Repository of Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split
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The Impact of Soccer Training on the Development of Generic Aerobic Endurance in Youth Soccer Players : Master's Thesis
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja je ispitati učinak šestotjednog nogometnog trenažnog programa na razvoj aerobne izdržljivosti nogometaša pionirskog uzrasta, uz fokus na razlike između pozicija na terenu (obrambeni, vezni i napadači). Na temelju antropometrijskih karakteristika, kao što su visina, tjelesna masa i postotak tjelesne masti, analizirane su promjene u aerobnoj izdržljivosti mjerenoj Beep testom prije i nakon programa. Rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike između pozicija, pri čemu su vezni igrači postigli bolje rezultate u Beep testu u odnosu na obrambene i napadače, što potvrđuje da su aerobni kapaciteti veznih igrača superiorniji zbog njihovih specifičnih zadataka na terenu. S obzirom na specifičnosti treninga, koji je uključivao kombinaciju small-sided games (SSG) i klasičnih trkačkih vježbi, ovaj program je omogućio progresivnu adaptaciju sportaša na povećane aerobne zahtjeve. Vezni igrači, koji su odgovorni za održavanje tempa igre, pokazali su najveći napredak u aerobnoj izdržljivosti, što je ključno za njihovu optimalnu izvedbu na terenu. Iako su svi sudionici napredovali, razlike između pozicija ukazuju na važnost specifičnih trenažnih metoda za razvoj aerobnih sposobnosti. Iako je istraživanje donijelo vrijedne uvide, potrebno je dodatno proširiti uzorak ispitanika, produljiti trajanje trenažnog programa i uključiti šire varijable u budućim istraživanjima kako bi se dobili dugoročniji i širi rezultati koji će dodatno pomoći u razvoju nogometnih treninga.This research aimed to examine the effects of a six-week soccer training program on the development of aerobic endurance in youth soccer players, with a focus on positional differences (defenders, midfielders, and forwards). Based on anthropometric characteristics, such as height, weight, and body fat percentage, changes in aerobic endurance were measured using the beep test before and after the program. Results indicated significant differences between positions, with midfielders showing superior aerobic capacity compared to defenders and forwards, confirming that their specific in-game tasks require higher aerobic endurance. The training program, which combined small-sided games (SSG) and traditional running exercises, provided progressive adaptation to increased aerobic demands. Midfielders, responsible for maintaining game tempo, showed the most significant improvements in aerobic endurance, which is crucial for their optimal performance on the field. While all participants showed progress, the differences between positions underline the importance of position-specific training methods for developing aerobic capabilities. Future research should focus on expanding the sample size, extending the training program duration, and incorporating a broader range of variables to provide a more comprehensive understanding of soccer training effects. These insights are essential for the long-term development of youth players
Utjecaj različitih modela periodizacije na fizički razvoj djece U-9 u nogometu : diplomski rad
No full textPojam periodizacija nastao je iz korijena riječi „period“ što znači dio vremena. U sportskom treningu periodizacija predstavlja podjelu vremenskog razdoblja na manja razdoblja pa je samim time manji period lakši za upravljanje i kontrolu. Philostratus je periodizaciju podijelio na: pripremu – olimpijske igre – odmor. Današnji pojam periodizacije nije puno dalji od ovog drevnog grčkog značenja. Danas se ovaj pojam dosta popularizirao te se postavlja pitanje ima li mjesta i potrebe za periodizacijom treninga kod djece uzrasta U-9 u nogometnim školama?The term periodization is derived from the root of the word "period" which means part of time. In sports training, periodization represents the division of a period of time into smaller periods, which means that a smaller period is easier to manage and control. Philostratus divided the periodization into: preparation - Olympic Games - rest. Today's term periodization is not much further from this ancient Greek meaning. Today, this term has become quite popular, and the question arises whether there is a place and a need for periodization of training for children aged U-9 in football schools
