The research focused on aspects such as product price and quality, location, friendliness of shop assistants, promotions and discounts. The research results showed that the price of the product is a key factor in choosing a retail outlet, while promotions and discounts are also significant motivators for buyers. Based on the results, it can be concluded that buyers prefer shopping in retail outlets which offer favourable prices, quality products and attractive promotions. Furthermore, the results show that the majority of respondents prefer physical shops, but also the increasing frequency of online shopping which is becoming important in addition to traditional sales channels. This paper provides useful information to better meet buyer needs and expectations
DIFFERENCES IN THE INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION OF FEMALE AND MALE SWIMMERS
No full textMotivacija je temeljni psihološki mehanizam koji usmjerava, održava i pojačava ponašanje pojedinca u svrhu postizanja određenog cilja. U sportskom kontekstu, ona predstavlja jedan od ključnih čimbenika uspjeha jer određuje razinu truda, upornosti i emocionalnog angažmana sportaša. Intrinzična motivacija proizlazi iz unutarnjeg zadovoljstva i osobne želje za napretkom, dok ekstrinzična proizlazi iz vanjskih poticaja poput nagrada, priznanja i društvenog statusa. Brojne teorije, primjerice, teorija samoodređenja, atribucijska teorija i teorija ciljne orijentacije, dodatno pojašnjavaju kako se motivacijski procesi razvijaju i održavaju u sportskom okruženju. Plivanje kao individualni sport posebno ističe važnost motivacije jer zahtijeva visoku razinu discipline, dugoročnu predanost i sposobnost nošenja s psihološkim pritiscima. Mlade sportaše često oblikuju treneri, roditelji i vršnjaci, a način na koji se razvija njihova motivacija ima dugoročne posljedice za njihov sportski put i osobni razvoj. Uočene su i rodne razlike u motivacijskom profilu – djevojčice su češće intrinzično, a dječaci ekstrinzično motivirani. Provedeno istraživanje potvrdilo je ove teorijske pretpostavke, a ti rezultati naglašavaju važnost individualiziranog pristupa u radu s mladim plivačicama i plivačima.Motivation is a fundamental psychological mechanism that directs, maintains and reinforces an individual's behaviour in order to achieve a specific goal. In the sporting context, it is one of the key factors of success because it determines the level of effort, persistence and emotional engagement of the athlete. Intrinsic motivation arises from internal satisfaction and personal desire for progress, while extrinsic motivation arises from external incentives such as awards, recognition and social status. Numerous theories, such as self-determination theory, attribution theory and goal orientation theory, further explain how motivational processes develop and are maintained in a sporting environment. Swimming as an individual sport particularly emphasizes the importance of motivation because it requires a high level of discipline, long-term commitment and the ability to cope with psychological pressures. Young athletes are often shaped by coaches, parents and peers, and the way in which their motivation develops has long-term consequences for their sporting path and personal development. Gender differences in motivational profiles have also been observed – girls are more often intrinsically motivated, while boys are extrinsically motivated. The conducted research confirmed these theoretical assumptions, and these results emphasize the importance of an individualized approach in working with young athletes
ONLINE ADVERTISING
No full textOnline oglašavanje obuhvaća tri ključne skupine: prodavače, kupce i oglašivačke infrastrukture. Prodavači su vlasnici web stranica koje pružaju oglasni prostor, a medijske tvrtke danas dominiraju u objavljivanju sadržaja. Kupci su poduzeća koja žele promovirati svoje proizvode, a često koriste agencije za kreiranje online kampanja. Oglašivačka infrastruktura uključuje alate i usluge koje omogućuju implementaciju oglašavanja. Definicija online oglašavanja odnosi se na marketing putem interneta, koji uključuje različite oblike poput e-mail marketinga, oglašavanja na društvenim mrežama i prikazivačkog oglašavanja. Povijest oglašavanja pokazuje da ono postoji od početka ljudske civilizacije, a razvoj internet oglašavanja počeo je u ranom 21. stoljeću. Internet je omogućio oglašivačima da dosegnu širu publiku, prate ponašanje korisnika i poboljšavaju ROI. Banneri su bili prvi oblik internetskih oglasa, a mobilno oglašavanje postalo je popularno s pojavom pametnih telefona. U Hrvatskoj, povijest oglašavanja počinje početkom 19. Stoljeća. Početni oglasni oblici bili su u novinama, a kroz 20. stoljeće oglašavanje je postajalo kreativnije, s naglaskom na marketing. Prednosti online oglašavanja uključuju interaktivnost, dostupnost 24/7, ciljanje određene skupine i brzu dostupnost informacija, dok nedostaci uključuju mogućnost prijevare, spama te izazove u isticanju oglasa među velikim brojem drugih oglasa. Također, online oglašavanje omogućuje brži rast korisničkog tržišta i nudi fleksibilnosti u izboru besplatnih oglasa. Studije slučaja (case studies) analiziraju Nike, Uber i Netflix koji ukazuju na uspjehe i izazove s kojima su se