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Liquid fuels in maritime
No full textUpotreba tekućih goriva općenito predstavlja jedan od aktualnih izazova suvremenog
prometa. Sve značajniji utjecaj različitih inicijativa koje osvještavaju probleme ekologije i
onečišćenja, kao i rizike koji s njima dolaze, doveo je do niza mjera i regulacija koje su
rezultirale tehnološkim ažuriranjima infrastrukture ili pak pronalaženjem i uvođenjem novih
izvora energije i pogonskih sredstava. Pomorski i brodski promet svakako je dio te općenite
prometne problematike i danas su već poprilično razvijeni različiti sustavi pročišćavanja
ispušnih plinova, uvedene su raznorazne kvote i ograničenja, specificirana kontrolna područja
emisije, ali i uvedena alternativna goriva. U ovom radu fokus će biti upravo na tekućim
gorivima u pomorstvu te različitim implikacijama koje se prilikom razrade teme pojavljuju.The use of liquid fuels in general represents one of the current challenges of modern traffic.
The increasingly significant influence of various initiatives that raise awareness of the
problems of ecology and pollution, as well as the risks that come with them, has led to a series
of measures and regulations that have resulted in technological updates of the infrastructure or
the finding and introduction of new sources of energy and means of propulsion. Maritime and
shipping traffic is certainly part of this general traffic problem, and today various exhaust gas
purification systems have already been developed, various quotas and restrictions have been
introduced, emission control areas have been specified, and alternative fuels have also been
introduced. In this paper, the focus will be precisely on liquid fuels in shipping and the
various implications that arise during the elaboration of the topic
Use of alternative fuels on passenger ships
No full textRad se bavi primjenom alternativnih goriva na putničkim brodovima u cilju smanjenja emisija štetnih plinova i zaštite okoliša. Analiziraju se vrste alternativnih goriva kao što su tekući prirodni plin (LNG), vodik, metanol, biogoriva i električna energija, uz naglasak na njihove karakteristike, prednosti i izazove u primjeni. Poseban fokus stavlja se na dekarbonizaciju i tehnološke inovacije koje omogućuju tranziciju prema čišćim izvorima energije. Rad obuhvaća i regulatorni okvir koji propisuje međunarodne standarde i smjernice za korištenje alternativnih goriva u pomorstvu. Također se razmatraju tehnički i infrastrukturni izazovi, uključujući visoke troškove i nedovoljno razvijenu mrežu za opskrbu. Zaključak rada naglašava potrebu daljnjeg razvoja tehnologije i infrastrukture kako bi alternativna goriva postala održivo rješenje u pomorskoj industriji.The paper discusses the application of alternative fuels on passenger ships with the aim of reducing harmful emissions and protecting the environment. It analyzes types of alternative fuels such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), hydrogen, methanol, biofuels, and electric energy, focusing on their characteristics, advantages, and challenges in implementation. Special emphasis is placed on decarbonization and technological innovations that enable the transition to cleaner energy sources. The paper also covers the regulatory framework that outlines international standards and guidelines for the use of alternative fuels in maritime transport. Additionally, it examines the technical and infrastructural challenges, including high costs and the underdeveloped supply network. The conclusion highlights the need for further technological and infrastructural development to make alternative fuels a sustainable solution in the maritime industry
Salvage agreement
No full textUređeni odnosi spasioca i spašenika rezultat su pravnih ugovora, Ugovora o spašavanju u situacijama opasnosti na moru. Ugovori adresiraju rizike i složene situacije s kojima se susreću brodovi tijekom pomorskih operacija. Motivirajući ugovori osiguravaju maksimalan trud i zalaganje spasioca u spašavanju i zaštiti ljudi, tereta i brodova. Osnovni princip ugovora je „naknada za spašavanje“, spasioc dobiva naknadu samo u slučaju uspješne operacije; visina ovisi o vrijednosti spašenog dobra, resursima uloženim u spašavanje, vještinama spasioca, te opasnostima kojima su isti izloženi. Međutim, nagrada se može definirati i na temelju spašenog plovila, tereta ili imovine, te složenosti i rizika spašavanja. Brza i efikasna reakcija te jasna struktura operativonog dijela spašavanja rezultat su kvalitetno riješenih