Razlike lokalne mišićne oksigenacija i volumen krvi između interkostalnih i deltoidnog mišića za vrijeme suhe statičke apnee kod ronioca na dah : diplomski rad
No full textDuring either a static or dynamic apnea, oxygen is delivered to vital organs, i.e., the brain and heart, and there is a compensatory reduction of oxygen consumption in peripheral tissues. Additionally, maximal apnea is characterised by the initial easy-going phase and subsequent struggle phase in which involuntary breathing movements appear. The aim of this study was to compare the oxygenation and local blood volume of one active (external intercostal) and one non-active (deltoid) muscle during maximal dry static apneas in breath-hold divers while supine. Thirteen breath-hold divers performed 3 preparatory apneas followed by 3 maximal apneas with 5 min of supine rest between each apnea. During all apneas (duration, 115–323 s; IBM, 7–35) muscle oxygenation and muscle blood volume change were measured via NIRS. The variables quantified were muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin (tHb). We found that the decline in oxygen saturation was similar in external intercostals and deltoids, even though their physiological role during a breath-hold is different. However, the external intercostals re-saturated at a significantly higher rate following a maximal apnea than the deltoid muscle (p = 0.02). Also, during the apneas, there was a significantly different response between muscles, where external intercostals had an increase and deltoid a decrease in tHb (p = 0.01). These findings indicate that despite respiratory muscle activity resulting from IBMs during breath-holds external intercostal muscle reoxygenation occurs faster than peripheral muscles which may allow for a faster return to normal breathing
Differences in Specific Dimensions of the Anthropological Status of Young Athletes and Non-Athletes in the City of Sinj : Master's Thesis
No full textOsnovni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je analizirati razlike pojedinih dimenzija antropološkog statusa mladih sportaša i nesportaša u gradu Sinju. Antropološki status podijeljen je na antropometrijske karakteristike te motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti. Uzorak ispitanika se sastojao od 66 dječaka s područja grada Sinja od kojih je 18 nesportaša zatim 17 dječaka iz košarkaškog kluba Alkar, 12 članova nogometnog kluba Junak, 10 rukometaša iz rukometnog kluba Kamičak i 10 dječaka iz ragbi kluba Sinj. Provedena su mjerenja i testiranja u različitim varijablama. Ukupan broj varijabli iznosi 11, od čega ih 6 ubrajamo u antropometrijske karakteristike, a to su: tjelesna visina (ATV), sjedeća visina (ASV), tjelesna masa (ATM), postotak tjelesne masti (ABF), postotak skeletne mišićne mase (ASMS), indeks tjelesne mase (BMI). Varijable motoričke sposobnosti su: skok u dalj s mjesta (MSD), sargent test (MSV), sprint 20m (T20m), 20yard test (20Y), te funkcionalne sposobnosti Yo-Yo promjenjivi test s odmorima. Izračunati su deskriptivni pokazatelji za cjelokupni uzorak. Za utvrđivanje razlika između promatranih grupa korištena je analiza varijance (ANOVA) i Fischer LSD (Least Significant Difference) post hoc testa za varijable. Rezultati pokazuju da postoji statistički značajna razlika između mladih Sinjskih sportaša navedenih klubova i nesportaša, također i između samih sportova. Nogometaši su postigli najbolje rezultate u navedenim testovima dok su nesportaši pokazali slabije razvijene motoričke i funkcionalne sposobnosti.The primary aim of this research was to analyze the differences in specific dimensions of the anthropological status of young athletes and non-athletes in the city of Sinj. The anthropological status was divided into anthropometric characteristics, motor abilities, and functional capacities. The sample consisted of 66 boys from the area of Sinj, including 18 non-athletes, 17 boys from the Alkar basketball club, 12 members of the Junak football club, 10 handball players from the Kamičak handball club, and 10 boys from the Sinj rugby club. Measurements and tests were conducted across various variables. A total of 11 variables were included, of which 6 are classified as anthropometric characteristics: body height (ATV), sitting height (ASV), body