susreli u svojim poslovnim strategijama. Nike je ostvario veliki financijski rast zahvaljujući kampanji ”Just Do It”, dok je Uber imao etičke probleme, uključujući skandale u korporativnoj kulturi, što je utjecalo na njegovu reputaciju. Netflix je ostvario impresivan rast prelaskom na streaming model i stvaranje originalnog sadržaja. Istraživanje provedeno od 2024. - 2025. godine, putem online ankete, istražuje utjecaj online oglašavanja na potrošače, ispitanici su izrazili svoje mišljenje kroz anketu.Online advertising encompasses three key groups: sellers, buyers, and advertising infrastructures. Sellers are the owners of websites that provide advertising space, and media companies today dominate content publishing. Buyers are companies that want to promote their products, and they often use agencies to create online campaigns. Advertising infrastructure includes tools and services that enable the implemenatation of advertising. The definition of online advertising refers to marketing via the Internet, which includes various forms such as email marketing, social media advertising shows that it has existed since the beginning of human civilization, and the development of online advertising began in the early 21st century. The Internet has enabled advertisers to reach a wider audience, track user behavior, and improve ROI. Banners were the first from of online ads, and mobile advertising became popular with the advent of smartphones. In Croatia, the historiy of advertising begins at the beginning of the 19th century. The initial advertising forms were in newspapers, and throughout the 20th century, advertising became more creative, with an emphasis on marketing. The advantages of online advertising include interactivity, 24/7 availabillity, targeting a specific group and quick availabiliy of information, while the disadvantages include the possibility of fraud, spam and challenges in highlighting ads among a large number of other ads. Also, online advertising allows for faster growth of the user market and offers flexibility in choosing free ads. Case studies analyze Nike, Uber and Netflix that indicate the successes and challenges they face in their business strategies. Nike achieved great financial gorwth thanks to the „Just Do It“ campaign, while Uber had ethical problems, including scandals in corporate culture, which affected its reputation. Netflix achieved impressive growth by switching to a streaming model and creating original content. The research conducted from 2024 to 2025, through an online survey, explores the impact of online advertising on consumers, the respondents expressed their opinions throught the survey
HOW DOES SENSORY INTEGRATION DISFUNCTION THERAPY HELP MOTOR PROBLEMS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
No full textDisfunkcija senzorne integracije je poteškoća u primanju, obradi ili integraciji osjetilnih informacija, a može dovesti do neočekivanog i neobičnog motoričkog odgovora. Često je prisutna kod djece s poremećajem iz spektra autizma i može značajno utjecati na razvoj i funkcionalnost njihovih motoričkih vještina. Terapija disfunkcije senzorne integracije, temeljena na teoriji A. J. Ayres, koristi igru i aktivnosti s bogatom senzornom stimulacijom u kontroliranom okruženju s ciljem poboljšanja motoričkog odgovora i funkcioniranja. Fizioterapeut prilagođava okruženje i aktivnosti s obzirom na individualne potrebe djeteta koje doznaje u prethodnoj procjeni temeljenoj na promatranju i provođenju standardiziranih testova. Tijekom terapije potiče se stimulacija taktilnog, proprioceptivnog i vestibularnog sustava zbog razvoja motoričkih sposobnosti. Aktivnim sudjelovanjem djeteta uz stalnu podršku fizioterapeuta, potiče se razvoj samostalnosti, bolja integracija osjetilnih podražaja i lakše uključivanje u svakodnevne aktivnosti. Terapijski pristup uključuje edukaciju roditelja te kontinuirano praćenje napretka i moguću prilagodbu terapijskih ciljeva.Sensory integration dysfunction is a difficulty in receiving, processing, or integrating sensory information, which can lead to unexpected and unusual motor responses. It is often present in children with autism spectrum disorder and can significantly affect the development and functionality of their motor skills. The most common motor deficits include poor postural control, gait disturbances, balance and coordination difficulties, and weak fine motor skills. Sensory integration therapy, based on the theory of A. J. Ayres, uses play and activities with rich sensory stimulation in a controlled environment to improve motor responses and overall functioning. The physiotherapist adapts the environment and activities according to the individual needs of the child, identified through prior assessment based on observation and standardized testing. During therapy, stimulation of the tactile, proprioceptive, and vestibular systems is encouraged to support the development of motor abilities. Through the child’s active participation and continuous support from the physiotherapist, independence is promoted, sensory integration is enhanced, and participation in daily activities becomes easier. The therapeutic approach includes parent education, continuous progress monitoring, and the possible adjustment of therapy goals.
