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Very high-energy gamma-ray detection and long-term multiwavelength view of the flaring blazar B2 1811+31
No full textContext. Among the blazars whose emission has been detected up to very high-energy (VHE; 100 GeV < E < 100 TeV) γ rays, intermediate synchrotron-peaked BL Lacs (IBLs) are quite rare. The IBL B2 1811+31 (z = 0.117) exhibited intense flaring activity in 2020. Detailed char- acterization of the source emission from radio to γ-ray energies was achieved with quasi-simultaneous observations, which led to the first-time detection of VHE γ-ray emission from the source with the MAGIC telescopes. Aims. In this work, we present a comprehensive multiwavelength (MWL) view of B2 1811+31, with a specific focus on the 2020 VHE flare, employing data from MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, Swift-XRT, Swift-UVOT, and several optical and radio ground-based telescopes.
Methods. Long-term MWL data were employed to contextualize the high-state episode within the source emissions over 18 years. We investigated the variability, cross-correlations, and classification of the source emissions during low and high states. We propose an interpretative leptonic model for the observed radiative high state. Results. During the 2020 flaring state, the synchrotron peak frequency shifted to higher values and reached the limit of the IBL classification. Variability in timescales of a few hours in the high-energy (HE; 100 MeV <E <100 GeV) γ-ray band poses an upper limit of 6×1014 δD cm on the size of the emission region responsible for the γ-ray flare, with δD being the relativistic Doppler factor of the region. During the 2020 high state, the average spectrum became harder in the HE γ-ray band compared to the low states. A similar behavior has been observed in X-rays. Conversely, during different activity periods, we find harder-when-brighter trends in X-rays and a hint of softer-when-brighter trends at HE γrays. A long-term HE γ-ray and optical correlation indicates that the same emission regions dominate the radiative output in both ranges, whereas the evolution at 15 GHz shows no correlation with the fluxes at higher frequencies. We test one-zone and two-zone synchrotron-self-Compton models for describing the broadband spectral energy distribution during the 2020 flaring state and investigate the self-consistency of the proposed scenario
European Consensus on Malabsorption—UEG & SIGE, LGA, SPG, SRGH, CGS, ESPCG, EAGEN, ESPEN, and ESPGHAN. Part 1: Definitions, Clinical Phenotypes, and Diagnostic Testing for Malabsorption
No full textMalabsorption is a complex and multifaceted condition characterised by the defective passage of nutrients into the blood and lymphatic streams. Several congenital or acquired disorders may cause either selective or global malabsorption in both children and adults, such as cystic fibrosis, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), coeliac disease (CD) and other enteropathies, lactase deficiency, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), autoimmune atrophic gastritis, Crohn's disease, and gastric or small bowel resections. Early recognition of malabsorption is key for tailoring a proper diagnostic work‐up for identifying the cause of malabsorption. A patient's medical and pharmacological history is essential for identifying risk factors. Several examinations such as endoscopy with small intestinal biopsies, non‐invasive functional tests and radiological imaging are useful in diagnosing malabsorption. Because of its high prevalence, CD should always be looked for in cases of malabsorption with no other obvious explanations and in high‐risk individuals. Nutritional support is key in the management of patients with malabsorption; different options are available, including oral supplements, enteral or parenteral nutrition. In patients with short bowel syndrome, teduglutide proved effective in reducing the need for parenteral nutrition, thus improving the quality of life of these patients. Primary care physicians play a central role in the early detection of malabsorption and should be involved in multidisciplinary teams for improving the overall management of these patients. In this European consensus, involving ten scientific societies and several experts, we have dissected all the issues around malabsorption, including the definitions and diagnostic testing (Part 1), high‐risk categories and special populations, nutritional assessment and management, and primary care perspective (Part 2)