weight (ATM), body fat percentage (ABF), skeletal muscle mass percentage (ASMS), and body mass index (BMI). Motor ability variables included: standing long jump (MSD), Sargent jump test (MSV), 20-meter sprint (T20m), 20-yard test (20Y), and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test for functional capacities. Descriptive statistics were calculated for the entire sample. To determine the differences between the observed groups, analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used, along with the Fisher LSD (Least Significant Difference) post hoc test. The results show a statistically significant difference between young athletes from the mentioned clubs in Sinj and non-athletes, as well as between the different sports disciplines. Football players achieved the best results in the listed tests, while non-athletes demonstrated less developed motor and functional abilities
Difference in Fitness Status of Recreationist in Functional Training and Employee in/of Unit of Special and Riot Police : Graduate Thesis
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je usporediti fitness status dviju različitih skupina ispitanika naprednih rekreativaca koji redovito prakticiraju funkcionalni trening i djelatnika specijalne i interventne jedinice policije. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo ukupno 30 ispitanika, po 15 iz svake skupine, a testiranje se provodilo u specijaliziranom funkcionalnom centru koristeći standardizirane testove snage, izdržljivosti, agilnosti i aerobne sposobnosti (R-bike test, test sklekova, test mobilnosti i drugi). Rezultati su pokazali značajne razlike između skupina. Rekreativci su postigli bolje rezultate u testovima izdržljivosti, posebno na R-bikeu, što se može objasniti njihovom redovitom uporabom tog uređaja u treninzima. S druge strane, pripadnici interventne jedinice postigli su bolje rezultate u testovima snage, poput izvođenja sklekova, što odražava funkcionalne zahtjeve njihove svakodnevne službe i limitiranu opremljenost baznih teretana. Dodatno, utvrđeno je da policijski djelatnici nisu tehnički upoznati s nekim od korištenih testova, što je utjecalo na njihovu izvedbu. Rezultati ukazuju na to da različiti tipovi fizičke aktivnosti i radnog opterećenja značajno utječu na komponentne fitness statusa. Ova usporedba može poslužiti kao temelj za prilagodbu trenažnih procesa u sigurnosnim strukturama, kao i za daljnja istraživanja na području funkcionalne spremnosti.The aim of this study was to compare the fitness status of two distinct groups advanced recreational athletes regularly engaged in functional training and members of special and intervention police units. A total of 30 participants were included, 15 from each group. Testing was conducted in a specialized functional center using standardized assessments of strength, endurance, agility, and aerobic capacity (R-bike test, push-up test, mobility test, etc.). The results revealed significant differences between the groups. Recreational athletes performed better in endurance tests, particularly the R-bike test, likely due to their frequent use of this equipment in training routines. Conversely, the intervention police officers achieved better results in strength-based assessments such as push-ups, reflecting their occupational demands and the limited equipment availability in their facilities. Moreover, the police officers’ unfamiliarity with some of the test protocols (e.g., R-bike) appeared to negatively affect their performance. The findings suggest that different types of physical activity and occupational training significantly impact the components of fitness status. This comparison may provide a foundation for optimizing training programs within security units and support further research into operational fitness development
Fitness Training as a Predictor of Life Satisfaction and Tendency to Compare Oneself with Others : Undergraduate Thesis