SECURITES AS A SOURCE OF COMPANY FINANCING
No full textZavršni rad obrađuje temu vrijednosnih papira kao izvora financiranja poduzeća s posebnim naglaskom na njihovu primjenu u praksi kroz primjer poduzeća ING-GRAD d.d. U radu su teorijski obrađene vrste vrijednosnih papira poput dionica, obveznica, mjenica, zadužnica i čekova, kao i njihova uloga na financijskom tržištu. Također, analizirani su prednosti i nedostaci financiranja poduzeća vrijednosnim papirima. U empirijskom dijelu provedena je analiza poslovanja poduzeća ING-GRAD d.d. u kojoj su prikazani podaci o strukturi vlasništva, prihodima, rashodima te rastu financijske imovine i kapitala u razdoblju od 2021. do 2024. godine. Na temelju rezultata istraživanja potvrđuje se da korištenje vrijednosnih papira predstavlja učinkovit način prikupljanja kapitala koji poduzeću omogućuje stabilan rast i razvoj uz smanjeni financijski rizik.This final thesis explores the role of securities as a source of corporate financing, with a particular focus on their practical application through the case study of the company INGGRAD d.d. The paper presents a theoretical overview of various types of securities, such as shares, bonds, promissory notes, bills of exchange, and cheques, as well as their role in financial markets. Additionally, it analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of financing companies using securities. In the empirical part, the business operations of ING-GRAD d.d. were analyzed, including data on ownership structure, revenues, expenditures, and the growth of financial assets and capital from 2021 to 2024. The research findings confirm that the use of securities represents an efficient method of capital raising that enables companies to achieve stable growth and development while reducing financial risk
THE ROLE OF INNOVATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF THE COMPANY
No full textKroz rad su prikazane inovacije koje danas predstavljaju ključan pokretač za rast, razvoj i opstanak poduzeća u dinamičnom i nepredvidivom tržišnom okruženju. U vremenu gdje tehnologija sve brže napreduje i sve je veća konkurencija, važnost inovacije u poduzećima je sve bitnija. Glavna obilježja konkurentnosti poduzeća uključuje sposobnost prilagodbe, tehnološku spremnost i strateško upravljanje resursima i ljudskim kadrovima. Inovativna poduzeća sve češće koriste pristup u digitalizacije poduzeća, kako bi bili konkurentni na tržištu. Efekti konkurentske prednosti primjenjuju inovacije u pogledu da bude profitabilna, lojalna kupcima, bolja reputacija brenda, prepoznatljivost i snažnog kvaliteta. Kroz inovacije poduzeća mogu stvoriti proizvod koji neće imati konkurenciju zbog svog kreativnog i novog ostvarenog proizvoda kojeg još tržište nije vidjelo. Glavni problemi s kojima se poduzeća suočavaju su visoki troškovi istraživanja i razvoja proizvoda, neuspjesi, ne prihvaćanje promjena u organizaciji, tehnologija te teško prihvaćanje noviteta od strane zaposlenih. Brzina inovacije je bitna jer mora stalno pratiti trendove i biti spremna na nove tehnološke promjene ili zakonske promjene u slučaju širenja na globalno tržište.The paper presents innovations that today represent a key driver for the growth, development and survival of companies in a dynamic and unpredictable market environment. In a time when technology is advancing faster and competition is increasing, the importance of innovation in companies is increasingly important. The main characteristics of company competitiveness include the ability to adapt, technological readiness and strategic management of resources and human resources. Innovative companies are increasingly using the approach of digitizing companies in order to be competitive in the market. The effects of competitive advantage apply innovations in terms of being profitable, loyal to customers, better brand reputation, recognition and strong quality. Through innovation, companies can create a product that will not have competition because of its creative and new product that the market has not yet seen. The main problems that companies face are high costs of research and product development, failures, non-acceptance of changes in the organization, technology and difficult acceptance of innovations by employees. The speed of innovation is important because it must constantly follow trends and be ready for new technological changes or legal changes in the case of expansion into the global market
PREPARATION FOR CHILDBIRTH? - THE ROLE OF THE PHYSITHERAPIST