Active Ageing through Education and Lifelong Learning of Older Adults in the Social Policy of the City of Zagreb
No full textGlobalni trend demografskog starenja stanovništva karakterističan je i za Grad Zagreb koji svojom socijalnom politikom obrazovanje i cjeloživotno učenje starijih osoba prepoznaje kao bitnu komponentu aktivnog starenja. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti i analizirati ulogu obrazovanja i cjeloživotnog učenja u socijalnoj politici Grada Zagreba s fokusom na starije osobe te evaluirati programe i inicijative usmjerene na promicanje aktivnog starenja. Rad se temelji na analitičkom pregledu postojećih strateških dokumenata, programa i praksi, a posebno se osvrće na ključne aktere poput gerontoloških centara, Sveučilišta za treću životnu dob, knjižnica Grada Zagreba i nevladinih organizacija. Svrha rada je pridonijeti razumijevanju važnosti aktivnog starenja i cjeloživotnog učenja u kontekstu socijalne politike, naglašavajući potrebu za sveobuhvatnim i održivim programima koji odgovaraju na specifične potrebe starijih osoba. Time se nastoji potaknuti daljnji razvoj obrazovnih i socijalnih programa koji će omogućiti bolju kvalitetu života starijih građana Zagreba, povećati njihovu socijalnu uključenost i doprinijeti jačanju društvene kohezije. Temeljem analize postojećeg stanja možemo reći da se socijalna politika Grad Zagreba suočava sa brojim izazovima modernog starenja kao što su financijska održivost programa, nedostatak prostornih resursa i volontera, potreba za dodatnim obrazovanjem stručnjaka koji rade sa starijim osobama te razvoj novih inovativnih programa prilagođenih trenutačnim potrebama.The global trend of demographic ageing is also characteristic of the City of Zagreb, which, through its social policy, recognises education and lifelong learning of older adults as an essential component of active ageing. The aim of this paper is to explore and analyse the role of education and lifelong learning within the social policy of the City of Zagreb, with a focus on older adults and to evaluate programmes and initiatives aimed at promoting active ageing. The paper is based on an analytical review of existing strategic documents, programmes, and practices, with particular emphasis on key stakeholders such as gerontological centres, the University of the Third Age, the City of Zagreb libraries and non-governmental organisations. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to understanding the importance of active aging and lifelong learning in the context of social policy, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and sustainable programs that address the specific needs of older adults. The intention is to encourage further development of educational and social programmes that will improve the quality of life of older citizens in Zagreb, increase their social inclusion and contribute to strengthening social cohesion. Based on the analysis of the current situation, it can be concluded that the social policy of the City of Zagreb faces numerous challenges related to modern ageing, such as financial sustainability of programmes, lack of physical resources and volunteers, the need for additional training of professionals working with older adults and the development of new, innovative programmes tailored to current needs
Uključivanje učenika izbjeglica u nastavu: pedagogijska i kulturnoantropološka perspektiva