No full textCilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati razlike u zadovoljstvu životom i sklonosti socijalnom uspoređivanju s obzirom na tjelesnu aktivnost sudionika. Sudjelovalo je ukupno 46 ispitanika, podijeljenih u dvije skupine, fizički aktivne i neaktivne osobe. Korišten je t-test za nezavisne uzorke kako bi se utvrdile statistički značajne razlike između skupina. Rezultati pokazuju da sudionici koji redovito treniraju u prosjeku iskazuju višu razinu zadovoljstva životom u odnosu na one koji nisu tjelesno aktivni. Najveće razlike zabilježene su u tvrdnjama koje se odnose na emocionalne aspekte blagostanja, poput osjećaja sreće, ispunjenosti i optimizma, dok su razlike u kognitivnim procjenama bile nešto manje izražene. Ovi nalazi podržavaju prethodna istraživanja koja ukazuju na pozitivan učinak tjelesne aktivnosti na psihološko funkcioniranje. U pogledu sklonosti socijalnom uspoređivanju nisu utvrđene statistički značajne razlike, no primijećen je trend nešto viših rezultata kod fizički aktivnih sudionika. To može upućivati na učestaliju upotrebu socijalnog uspoređivanja kao strategije motivacije i samoprocjene kod osoba koje se bave fizičkom aktivnošću. Zaključno, rezultati potvrđuju korisnost tjelesne aktivnosti za emocionalno blagostanje te upućuju na moguće povezanosti s obrascima socijalnog uspoređivanja. Iako postoje određena metodološka ograničenja, poput prigodnog uzorka i ograničenog broja sudionika, nalazi pružaju vrijedan doprinos razumijevanju psiholoških učinaka redovite fizičke aktivnosti. Buduća istraživanja trebala bi detaljnije ispitati specifične mehanizme koji povezuju aktivnost s dobrobiti.The aim of this study was to examine differences in life satisfaction and social comparison tendencies based on participants’ physical activity. A total of 46 participants were included, divided into two groups, physically active and inactive individuals. An independent samples t-test was used to determine statistically significant differences between the groups. The results show that participants who engage in regular physical activity report significantly higher levels of life satisfaction compared to those who are not physically active. The most notable differences were found in statements related to emotional aspects of well-being, such as feelings of happiness, fulfilment, and optimism, while differences in cognitive evaluations were somewhat less pronounced. These findings are in line with previous research indicating the positive impact of physical activity on psychological functioning. No statistically significant differences were found regarding the tendency for social comparison, although a trend of slightly higher scores was observed among physically active participants. This may suggest that physically active individuals more frequently use social comparison as a strategy for motivation and self-evaluation. In conclusion, the results support the positive role of physical activity in promoting emotional well-being and point to potential associations with social comparison patterns. Despite certain methodological limitations, such as the use of a convenience sample and a relatively small number of participants, the findings provide valuable insights into the psychological effects of regular physical activity. Future research should further explore the mechanisms linking physical activity to subjective well-being and social comparison
History, Present and Future of Sports Recreation : Graduate Thesis
No full textOvaj rad istražuje povijest, sadašnjost i budućnost sportske rekreacije, analizirajući njezin utjecaj na fizičko i mentalno zdravlje, društvenu interakciju te opću kvalitetu života. Povijest sportske rekreacije pokazuje kako su tjelesne aktivnosti prošle kroz različite faze počevši od ritualnih i vojnih aktivnosti u starim civilizacijama do modernih oblika rekreativnih programa prilagođenih širokoj populaciji. U današnje vrijeme, sportska rekreacija igra ključnu ulogu u održavanju zdravlja, borbi protiv stresa i promicanju timskog rada. S obzirom na sve veću digitalizaciju i promjene u životnim navikama, očekuje se da će sportska rekreacija u budućnosti postati još pristupačnija, prilagodljivija i inkluzivnija, koristeći napredne tehnologije za prilagođene programe. Ova analiza daje uvid u značaj sportske rekreacije te smjernice za njezin budući razvoj.This thesis explores the history, present, and future of sports recreation, analyzing its impact on physical and mental health, social interaction, and overall quality of life. The history of sports recreation shows how physical activities have evolved from ritualistic and military functions in ancient civilizations to modern recreational programs tailored to the general population. Today, sports recreation plays a vital role in maintaining health, combating stress, and promoting teamwork. With increasing digitalization and changes in lifestyle habits, it is expected that future sports recreation will become more accessible, adaptable, and inclusive, utilizing advanced technologies for personalized programs. This analysis provides insight into the importance of sports recreation and outlines directions for its future development
