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Purchasing Chain Management in Hotel
No full textHoteli su najznačajniji gospodarski subjekti u dubrovačkom gospodarstvu. Međutim, zbog COVID-19 pandemije i ratnih zbivanja u Ukrajini, hoteli se suočavaju s ograničenjima u nabavi, što dovodi do potrebe za poboljšanjem učinkovitosti unutar hotela i njihovih cjelokupnih lanaca nabave. Istraživanje je nastojalo otkriti primjenu upravljanja lancem nabave, upravljanje lancem nabave koje preferira hotel s četiri zvjezdica u Dubrovniku i ograničenja kojima se suočava pri implementaciji upravljanja lancem nabave. Kako bi se zadovoljili ciljevi istraživanja, provedena je anketa u "Grand hotel Park d.o.o.", Dubrovnik . Istraživanje je otkrilo da hotel implementirao upravljanje lancem nabave. Međutim, bilo je očito da hotel nije posvetio pozornosti razmjeni informacija s potrošačima o troškovima proizvodnje kao primjeni upravljanja lancem nabave. Također je utvrđeno da su glavna ograničenja implementacije upravljanja lancem nabave u hotelu nedostatak državne potpore i turbulentna priroda hotelijerstva. Istraživanje stoga preporučuje da hotel treba u potpunosti razumjeti primjenu upravljanja lancem nabave kako bi stekli i održali konkurentsku prednost. Država bi također trebala ponuditi porezne olakšice hotelima kako bi zaštitila hotelijerstvo koje igra značajnu ulogu u dubrovačkom gospodarstvu.Hotels are the most important economic entities in the Dubrovnik economy. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, hotels are facing supply constraints, leading to the need to improve efficiency within hotels and their entire supply chains. The research sought to find out the application of supply chain management, the supply chain management preferred by a four-star hotel in Dubrovnik and the constraints faced in the implementation of supply chain management. In order to meet the objectives of the research, a survey was conducted in "Grand hotel Park d.o.o.", Dubrovnik. The research revealed that the hotel implemented supply chain management. However, it was evident that the hotel did not pay attention to the exchange of information with consumers about production costs as an application of supply chain management. It was also found that the main constraints to the implementation of supply chain management in the hotel are the lack of government support and the turbulent nature of the hotel industry. The research therefore recommends that a hotel should fully understand the application of supply chain management in order to gain and maintain a competitive advantage. The state should also offer tax breaks to hotels in order to protect the hotel industry, which plays a significant role in Dubrovnik's economy
Shipping Companies Risks
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu govori se o pojmu morskog brodarstva, njegovim karakteristikama i podjeli prema predmetu prijevoza. Poduzeće morskog brodarstva osim prijevoza tereta, bavi se i prijevozom putnika pa je s toga osnovna podjela morskog brodarstva na teretno i putničko. Posebno se govori o rizicima s kojima se pri poslovanju pojedini brodar može susresti i njihova sistematizacija te način kako se brodari s njima suočavaju. Kako bi se prikazala isplativost ulaganja u pojedini tip morskog brodarstva korištena su financijska izvješća tri veće kompanije koje posluju na financijskim tržištima linijskog, tankerskog i putničkog brodarstva.This thesis discusses the concept of maritime shipping, its characteristics and division according to the subject of transportation. In addition to the transportation of cargo, the maritime shipping company is also engaged in the transportation of passengers, which is why the basic division of maritime shipping is into cargo shipping and passenger shipping. This thesis is focused on the risks that an individual shipowner may encounter during business, their systematization and the way in which shippers deal with them. In order to show the profitability of investments in a particular type of marine shipping, the financial reports of three major companies operating in the financial markets of liner, tanker and passenger shipping were used
"General or regional anesthesia from the patien´s perspective"
No full textUvod: Tri su različite vrste anestezije koje se mogu primijeniti: lokalna (operacije ograničene na malu, površnu regiju tijela), regionalna i opća anestezija (operacija trupa, srca, krvnih žila i sl.). Opća anestezija dovodi do reverzibilnog gubitka svijesti i gubitka boli cijeloga organizma kako bi se mogli obaviti zahtjevni operativni zahvati. Regionalna anestezija je tehnika anestezije kojom se uz pomoć lokalnog anestetika blokira okolina živca ili živčanog snopa čime nastupa neosjetljivost (tj. utrnulost) ili anestezija dijela tijela u inervacijskom području blokiranoga živca, a koja omogućava bezbolno izvođenje kirurškog zahvata. Cilj: Utvrditi stav bolesnika prema općoj i regionalnoj anesteziji u onih bez prethodnog i onih sa iskustvom anestezije te pokušati utvrditi razloge njihovog stava.