No full textRad tematizira uključivanje učenika izbjeglica u nastavu na razini razrednog odjela. Središte istraživanja jesu svakodnevne djelatnosti učitelja u radu s učenicima izbjeglicama koje značajno utječu na uključivanje učenika izbjeglica u nastavu. Djelatnosti su raspoređene ovisno o izazovima koje nastoje prevladati, a identificirana su tri glavna izazova uključivanju učenika izbjeglica u nastavu: jezična barijera, uključivanje učenika izbjeglica u odlučivanje te socijalni odnosi. Učiteljske se djelatnosti analiziraju kroz dvije analitičke leće, odnosno kulturnoantropološku i pedagogijsku perspektivu. Od metodoloških postupaka korišteni su polustrukturirani intervjui te sudjelovanje s promatranjem.The paper discusses the inclusion of refugee students in teaching at the classroom level. The focus of the research is on the daily activities of teachers working with refugee students, which significantly influence their inclusion in the classroom. These activities are organized based on the challenges they aim to overcome, and three main challenges for including refugee students have been identified: language barrier, involving refugee students in decision-making, and social relationships. The teachers' activities are analyzed through two analytical lenses: the cultural-anthropological and pedagogical perspectives. Regarding methodology, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were used in this reserach
Human Rights Policies during the Three Terms of the Government of the Republic of Croatia (2016-2025)
No full textOvaj diplomski rad analizira politiku ljudskih prava tri posljednje Vlade Republike Hrvatske. U radu se uvodno detaljno razmatra javna politika zaštite ljudskih prava, s posebnim naglaskom na zakonske temelje i institucije koje primjenjuju ovu politiku. Analiza obuhvaća komparaciju ranijih mehanizama, kao što je bila Koordinacija za društvene djelatnosti i ljudska prava, s novim institucionalnim rješenjem - Savjetom za ljudska prava. Analiza strateških dokumenata, uključujući dugo očekivani Nacionalni plan zaštite i promicanja ljudskih prava i suzbijanja diskriminacije. Uz analizu kontinuiteta i diskontinuiteta strategijskih dokumenata – od ranije usvojenog Nacionalnog programa zaštite i promicanja ljudskih prava za razdoblje 2013. - 2016., preko perioda bez definirane strategije do 20. lipnja 2023., do aktualnih programskih rješenja tri Plenkovićeva mandata – rad pruža sveobuhvatan uvid u evoluciju politike ljudskih prava unutar hrvatskih vlada koje je vodio Andrej Plenković.This thesis analyses the human rights policy of the last three Governments of the Republic of Croatia. The paper begins with a detailed examination of public policy for the protection of human rights, with particular emphasis on the legal foundations and the institutions responsible for implementing this policy. The analysis includes a comparison of earlier mechanisms, such as the Coordination for Social Affairs and Human Rights, with the new institutional solution—the Council for Human Rights. It also reviews strategic documents, including the long-awaited National Plan for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights and Combating Discrimination. By analysing the continuity and discontinuity of strategic documents—from the previously adopted National Programme for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights for the 2013 - 2016 period, through the period without a defined strategy until 20 June, 2023, to the current programmatic solutions of the three Plenković governments—the thesis provides a comprehensive insight into the evolution of human rights policy within the Croatian governments led by Andrej Plenković
COMPARISON OF CONTEMPORARY FOOTBALL GAME FORMATIONS 1-4-3-3 AND 1-3-5-2
No full textKao najpopularniji sport današnjice najčešće se ističe nogomet. Njegova nepredvidljivost, atraktivnost i brzina jedni su od temeljnih čimbenika koji nogometnu igru čine masovno zastupljenom i voljenom među svjetskom populacijom. Kada govorimo o nogometu, govorimo o dinamičnoj cjelini u kojoj su fizička izdržljivost, tehničke vještine i taktička inteligencija neizostavni faktori. Razvojem suvremene nogometne igre, u vidu povećanja energetskih kapaciteta kao i motoričkih sposobnosti nogometaša, taktička planiranja, predviđanja i nadmudrivanja protivnika postaju centralni alat nogometne igre kojim se nastoji ostvariti uspjeh. Posljedično, dolazi do razvoja ranije poznatih i pojave novih nogometnih sustava, odnosno rasporeda igrača na terenu, njihovih raznih varijacija i međusobnih kombinacija u različitim dijelovima nogometne igre. Cilj ovog rada je analizirati i usporediti dva najzastupljenija suvremena sustava 1-4-3-3 i 1-3-5-2, ukazati na taktičke prednosti i nedostatke u pojedinim fazama, odrediti njihov utjecaj na dinamiku, istražiti kako rješavaju pojedine