obveza.The regulated relationships between the rescuer and the owner of the salvaged goods are the result of legal agreements, Salvage Agreement in situations of danger at sea. These agreements address risks and complex situations that ships face during maritime operations. Motivational agreements ensure maximum effort and dedication of rescuer in saving and protecting people, cargo and ships. The basic principle of this agreenments is „salvage reward“, rescuer recives compensation only in case of a successful operation; reward depends on the value of the saved goods, the resources invested in the rescue, the skills of the rescuer, and the dangers they are exposed to. However, the reward can also be defined on the value of salvaged vessle, cargo or property, s well as the difficulty and hazards involved in the salvage. Rapid and effective response, with a clear structure of operational part of the rescue, are the result of well-resolved obligations
Comparison of DC and AC marine electrical power systems
No full textKroz prijašnja desetljeća na brodovima su se većinom koristile izmjenične struje na brodovima. Posljednjih godina sve se više resursa ulaže u proučavanje primjene istosmjerne struje na brodovima. Te dvije vrste električne struje imaju značajnih razlika te svaka ima svoje prednosti i mane nad drugom.
U ovom radu obrađene su, analizirane i uspoređene istosmjerne i izmjenične brodske elektroenergetske mreže. Razrađeni su koncepti obje elektroenergetske mreže. Prikazane su njihove prednosti i mane, njhova struktura, način na koji rade i pridonose pomorskoj industriji. Obrađene su teme zaštite od grešaka na obje mreže i njihovih gubitaka u prijenosu.Throughout the previous decades, ships have mostly used AC on ships. Over the last years, more resources have been invested in the study of the use of DC on ships. These two types of electric current have significant differences, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages over the other.
This paper describes, analyses and compares the DC and AC power grids of ships. The concepts of both types of electrical grids have been elaborated. Their advantages and disadvantages, their composition and structure, the way they work and contribute to the maritime industry have all been shown. It will cover fault protection for both grid types and their transmission losses
The economic efficiency of integral and multimodal transport
No full textGlobalizacija i tehnološki napredak povećali su važnost transporta, što je dovelo do rasta potražnje, posebno u logističkoj industriji. Taj rast prijevoza negativno utječe na okoliš, uzrokujući povećanje emisija stakleničkih plinova i zagađenje zraka i mora. Stoga je važno razvijati učinkovitije i održive modele prijevoza koji smanjuju ekološku štetu, a istovremeno zadovoljavaju logističke potrebe. Multimodalni sustavi i optimizacija prijevoza ključni su za uravnoteženje ekonomskog rasta i zaštite okoliša. Multimodalni transport smanjuje transakcijske troškove radeći s jednim pružateljem usluga, ali nije uvijek najučinkovitije ili najodrživije rješenje za širi opskrbni lanac. Pružatelji logističkih usluga često daju prednost korištenju vlastite infrastrukture, što može biti u sukobu s potrebama kupaca, posebno u pogledu održivosti. Iako multimodalni transport koristi standardizirane procedure i smanjuje administrativne prepreke, ekonomski čimbenici često prevladavaju nad brigom za okoliš. Unatoč fleksibilnosti sustava, koordinacija između različitih prijevoznih metoda može uzrokovati kašnjenja. Stoga je nužna bolja usklađenost između profitabilnosti i održivosti u transportnim odlukama. Integralni transport smanjuje vrijeme transporta optimizacijom rukovanja robom i smanjenjem kašnjenja prilikom prelaska između različitih načina prijevoza. Korištenje standardiziranih jedinica poput paleta i kontejnera povećava sigurnost robe, smanjujući fizičko oštećenje i olakšavajući prijelaz između različitih transportnih vozila. Ovaj sustav omogućava fleksibilnost u odabiru najučinkovitijeg načina transporta za različite dionice puta, čime se smanjuju troškovi i poboljšava efikasnost. Dugoročno, smanjenje troškova rada i goriva te smanjenje broja putovanja čine integralni transport ekonomski isplativim. Povećana sigurnost i optimizacija resursa također doprinose održivosti i pouzdanosti opskrbnih lanaca. U radu se definira multimodalni transport, navodi ključne karakteristike, definira multimodalne transportne mreže i analizira budućnost i potencijal multimodalnog transporta te se