Ispitanici i metode: U prospektivnom istraživanju je korišten anonimni anketni upitnik koji je nasumičnim odabirom uključio 116 odraslih ispitanika oba spola. Ispitanici su bili podijeljeni u skupinu A (bez iskustva sa anestezijom) i skupinu B (sa iskustvom anestezije). Kvantitativni podaci izraženi uz srednju vrijednost i standardnu devijaciju, a kvalitativni uz učestalost u postotku. Prikupljeni podaci prikazani su grafički i u tablicama. Za usporedbu rezultata korišteni je χ2 test. Značajnost razlike usporedbe rezultata ispitivanih skupina prihvaćen je uz p<0.05.
Rezultati: Bolesnici bez iskustva sa anestezijom su se u signifikantnom većem postotku ipak odlučivali za opću anesteziju (67% vs regionalna 34%). Po stečenom iskustvu u anesteziji se više ne nalazi značajne razlike u odabiru ispitanika za opću (67% vs 56%; p=0.1099) i regionalnu anesteziju (34% vs 44%; p=0.1471). Značajno najučestaliji broj ispitanika bi ponovili odabir opće anestezije po preporuci liječnika (bez 50% vs sa iskustvom 49%; p<0.001). Očekivano neugodno iskustvo sa spinalnom/epiduralnom anestezijom je bilo značajno niže u bolesnika nakon što su stekli iskustvo sa anestezijom (30% vs bez iskustva 57%; p=0.0001). Interesantan je podatak, da razgovor sa anesteziologom, kod ispitanika sa iskustvom u anesteziji nije utjecao na veću promjenu njihovog mišljenja o općoj ili regionalnoj anesteziji (64% vs bez iskustva 57%%; p=0.0701)
Zaključak: Zaključuje se kako ispitanici bez iskustva u anesteziji više preferiraju opću u odnosu na regionalnu anesteziju dok se sa iskustvom podjednako odlučuju za opću i regionalnu anesteziju. Kao glavni razlozi opredjeljenja ispitanika za jednu od ove dvije anestezije ističe se strah od buđenja usred operacije (opća anestezija) ili strah da će ipak osjetiti bol tijekom operacije (regionalna anestezija).Introduction: There are three different types of anesthesia that can be applied: local (operations limited to a small, superficial region of the body), regional and general anesthesia (operations on the trunk, heart, blood vessels) and similar.). General anesthesia leads to a reversible loss of consciousness and loss of pain in the entire organism so that demanding surgical procedures can be performed. Regional anesthesia is an anesthesia technique in which, with the help of a local anesthetic, the surrounding area of the nerve or nerve bundle is blocked, resulting in insensitivity (ie, numbness) or anesthesia of the part of the body in the innervation area of the blocked nerve, which enables a painless surgical procedure. Objective: To determine the attitude of patients towards general and regional anesthesia in those without previous experience and those with anesthesia experience, and to try to determine the reasons for their attitude.
Subjects and methods: In the prospective study, an anonymous questionnaire was used, which randomly selected 116 adult subjects of both sexes. The subjects were divided into group A (without anesthesia experience) and group B (with anesthesia experience). Quantitative data expressed with mean value and standard deviation, and qualitative data with frequency in percentage. The collected data are presented graphically and in tables. The χ2 test was used to compare the results. The significance of the difference in the comparison of the results of the examined groups was accepted at p<0.05.