situacijske probleme te uvidjeti njihovu efikasnost sa stajališta napada i obrane za vrijeme nogometne utakmice. Uloga nogometnih trenera je, između ostalog, na temelju karakteristika igrača s kojima raspolaže izabrati najpovoljniji sustav nogometne igre, odrediti osnovni, odnosno alternativne sustave, te ih kroz trenažni sustav uigrati sa stajališta napada i obrane. Izbor između 1-4-3-3 i 1-3-5-2 uz karakteristike igrača određene momčadi, ovisi o taktici protivnika i filozofiji igre trenera. Dok 1-3-5-2 svojim obilježjima pruža taktičku fleksibilnost koja olakšava prijelaze između faza igre, obrambenu stabilnost i napadačku podršku vanjskih veznih igrača napadačima, 1-4-3-3 naglašava dominaciju u posjedu lopte popraćenu napadačkim tendencijama krilnih igrača i mogućnost brzih prijelaza iz faze obrane u fazu napada. Oba sustava, uz pravilnu primjenu i prilagodbu, mogu biti vrlo učinkovita u suvremenom nogometu.When it comes to today’s most popular sport, football comes up as first. Its unpredictability, attraction and speed are one of the basic factors that make football game so widely present and liked among world’s population. When speaking of football, it is a dynamic whole which contains indispensable elements such as physical endurance, technical skills and tactical intelligence. By developing the contemporary football game, in the context of the increase in energy capacity as well as the motor skills of football players, tactical planning, predicting and outwitting the opponent become central tool of football game which strives to achieve success. As a consequence, previously known football formations, that is the layout of players on the field, its variations and mutual combinations in different stages of the game, are being developed and new ones are starting to appear. The aim of this paper is to analyse and compare two most common game formations 1-4-3-3 and 1-3-5-2, point out the tactical advantages and disadvantages in some phases, establish their influence on the dynamics, research how they solve certain situational problems/how certain situational problems are solved, and see/highlight their effectiveness from the point of view of/in attack and defence during a football game. The role of football coaches, among other things, is, based on the characteristics of players that they have on hand, to choose the most favourable football game formation, establish the main one, alternative formations too, and to play them/train them from the point of view of attack or defence through the training system. The choice between 1-4-3-3 and 1-3-5-2 among the characteristics of certain team’s players, depends on opponent’s tactics and the coach’s game philosophy. While the 1-3-5-2 features tactical flexibility that facilitates transitions between game phases, defence stability and attack support from the lateral midfield to the attackers, the 1-4-3-3 highlights the domination in ball possession followed by attack tendencies of the wingers and possibility of fast transitions from defence to attack phase. Both formations, with regular change and adjustment, can be very efficient in contemporary football
Differences in the effectiveness of methodical exercises in learning gymnastic elements in young girls
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati učinkovitost različitih setova metodičkih vježbi u učenju osnovnih gimnastičkih elemenata kod djevojčica dvije dobne skupine. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 84 djevojčice, polaznice programa škole gimnastike u dobi od 5 do 8 godina, koje su bile podijeljene u četiri grupe. Dvije grupe primjenjivale su Set 1 metodičkih vježbi, a druge dvije Set 2, kroz razdoblje od 12 tjedana. Mjerenja su provedena u tri faze – inicijalnoj, tranzitivnoj i finalnoj – a kvalitetu izvedbe ocjenjivale su licencirane sutkinje prema unaprijed utvrđenim kriterijima.
Rezultati su pokazali da su obje skupine djevojčica napredovale u učenju gimnastičkih elemenata, no kod mlađe dobne skupine (2018./2019. godište) Set 1 vježbi pokazao je statistički značajnu veću učinkovitost u odnosu na Set 2, posebno na spravama kao što su preskok, greda i dvovisinske ruče. Kod starije skupine (2016./2017. godište) nije utvrđena značajna razlika u učinkovitosti između setova.