No full textPriprema trudnice za porod predstavlja vaţan segment prenatalne skrbi, a fizioterapeut ima znaţajnu ulogu u tom procesu. Kroz individualizirane vježbe i edukaciju, fizioterapeut pomaţe trudnici da razvije svijest o vlastitom tijelu, ojača mišiše trupa i zdjelice, te usvoji pravilne obrasce disanja i opuštanja. Vježbanje u trudnoši doprinosi smanjenju straha i anksioznosti, poboljšava cirkulaciju, odrţava posturalnu stabilnost i povešava spremnost za porod. Tehnike poput dijafragmalnog disanja, progresivne mišične relaksacije te vježbi na lopti potiču fizičko i mentalno osnaživanje trudnice. Poseban značaj ima primjena masaže i ciljane manualne tehnike poput pritiska na područje sakruma tijekom trudova, koje mogu učinkovito smanjiti bol, poboljšati prokrvljenost i pružiti osješaj olakšanja. Kroz kontinuiranu podršku i stručnu edukaciju, fizioterapeut pozitivno utječe na kvalitetu trudnoće i sam tijek porođaja, pridonoseći sigurnijem, svjesnijem i ugodnijem iskustvu rađanja. Ovakav multidisciplinarni pristup doprinosi osnaživanju žene kao aktivnog sudionika u vlastitom porodu. Uloga fizioterapeuta time postaje neizostavna u holističkom pristupu zdravlju trudnice.The preparation of a pregnant woman for childbirth represents an important aspect of prenatal care, with the physiotherapist playing a significant role in this process. Through individualized exercises and education, the physiotherapist helps the pregnant woman develop body awareness, strengthen core and pelvic muscles, and adopt proper breathing and relaxation patterns. Exercise during pregnancy reduces fear and anxiety, improves circulation, maintains postural stability, and enhances readiness for childbirth. Techniques such as diaphragmatic breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and ball exercises promote both physical and mental empowerment. Massage and targeted manual techniques, such as applying pressure to the sacral area during labor can effectively reduce pain, improve blood flow and provide relief. Through continuous support and professional guidance, the physiotherapist positively influences the quality of pregnancy and the course of childbirth, contributing to a safer, more conscious, and more pleasant birthing experience. This multidisciplinary approach empowers the woman as an active participant in her own birth. Thus, the role of the physiotherapist becomes essential in a holistic approach to maternal health
APPLICATION OF MANUAL THERAPY TECHNIQUES IN THE REHABILITATION OF PAINFUL CONDITIONS
No full textManualna terapija je tehnika fizikalne terapije koja se provodi ručnim manipulacijama tijela kako bi se poboljšala funkcionalnost mišićno-koštanog sustava.Primjenjuje u rehabilitaciji nakon ozljeda, operacija, kod sportskih ozljeda, bolova u leđima, migrena, problema sa zglobovima, mišićima i drugim dijelovima tijela. Tehnike mobilizacije zahtijevaju aktivno sudjelovanje pacijenta, kako u izvođenju pasivnih pokreta, tako i u kombinaciji pasivnih i aktivnih pokreta. Postoji širok spektar metoda i pristupa manualnoj terapiji, kao što su Kaltenborn, Cyriax, Mulligan, Maitland i drugi. Cyriaxova tehnika uključuje primjenu poprečne frikcije na mekim tkivima, trakciju zglobova, manipulaciju i mobilizaciju. Mulliganov koncept se temelji na transverzalnom klizanju između spinoznih nastavaka, u kombinaciji s aktivnim pokretima kralježnice, kao i na specifičnim tehnikama za periferne zglobove. Maitlandov pristup podrazumijeva sustav dijagnosticiranja i primjenu mobilizacija i manipulacija. Kaltenbornov pristup također obuhvaća procjenu, mobilizaciju i manipulaciju zgloba. Osnovu liječenja Mulliganovom metodom čini kombinacija pasivne mobilizacije zgloba s aktivnim pokretima. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati kako tehnike manualne terapije utječu na bolna stanja pacijenta.Manual therapy is a physical therapy technique that is performed by manual manipulation of the body to improve the functionality of the musculoskeletal system. It is used in rehabilitation after injuries, surgeries, sports injuries, back pain, migraines, problems with joints, muscles and other parts of the body. Mobilization techniques require the active participation of the patient, both in performing passive movements and in a combination of passive and active movements. There is a wide range of methods and approaches to manual therapy, such as Kaltenborn, Cyriax, Mulligan, Maitland and others. Cyriax's technique includes the application of transverse friction on soft tissues, joint traction, manipulation and mobilization. Mulligan's concept is based on transverse sliding between the spinous processes, combined with active movements of the spine, as well as specific techniques for peripheral joints. Maitland's approach involves a system of diagnosis and the application of mobilizations and manipulations. Kaltenborn's approach also includes assessment, mobilization and manipulation of the joint. The basis of treatment with the Mulligan method is a combination of passive mobilization of the joint with active movements. The aim of this paper is to show how manual therapy techniques affect the patient's painful conditions