Results: A significantly higher percentage of patients with no experience with anesthesia still opted for general anesthesia (67% vs regional 34%). According to the acquired experience in anesthesia, there is no longer any significant difference in the selection of respondents for general (67% vs 56%; p=0.1099) and regional anesthesia (34% vs 44%; p=0.1471). Significantly, the most frequent number of respondents would repeat the choice of general anesthesia on the recommendation of a doctor (without 50% vs with experience 49%; p<0.001). Expected unpleasant experience with spinal/epidural anesthesia was significantly lower in patients after they gained experience with anesthesia (30% vs no experience 57%; p=0.0001). It is interesting to note that a conversation with an anesthesiologist, among subjects with experience in anesthesia, did not influence a major change in their opinion about general or regional anesthesia (64% vs no experience 57%; p=0.0701)
Conclusion: It is concluded that respondents without experience in anesthesia prefer general over regional anesthesia, while those with experience equally opt for general and regional anesthesia. The fear of waking up in the middle of the operation (general anesthesia) or the fear that patients will still feel pain during the operation (regional anesthesia) stand out as the main reasons for the respondents' choice of one of these two types of anesthesia
The art of communication in enogastonomy
No full textEnogastronomija postaje uspješan masovni fenomen koji dobiva sve veću podršku i pažnju publike. Danas, prehrambeni i vinski turizam predstavlja preokret, u budućem okruženju turističkog sektora, čiji korijeni sežu u drevne tradicije ruralne civilizacije. Sposobnost učinkovite komunikacije jedna je od najvažnijih životnih vještina koje treba naučiti. Sama komunikacija definirana je kao prijenos informacija radi boljeg razumijevanja te se to odnosi na sva polja pa tako i na enogastronomiju. Pritom veliku ulogu ima sommelier. Sommelieri su odgovorni za svaki aspekt vinske usluge, počevši od izrade vinske karte restorana pa sve do pružanja usluge posjetiteljima restorana. Predmet istraživanja u ovom diplomskom radu je analiza umijeća komuniciranja u enogastronomiji te se željelo utvrditi stavove ispitanika prema važnosti uspješnog komuniciranja u enogastronomiji. Komunikacijske vještine potrebne su za primjeren razgovor u enogastronomiji uz održavanje dobrog kontakta očima, demonstriranje raznolikog vokabulara i prilagođavanje jezika publici, učinkovito slušanje, predstavljanje ideja na odgovarajući način, pisanje jasno i koncizno i dobar rad u grupi. Analizom literature i provedenim istraživanjem potvrdila se hipoteza rada koja je glasila- „Enogastronomski turizam može utjecati na poboljšanje turističke ponude turističke destinacije“. Korištena metoda ispitivanja je anketni upitnik koji je bio postavljen na internet. Istraživanje je provedeno u razdoblju od 4. do 5. srpnja 2022. godine, na uzorku od 59 ispitanika.Enogastronomy is becoming a successful mass phenomenon that is gaining more and more support and attention from the public. Today, food and wine tourism represents the edge, in the future environment of the tourism sector, whose roots go back to the ancient traditions of rural civilization. The ability to communicate effectively is one of the most important life skills to learn. Communication itself is defined as the transfer of information for better understanding, and this applies to all fields, including enogastronomy. The sommelier plays a big role in this. Sommeliers are responsible for every aspect of wine service, from creating the restaurant's wine list to serving the restaurant's patrons. The subject of research in this thesis is the analysis of the art of communication in enogastronomy, and the aim was to determine the respondents' attitudes towards the importance of successful communication in enogastronomy. Communication skills are necessary for an appropriate conversation in enogastronomy while maintaining good eye contact, demonstrating a diverse vocabulary and adapting the language to the audience, effective listening, presenting ideas in an appropriate manner, writing clearly and concisely and working well in a group. The analysis of the literature and the conducted research confirmed the hypothesis of the work, which read - "Enogastronomic tourism can influence the improvement of the tourist offer of a tourist destination". The research method used was a survey questionnaire that was posted on the Internet. The research was conducted in the period from July 4 to 5, 2022, on a sample of 59 respondents
"Influence of nutrition and physical activities on prevention, course and treatment of diabetes mellitus"
No full textOvim preglednim radom će se prikazati važnost i utjecaj redovite tjelovježbe kao i pravilne prehrane na liječenje i dobru regulaciju šećera u krvi kod osoba oboljelih od dijabetesa. Kako i na koji način prehrana i tjelovježba utječu na zdravlje cjelokupnog organizma, te kako preveniraju i usporavaju razvoj komplikacija bolesti.