Dobiveni rezultati naglašavaju važnost primjene ciljanih, raznovrsnih i razvojno primjerenih metodičkih vježbi u početnim fazama gimnastičkog treninga. Ovaj rad doprinosi boljem razumijevanju motoričkog učenja u dječjoj dobi te može poslužiti kao smjernica trenerima u planiranju i provedbi trenažnog procesa u sportskoj gimnastici
Pharmacotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder
No full textPredmenstrualni disforični poremećaj (PMDD) najteži je oblik predmenstrualnog sindroma, koji pogađa velik broj
žena i značajno narušava kvalitetu njihova svakodnevnog života. Unatoč izraženim fizičkim i emocionalnim
simptomima, poremećaj često ostaje nedijagnosticiran, što dovodi do toga da mnoge pacijentice ostaju uskarećene za
odgovarajuću terapijsku podršku. Simptomi poput razdražljivosti, anksioznosti, depresivnog raspoloženja, kroničnog
umora, poremećaja spavanja te bolova u tijelu javljaju se u lutealnoj fazi menstrualnog ciklusa i tipično nestaju s
početkom menstruacije. Iako patofiziološki mehanizmi PMDD-a još uvijek nisu u potpunosti razjašnjeni, smatra se da
ključnu ulogu imaju hormonalne fluktuacije i njihova interakcija s neurotransmiterskim sustavima.
U liječenju PMDD-a najčešće se primjenjuju selektivni inhibitori ponovne pohrane serotonina (SSRI), koji pravilnim
doziranjem postižu dobru učinkovitost uz relativno blage nuspojave. Kao sljedeće terapijske linije koriste se
kombinirani hormonski kontraceptivi i GnRH agonisti koje prati veći rizik od nuspojava, osobito pri dugotrajnoj
primjeni. Ostale terapijske opcije, poput NSAID, anksiolitika i diuretika, mogu pomoći kod pojedinih simptoma, ali
zbog nuspojava također zahtijevaju opreznu primjenu. Među novijim terapijama, sepranolon se ističe kao obećavajući
lijek s povoljnim omjerom učinkovitosti i nuspojava.
Veoma važnu ulogu imaju i nefarmakološke mjere: uravnotežena prehrana, tjelovježba i kognitivno-bihevioralna
terapija, a od dodataka prehrani se učinkovitošću ističu ekstrakt ploda konopljike, kalcij, vitamin B6 i magnezij. S
obzirom na širok raspon dostupnih lijekova i OTC pripravaka, savjetovanje s ljekarnikom ključno je za pravovremeno
prepoznavanje simptoma, edukaciju pacijentica i praćenje terapijske adherencije.Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is the most severe form of premenstrual syndrome, affecting a
significant number of women and considerably impairing their daily quality of life. Despite pronounced physical
and emotional symptoms, the disorder often remains undiagnosed, leaving many patients without appropriate
therapeutic support. Symptoms such as irritability, anxiety, depressed mood, chronic fatigue, sleep disturbances,
and bodily pain typically occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and subside with the onset of
menstruation. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms of PMDD are not yet fully understood, hormonal
fluctuations and their interaction with neurotransmitter systems are believed to play a key role.
The most commonly used treatment for PMDD involves selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which,
with proper dosing, offer good efficacy and relatively mild side effects. As second-line therapies, combined
hormonal contraceptives and GnRH agonists are used, though they carry a higher risk of adverse effects,
especially with long-term use. Other treatment options, such as NSAIDs, anxiolytics, and diuretics, may help
manage specific symptoms but also require cautious administration due to potential side effects. Among newer
therapies, sepranolone has emerged as a promising agent, showing a favorable balance between efficacy and
tolerability.