procijenjuje ekonomičnost ova dva modelaGlobalization and technological advancements have increased the importance of transportation, leading to a rise in demand, especially in the logistics industry. This growth in transportation negatively impacts the environment, causing an increase in greenhouse gas emissions and air and sea pollution. Therefore, it is important to develop more efficient and sustainable transport models that reduce environmental damage while meeting logistics needs. Multimodal systems and transport optimization are key to balancing economic growth and environmental protection. Multimodal transport reduces transaction costs by working with a single service provider, but it is not always the most efficient or sustainable solution for the broader supply chain. Logistics service providers often prioritize the use of their own infrastructure, which can conflict with customer needs, especially regarding sustainability. Although multimodal transport utilizes standardized procedures and reduces administrative barriers, economic factors often outweigh environmental concerns. Despite the system's flexibility, coordination between different transport methods can cause delays. Therefore, better alignment between profitability and sustainability in transport decisions is necessary. Integral transport reduces transport time by optimizing cargo handling and minimizing delays during transitions between different modes of transport. The use of standardized units such as pallets and containers increases cargo safety, reducing physical damage and facilitating transfers between different vehicles. This system allows flexibility in choosing the most efficient transport mode for different segments of the journey, reducing costs and improving efficiency. In the long run, reduced labor and fuel costs, as well as fewer trips, make integral transport economically viable. Increased security and resource optimization also contribute to the sustainability and reliability of supply chains. The paper defines multimodal transport, lists its key characteristics, defines multimodal transport networks, analyzes the future and potential of multimodal transport, and assesses the cost-effectiveness of these two models
Development of innovative technologies in urban transportation
No full textPosljednjih godina život je postao sve užurbaniji, ritam gradova se mijenja i ljudi se prilagođavaju inovacijama, a urbani promet bilježi negativne trendove u istraživanjima o njegovom utjecaju na zagađenje okoliša, buku, vibracije i druge aspekte. Svi bi trebali raditi na smanjenju tih negativnih učinaka i zalagati se za čišći i manje zagađen svijet. Zbog toga se u velikim gradovima provode modernizacije infrastrukture i suprastrukture kako bi se umanjili štetni učinci. Na primjer, uvođenje vozila na plinski pogon i poticanje vožnje bicikla, kao što je to slučaj u Danskoj, značajno su smanjili emisije štetnih plinova. Uvođenje hibridnih vozila također doprinosi smanjenju zagađenja. Osim toga, važnu ulogu igraju inteligentni transportni sustavi koji pomoću specijaliziranih softvera upravljaju nadzorom prometa, pješaka i vozila.
Povećanje svijesti o važnosti ekološki prihvatljivih rješenja u prometu vodi ka sve većoj upotrebi javnog prijevoza, električnih vozila i drugih održivih opcija. Gradovi sve više ulažu u biciklističke staze i pješačke zone, čime se dodatno smanjuje prometno zagađenje. Također, razvoj tehnologije omogućava bolje praćenje i upravljanje prometnim tokovima, što rezultira efikasnijim korištenjem resursa i manjim negativnim utjecajem na okoliš. U konačnici, svi ovi napori doprinose stvaranju zdravijeg i ugodnijeg urbanog okruženja za sve građane.In recent years, life has become increasingly hectic, the pace of cities is changing, and people are adapting to innovations. Unfortunately, urban traffic shows negative trends in research regarding its impact on environmental pollution, noise, vibrations, and other factors. Everyone should work towards reducing these negative effects and advocate for a cleaner, less polluted world. This is why major cities are modernizing their infrastructure and superstructure to mitigate harmful effects. For instance, the introduction of gas-powered vehicles and the promotion of cycling, as seen in Denmark, have significantly reduced harmful emissions. The adoption of hybrid vehicles also contributes to reducing pollution. Moreover, intelligent transport systems play a crucial role by using specialized software to manage traffic, pedestrians, and vehicles.