Acute Impact of Autophagy Induced by 24-Hour Fasting on Some Motor Abilities and Biochemical Status of Recreational Athletes : Master's Thesis
No full textCilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati akutni utjecaj 24-satnog posta na tri različita aspekta motorike: eksplozivnost donjih ekstemiteta, mišićnu izdržljivost donjih ekstremiteta u kontekstu eksplozivnosti te mišićnu izdržljivost gornjeg dijela tijela. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku rekreativno aktivnih ispitanika (dob: 25,1±3,5 godina; visina: 184,7±6,0cm; težina: 88,3±11,3kg) koji su sudjelovali u dvije testne sesije - jednu u stanju bez posta i drugu nakon 24-satnog posta. Eksplozivnost je mjerena pomoću countermovement jump (CMJ) testa, dok je mišićna izdržljivost u eksplozivnosti procijenjena putem repeated countermovement jump (RCMJ) testa. Opća mišićna izdržljivost procijenjena je kroz maksimalan broj sklekova izvedenih do otkaza u zadanom tempu uz pomoć metronoma. Rezultati pokazuju da 24-satni post nije imao statistički značajan negativan učinak na visinu pojedinačnog CMJ skoka, što upućuje na to da akutna gladovanja ove vrste ne narušavaju eksplozivne sposobnosti donjih ekstremiteta. Međutim, kod testa ponavljanih CMJ skokova uočen je blagi pad rezultata nakon posta, što može ukazivati na smanjenu mišićnu izdržljivost u kontekstu ponavljane eksplozivne aktivnosti. Napredak u izvedbi zabilježen je u broju izvedenih sklekova do otkaza, što sugerira da 24-satni post može imati pozitivan utjecaj na mišićnu izdržljivost, posebno u gornjem dijelu tijela. Zaključno, rezultati ovog istraživanja sugeriraju da kratkotrajni post ne utječe značajno na eksplozivnost, ali može pozitivno djelovati na aspekte mišićne izdržljivosti, posebice u repetitivnim i izometričkim naporima. Ovi nalazi mogu biti korisni sportašima, trenerima i stručnjacima koji se bave planiranjem prehrane i opterećenja u sportskom kontekstu.The aim of this thesis was to examine the acute impact of a 24-hour fast on three different aspects of motor function: lower-body explosiveness, lower-body muscular endurance in the context of explosiveness, and upper-body muscular endurance. The research was conducted on a sample of recreationally active participants (age: 25,1 ± 3.5 years; height: 184,7 ± 6,0cm; weight: 88,3 ± 11,3kg) who took part in two test sessions - one in a non-fasted state and the other after a 24-hour fast. Explosiveness was measured using the countermovement jump (CMJ) test, while muscular endurance in the context of explosiveness was assessed using the repeated countermovement jump (RCMJ) test. General muscular endurance was evaluated by the maximum number of push-ups performed to failure at a set tempo via metronome. The results show that a 24-hour fast did not have a statistically significant negative effect on the height of individual CMJ jumps, indicating that acute fasting of this kind does not impair lower-body explosive capacity. However, in the repeated CMJ test, a slight decline in results was observed after fasting, which may indicate reduced muscular endurance in the context of repeated explosive activity. An improvement in performance was recorded in the number of push-ups performed to failure, suggesting that a 24-hour fast may have a positive effect on muscular endurance, particularly in the upper body. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that short-term fasting does not significantly affect explosiveness but may positively impact aspects of muscular endurance, especially during repetitive and isometric efforts. These findings may be useful to athletes, coaches, and professionals involved in nutrition and training planning in a sports context
Integrative Physical Preparation of Professional Boxers : Undergraduate Thesis