Non-pharmacological measures also play an important role, including a balanced diet, regular physical activity,
and cognitive-behavioral therapy. Certain dietary supplements, such as chasteberry extract, calcium, vitamin B6,
and magnesium, have demonstrated effectiveness. Given the wide range of available medications and over-thecounter
products, pharmacist consultation is essential for timely symptom recognition, patient education, and
adherence monitoring
The association between acute stress and prosocial behavior
No full textProsocijalno ponašanje, koje uključuje dijeljenje, suradnju, povjerenje i altruizam, u nedavnim istraživanjima pokazalo je nezanemarivu vezu s akutnim stresom. Istraživanja su pokazala da akutni stres može povećati razinu prosocijalnih ponašanja, što je značajno jer akutni stres predstavlja čestu pojavu u svakodnevici ljudi. Akutni stres pokreće fiziološke reakcije koje uključuju simpatičko-adrenalno-medularnu (SAM) os i hipotalamičko-hipofizno-adrenalnu (HHA) os, što može utjecati na društveno ponašanje. Pod stresom, pojedinci mogu biti skloniji sudjelovanju u prosocijalnim akcijama, koristeći takvo ponašanje kao strategiju za suočavanje ili ublažavanje stresa. Ipak, sklonost manifestiranja prosocijalnog ponašanja pod stresom varira ovisno o različitim faktorima kao što su, primjerice, bliskost odnosa, empatija, spol, zahtjevnost potrebnog angažmana, razina stresa, individualne razlike i slično. Istraživanja su do sada pokazala da su ljudi skloniji pomoći sebi bliskima u stanju stresa, da je empatija snažno povezana s prosocijalnim ponašanjem te da stres može povećati prosocijalno ponašanje kod oba spola, ali priroda tog ponašanja može se razlikovati ovisno o situaciji (muškarci su skloniji herojskim djelima, dok su žene češće usmjerene na pružanje emocionalne podrške i brige za druge). Ipak, istraživanja veze akutnog stresa i prosocijalnog ponašanja i dalje nude mnogobrojne oprečne rezultate te je provođenje daljnjih istraživanja od iznimne važnosti kako bi se pružili dublji uvidi u mehanizme koji potiču prosocijalno ponašanje. Također, razumijevanje odnosa između akutnog stresa i prosocijalnog ponašanja može pružiti vrijedne uvide za poticanje pozitivnih društvenih interakcija i poboljšanje dobrobiti zajednice.Recent research has revealed a significant link between prosocial behavior—including sharing, cooperation, trust, and altruism—and acute stress. Studies have shown that acute stress can enhance prosocial actions, which is a notable finding given its prevalence in everyday life. Stress triggers physiological reactions via the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which in turn influence social behavior. Under stress, individuals may be more inclined to engage in prosocial actions, using such behavior as a coping mechanism or to alleviate their stress. However, the tendency to exhibit prosocial behavior under stress varies depending on various factors such as relationship closeness, empathy, gender, the complexity of engagement needed, stress levels, and individual differences. Research indicates that during stressful times, individuals are more likely to assist those they share close relationship with, that empathy is strongly linked to prosocial behavior and that stress can enhance prosocial behavior in both genders, although the nature of this behavior may differ depending on the situation (men are more inclined toward heroic acts, while women are more prone to providing emotional support and caring for others). Nevertheless, research on the association between acute stress and prosocial behavior continues to yield conflicting results highlighting the need for further studies to provide deeper insights into the mechanisms behind prosocial behavior. Additionally, understanding the relationship between acute stress and prosocial behavior can provide valuable insights for promoting positive social interactions and enhancing community well-being
Realization of real estate encumbered by a security interest
No full textOvaj rad analizira razlučna prava i posupak unovčenja nekretnina opterećenih istima. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati cjelokupni postupak unovčenja nekretnina opterećenih razlučnim pravom u stečajnom postupku i odgovoriti na sporna pitanja koja se pojavljuju tijekom postupka dajući uvid u rješenja iz sudske prakse i ukazujući na već postojeće te potencijalne buduće probleme kako odluka sudova, tako i zakonskih rješenja. U vezi s time, prikazani su samo stjecanje razlučnih prava, početak postupka prodaje, uloga suda, Financijske agencije, vještaka i ostalih sudionika stečajnog postupka u prodaji, način prodaje te namirenje od ostvarene kupovnine.This paper analyzes secured creditors’ rights (so-called separation rights) and the process of liquidating real estate encumbered by such rights. The aim of the paper is to present the entire procedure of liquidating real estate encumbered with separation rights in bankruptcy proceedings, and to address the contentious issues that arise throughout the process by providing insight into court decisions and highlighting both existing and potential future problems arising from judicial practice and legislative solutions. Accordingly, the paper covers the acquisition of separation rights, initiation of the sale process, the role of the court, the Financial Agency, expert witnesses, and other participants in the bankruptcy proceedings, the method of sale, and the distribution of proceeds