Prikazati će se kako tjelesna aktivnost i sport djeluju na dijabetes i kontrolu razine šećera u krvi. Također ćemo navesti primjere sportaša koji boluju od dijabetesa i kako svoj sportski život usklađuju s bolešću.
Cilj rada je prikazati kako pojedine namirnice utječu na tijek bolesti, te kako i na koji način ugljikohidrati, masti i proteini mogu uzrokovati metabolički poremećaj. Također ćemo prikazati utjecaj vitamina i minerala , te važnost stručnih smjernica za zdrav i aktivan život oboljelih od dijabetesa.
U izradi ovog Završnog rada koristit će se radovi stručni i znanstveni koji su indeksirani u različitim biomedicinskim bazama podataka kao npr. Hrčak, Pub Med. Osim toga koristit će se i ostale publikacije znanstvene i stručne knjige iz područja nutricionizma, biomedicine, medicine i sporta. Jedan manji dio bit će izvor informacija sa web odredišta.This thesis will show the importance and influence of regular exercise and balanced diet on the treatment and regulation of blood sugar levels in people suffering from diabetes. It will outline the ways in which proper nutrition and physical activity impact health as well as how they prevent and slow down different medical complications.
The study aims to explain how physical activity and sport affect diabetes and blood glucose control. We will also give a few examples of accomplished athletes with diabetes,who manage to reconcile their career in sport with their condition.
The goal of this research is to show how certain nutrients impact the course of a disease as well as to explain in what ways carbohydrates ,fats and proteins can cause an array of metabolic disorders. The study will also go on to show how vitamins and minerals influence our health.
Furthermore,we will delve into why seeking expert advice is essential for people with diabetes in order to have an active and healthy life.
In the preparation of this final thesis I consulted several scientific papers and research articles which are all indexed in various biomedical databases like Hrčak and Pub Med. In addition,other scientific books and publications in the field of nutritionism, biomedicine, medicine and sport were used. A small portion of the data was collected from online sources
Problems of New Building Cruise Ships in the Age of the Pandemic
No full textJedan od najvažnijih faktora razvitka industrije krstarenja je prosperitetno gospodarsko tekuće poslovanje. Industrija krstarenja se smatra jedno od najbržih rastućih industrija prije covid pandemije. Ovu industriju karakterizira kontinuirano kapitalno ulaganje, raspolaže s velikim dobavnim kanalom, poboljšava lučko gospodarstvo obalnih zemalja, omogućava zapošljavanje velikog broja osoblja i na kraju pridonosi gospodarskom razvoju obalnih zemlja i morskih područja.
U ožujku 2020. godine dolazi do globalne covid pandemije koja je narušila uobičajeni tok te podviga u industriji krstarenja. Dosadašnje istraživanje su pokazala da je covid pandemija u razdoblju od ožujka 2020, godina pa do kraja 2021. godine je smanjila broj putnika što je dovelo znatnih operativnih gubitaka, ali je i znatno utjecala na vrijednost dionica kruzerskih kompanija. Također je utjecala na prekid putovanja širom svijeta, a što se negativno odrazilo i samu novogradnju. Navedene obustave putovanja su dovele do znatnog gubitka poslovnih dobitaka kruzerskih kompanija te je uzrokovala sve veću zaduženost, a brodovi su se sve manje koristili čime je došlo sve veće zatrpanosti brodske flote. Zaduženost kruzer kompanija će znatno utjecati na održivo poslovanje kruzer kompanija i samim time na održivi razvitak industrije krstarenja.