No full textProfesionalni boks traži puno više od samog talenta i fizičke spremnosti, za vrhunske rezultate potrebna je integrativna priprema koja uključuje kondicijsku, tehničko-taktičku i mentalnu pripremu. Kroz ovaj rad prikazana je važnost sveobuhvatnog pristupa u pripremi profesionalnog boksača, s naglaskom na planiranje, programiranje i coaching. Kondicijska priprema uključuje razvoj motoričkih sposobnosti kao i morfološke prilagodbe kroz trening hipertrofije. Funkcionalne sposobnosti boksača razvijaju se kroz rad na aerobnim i anaerobnim sustavima. Planiranje treninga kroz makro, mezo i mikrocikluse omogućuje postizanje forme u pravo vrijeme i smanjuje rizik od ozljeda. Coaching ne podrazumijeva samo tehničko vođenje, već i psihološku podršku, razvoj fokusa, samopouzdanja i mentalne otpornosti. Trener ima važnu ulogu u karijeri boksača kao mentor i podrška, a svojim ga primjerom usmjerava da bude uzoran sportaš i čestit čovjek. U profesionalnom boksu detalji čine razliku, pa je svako razdoblje u pripremama važno. Ovaj rad ističe kako se sustavnom i individualiziranom pripremom, utemeljenom na znanstvenim osnovama, može izvući maksimum iz potencijala svakog boksača, te mu omogućiti dugoročnu i uspješnu karijeru.Professional boxing demands far more than talent and physical readiness; achieving top results requires integrative preparation that includes physical conditioning, technical-tactical work, and mental training. This paper highlights the importance of a comprehensive approach to the preparation of professional boxers, with a focus on planning, periodization, and coaching. Conditioning includes the development of motor abilities as well as morphological adaptations through hypertrophy training. A boxer’s functional capacities are developed through work on both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. Structured planning across macro, meso, and microcycles enables athletes to reach peak performance at the right time and reduces the risk of injury. Coaching involves more than just technical guidance, it includes psychological support, the development of focus, self-confidence, and mental resilience. The coach plays a key role in the boxer's career, acting as both mentor and support, and through their example, guiding the athlete to become not only a successful sportsman but also a respectable individual. In professional boxing, small details make a big difference, and every stage of preparation matters. This paper emphasizes that systematic and individualized training, grounded in scientific principles, can maximize each boxer’s potential and pave the way for a long and successful professional career
Application of Kinesitherapy Procedures in Football Player Injuries : Undergraduate Thesis
No full textStručnjaci istražuju načine za smanjenje troškova sportskih ozljeda i neuspjeha, fokusirajući se na rizike i prevenciju. Mnoge studije o nogometnim ozljedama koriste suvremene metode praćenja, otkrivajući da većina sportskih ozljeda pogađa donje ekstremitete, a manje gornji dio tijela. U sportu su najčešće ozlijeđeni gležanj, koljeno i bedro, dok su najčešći tipovi ozljeda mišićna i ligamentarna istegnuća te kontuzije. Kineziterapija je prvi korak u rehabilitaciji koji omogućava potpuni oporavak nakon tjelesnih oštećenja, pomažući pojedincu da se vrati što prirodnijem načinu života. Ovaj rad pokazuje specifičnosti najčešćih ozljeda nogometaša, ciljeve kineziterapije u liječenju ozljeda nogometaša i primjere provedbe kineziterapijskog programa s fokusom na ozljede mišića, medijalnog kolateralog i prednjeg križnog ligamenta, uganuća gležnja, te rupture i prenaprezanja Ahilove tetive.Experts are researching ways to reduce the costs of sports injuries and failures, focusing on risks and prevention. Many studies of soccer injuries use modern tracking methods, revealing that most sports injuries affect the lower extremities and less the upper body. In sports, the ankle, knee and thigh are most often injured, while the most common types of injuries are muscle and ligament strains and contusions. Kinesitherapy is the first step in rehabilitation that enables complete recovery after physical damage, helping the individual to return to a more natural way of life. This paper shows the specifics of the most common injuries of soccer players, the goals of kinesitherapy in the treatment of soccer player injuries, and examples of the implementation of a kinesitherapy program with a focus on muscle injuries, medial collateral and anterior cruciate ligament injuries, ankle sprains, and Achilles tendon ruptures and overstrains