Raising awareness about the importance of eco-friendly transport solutions is leading to an increased use of public transportation, electric vehicles, and other sustainable options. Cities are increasingly investing in bike lanes and pedestrian zones, further reducing traffic pollution. Additionally, technological advancements allow for better monitoring and management of traffic flows, resulting in more efficient resource use and less environmental impact. Ultimately, all these efforts contribute to creating a healthier and more pleasant urban environment for all citizens
Distribution in the logistics system
No full textU ovom radu se proučava tema distribucije u logističkom sustavu. Proučavaju se faktori poput skladištenja, transporta, upravljanja zalihama i tehnoloških inovacija koje doprinose boljem upravljanju distribucijskim mrežama. Distribucija je razvojem tehnologija omogućila lakše i povezanije premještanje gotovih proizvoda od proizvođača do krajnjih korisnika, s ciljem njihove prostorne i vremenske prilagodbe. Kako bi distribucija učinkovito obavljala svoju ulogu unutar logističkog sustava alternativnim metodama, koriste se znanstvene i matematičke metode za pronalaženje optimalnih pravaca transporta, s ciljem minimiziranja troškova i maksimalnog zadovoljstva kupca. Cilj je ispuniti sve potrebe kupca i ponuditi mu širok izbor usluga koje će odgovarati njegovim financijskim zahtjevima. Također je važno istaknuti funkcije distribucijskih kanala, jer njihova organizacija doprinosi uspješnom poslovanju. Kanali su međusobno povezani s ciljem poslovanja te djeluju kroz distribuciju kako bi unaprijedili i pojednostavili transport robe od proizvođača do potrošača.This final thesis examines the topic of distribution in the logistics system. It explores factors such as warehousing, transportation, inventory management, and technological innovations that contribute to better management of distribution networks. The development of technology has made it easier and more connected to move finished products from manufacturers to end users, with the goal of spatial and temporal adjustment. In order for distribution to effectively fulfill its role within the logistics system using alternative methods, scientific and mathematical approaches are employed to findoptimal transport routes, aiming to minimize costs and maximize customer satisfaction. The goal is to meet all customer needs and offer a wide range of services that will suit their financial requirements. It is also important to highlight the functions of distribution channels, as their organization contributes to succsessful business operations. Channels are interconnected with the business purpose and operate through distribution to enhance and simplify the transport of goods from producers to consumers
The impact of transport on society and environment
No full textOvaj završni rad istražuje utjecaj prometa na društvo i okoliš, s posebnim naglaskom na emisiju stakleničkih plinova, zagađenje zraka, vode i tla te gubitak bioraznolikosti. Kroz pregled relevantnih istraživanja i analizu postojećih podataka, rad pruža sveobuhvatan uvid u negativne posljedice prometa te predlaže održiva i inovativna rješenja za smanjenje štetnih utjecaja. Rad također analizira primjerima u praksi i tehnološka rješenja koja mogu unaprijediti prometne politike i promicati alternativne oblike prijevoza.This thesis examines the impact of transport on society and the environment, with a special focus on greenhouse gas emissions, air, water, and soil pollution, and biodiversity loss. Through a review of relevant research and analysis of existing data, the thesis provides a comprehensive insight into the negative consequences of transport and proposes sustainable and innovative solutions to mitigate harmful effects. The thesis also analyzes practical examples and technological solutions that can improve transport policies and promote alternative forms of transport
Systems for fault diagnosis on electrical machines