U svrhu sprječavanja najtežih posljedica koja je uzrokovala covid pandemija u industriji krstarenja kruzer kompanije bi trebale poduzeti značajne preventivne strategije radi postupanja u svrhu održivog razvitka industrije krstarenja i omogućiti plovidbu svim kruzerima širom svijeta.One of the most important factors in the development of the cruise industry is the prosperous economic current business. The cruise industry is considered one of the fastest growing industries before covid pandemics. This industry is characterized by continuous capital investment, it has a large supply channel, improves the port economy of coastal countries, enables employment a large number of personnel and ultimately contributes to the economic development of coastal countries and sea areas.
In March 2020, the global covid pandemic occurred, which disrupted the usual course of this featin the cruise industry. Previous research has shown that the covid pandemic in the period of March 2020, the year until the end of 2021 reduced the number of passengers, which led to significant operating losses, but it also had a significant impact on the value of cruise company shares. It is also affected the interruption of travel around the world, which had a negative impact on the new construction itself. The listed the suspension of travel has led to a significant loss of business profits of cruise companies and is caused increasing indebtedness, and the ships were used less and less, which led to more and more congestion ship fleets.
The indebtedness of cruise companies will significantly affect the sustainable business of cruise lines company and therefore on the sustainable development of the cruise industry. In order to prevent the most serious consequences caused by the covid pandemic in the cruise industry cruise lines should undertake significant preventive strategies in order to act for the purpose sustainable development of the cruise industry and enable sailing for all cruisers around the world
Shaping a political image through social media
No full textU ovom radu govorit će se o oblikovanju imidža političara u Republici Hrvatskoj na primjeru predsjednika Republike Hrvatske Zorana Milanovića i predsjednika Vlade Andreja Plenkovića. Definirani su ključni pojmovi kao što su društvene mreže, politička komunikacija, javno mnijenje, imidž, vjerodostojnost. Okosnica je rada istraživanje javnog mnijenja putem online ankete, u kojoj je cilj bio dobiti pozitivnu ili negativnu povratnu informaciju o oblikovanju imidža na društvenim mrežama dva najvažnija političara u Hrvatskoj. Društvene mreže u današnje vrijeme doživljavaju svoj vrhunac i kada se radi o političarima i njihovoj izgradnji identiteta i imidža na internetu. Neki od političari iskoriste pun potencijal koji društvene mreže nude, međutim ima i onih koji jednostavno ne koriste kapacitet u potpunosti. Jesu li predsjednik Republike Hrvatske Zoran Milanović i predsjednik Vlade Andrej Plenković uspješni u korištenju društvenih mreža u političke svrhe u Hrvatskoj i kakvo je razmišljanje javnosti o obojici analizirat ćemo u nastavku ovog rada.The main subject of the thesis will discuss image shaping of politicians in the Republic of Croatia, following the example of Zoran Milanović – the president of the Rublic of Croatia and Andrej Plenković – the Prime Minister of Republic of Croatia. Key terms such as social networks, political communication, public opinion, image, credibility are defined. The backbone of the work is the research of public opinion through an online survey, in which the goal was to get positive or negative feedback on the shaping of the image on social networks of the two most important politicians in Croatia. Nowadays, social networks are experiencing their peak when it comes to politicians and their construction of identity and image on the Internet. Some of the politicians use the full potential that social networks offer, but there are also those who simply do not use the capacity in full. It will be analyzed whether the President of the Republic of Croatia, Zoran Milanović, and the Prime Minister, Andrej Plenković, are successful in using social networks for political purposes in Croatia, and what is the public oppinion about two mentioned politicians
"Mehanical filtration in aquaculture"