No full textOvaj rad analizira različite metode i sustave za dijagnostiku kvarova na brodskim električnim strojevima, uključujući analizu struje stroja (MCSA), analizu vibracija, termografsku analizu, akustičnu emisiju i druge napredne tehnike. Detaljno su obrađeni sustavi temeljeni na umjetnoj inteligenciji, poput umjetnih neuronskih mreža, fuzzy logike i strojnog učenja, koji značajno poboljšavaju točnost i učinkovitost dijagnostike. Implementacija ovih sustava u brodske operacije pokazuje značajne prednosti u povećanju pouzdanosti i smanjenju operativnih troškova, omogućujući pravovremeno otkrivanje i otklanjanje kvarova te optimizaciju resursa za održavanje. Unatoč tehničkim izazovima i visokim početnim troškovima, dugoročne prednosti značajno nadmašuju te troškove, čineći ove sustave neophodnim alatom za suvremenu pomorsku industriju. Preporučuje se daljnji razvoj algoritama za obradu podataka i predviđanje kvarova, integracija novih tehnologija poput digitalnih blizanaca i IoT-a, te istraživanje ekonomskih aspekata kako bi se omogućila šira primjena ovih sustava. Sigurnost i privatnost podataka također su identificirane kao ključni aspekti koje je potrebno naglasiti kako bi se osigurala cjelovitost i pouzdanost dijagnostičkih sustava.This paper analyzes various methods and systems for fault diagnosis in marine electrical machines, including Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA), vibration analysis, thermographic analysis, acoustic emission, and other advanced techniques. Detailed attention is given to systems based on artificial intelligence, such as artificial neural networks, fuzzy logic, and machine learning, which significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. The implementation of these systems in marine operations shows significant advantages in increasing reliability and reducing operational costs, enabling timely fault detection and correction, and optimizing maintenance resources. Despite technical challenges and high initial costs, the long-term benefits far outweigh these costs, making these systems essential tools for the modern maritime industry. Further development of data processing and fault prediction algorithms, integration of new technologies like digital twins and IoT, and exploration of economic aspects are recommended to enable broader adoption of these systems. Data security and privacy are also identified as key aspects that need to be addressed to ensure the integrity and reliability of diagnostic systems
Preparation of the steam turbine propulsion system for maneuvering
No full textU suvremenim LNG tankerima, priprema parno-turbinskog pogona za manevar ključna je za
uspješno funkcioniranje brodskih sustava. U radu se analizira parnoturbinsko postrojenje i
glavna pogonska turbina proizvođača Kawasaki tipa UA-400. Priprema uključuje postavljanje
različitih sustava poput sustava pare, kondenzata, napojne vode i podmazivanja glavne turbine.
Također se nadziru razni parametri poput tlaka i temperature. Prilikom ulaska i izlaska broda iz
luke potrebno je ispuniti listu provjera kako bi provjerili ispravnost rada cijelog parnoturbinskog
sustava. Rad pruža sveobuhvatan pregled ključnih elemenata pripreme i upravljanja
parnoturbinskim pogonom tijekom manevarskih operacija, s naglaskom na održavanje
sigurnosti i efikasnosti.In modern LNG tankers, preparing the steam turbine propulsion system for maneuvering is
crucial for the successful operation of the ship's systems. This work analyzes the steam turbine
system and the main propulsion turbine of the Kawasaki UA-400 brand. Preparation involves
setting up various systems such as the steam, condensate, feedwater, and lubrication systems for
the main turbine. Additionally, various parameters like pressure and temperature are monitored.
During pre-departure and pre-arrival, it is necessary to complete a checklist to ensure the proper
functioning of the entire steam turbine system. This work provides a comprehensive overview
of the key elements of preparing and managing the steam turbine propulsion system during
maneuvering operations, with an emphasis on maintaining safety and efficiency