No full textMehaničkom filtracijom u akvakulturi izdvajaju se čestice iz vode kako ne bi došlo do pogoršanja njene kvalitete i eventualnog ugrožavanja uzgajanih organizama. Otpad se ovisno o veličini čestica može podijeliti na otopljeni, plivajući, suspendirani i taloživi, a iz vode se izdvaja procesima gravitacije, filtracije ili flotacije. Izdvajanje gravitacijom temelji se na sedimentaciji, a ovim se procesom uklanja taloživi otpad u bazenima za taloženje, cijevnim taložnicima i hidrociklonima. Filtracijom se izdvajaju čestice koje su veće od šupljina filtra, koje mogu biti dosta velike, za zadržavanje taloživih čestica, ili jako male, za zadržavanje suspendiranog otpada. Filtri koji se pritom upotrebljavaju imaju neku vrstu sita, poput mrežice ili membrane, granularni medij poput zrnaca pijeska ili plastike, ili neki porozni medij poput dijatomejske zemlje i različitih uložaka. Najfinije čestice otopljenog i plivajućeg otpada izdvajaju se procesom flotacije pomoću struje zraka. Za obradu otpada iz recirkulacijskih akvakulturnih sustava koriste se i umjetne močvare.Mechanical filtration in aquaculture separates particles from the water so that the quality does not deteriorate and the cultivated organisms are not endangered. Depending on the size of the particles, waste can be divided into dissolved, floating, suspended and settleable, and is separated from the water by the processes of gravity, filtration or flotation. Gravity separation is based on sedimentation, and this process removes settleable waste in settling basins, tube settlers and hydrocyclones. Filtration separates particles that are larger than the filter cavity, which can be quite large, to retain settleable particles, or very small, to retain suspended waste. The filters that are used have some kind of sieve, like a mesh or a membrane, a bead medium like sand or plastic grains, or a porous medium like diatomaceous earth or different cartridges. The finest particles of dissolved and floating waste are separated by the flotation process using an air stream. Constructed wetlands are alse used for waste treatment from recirculating aquaculture systems
"Health care in the house of patients with chronic wounds"
No full textPod kroničnom ranom podrazumijevamo ranu koja ne zacjeljuje uz standardne postupke liječenja. U prosjeku je to 8 tjedana, ali ovisi i u kojem se tkivu nalazi. Najčešće kronične rane su kronična venska insuficijencija, dijabetičko stopalo i dekubitalni ulkus. Prema nekim izvorima u oko 2% populacije dolazi do nastajanja kroničnih rana, a na njihovo zbrinjavanje odlazi skoro 4% zdravstvenog proračuna, što predstavlja veliki izazov u liječenju rana. Prije početka liječenja potrebna je procjena i pregled rane.
Pri procjeni rane gleda se: lokalizacija rane, tip rane, veličina (dužina, širina, dubina), dno, rubovi, sekrecija, okolna koža, znaci infekcije, bol. U suvremenoj kliničkoj praksi cijeljenja rane usvojeni su principi vlažne sredine, jednake temperature i pH vrijednosti. U tu svrhu danas se koriste obloge koje moraju štititi okolinu rane od maceracije tkiva i površinu rane od kontaminacije.
Sukladno Zakonom o zdravstvenoj zaštiti svaki bolesnik s kroničnom ranom ima pravo na zdravstvenu njegu u kući. Uvjeti i način ostvarivanja prava na zdravstvenu njegu u kući propisani su Pravilnikom o uvjetima i načinu ostvarivanja prava iz obveznog zdravstvenog osiguranja definiranih kao dijagnostičko-terapijski postupci u zdravstvenoj njezi u kući (DTP).By the „chronic wound“ term, we imply to the wound that does not heal with standard treatment procedures. On average, it is 8 weeks, depending on different tissue localization. The most common chronic wounds are chronic venous insufficiency, diabetic foot and decubitus ulcer. According to some sources, about 2% of the population develops chronic wounds, and almost 4% of the health budget goes to their care, which is a great challenge in wound healing. Wound assessment and examination are required before starting the treatment.
When assessing the wound, the following are considered: wound location, wound type (length, width, depth), bottom, edges, secretion, surrounding skin, signs of infection, pain. In modern clinical practice of wound healing, the principles of humid environment, equal temperature and pH value have been adopted. For this purpose, we use dressings that protect the wound environment from tissue maceration and the wound surface from contamination.
According to the Health Care Act, every patient with a chronic wound has the right to home health care. The conditions and manner of exercising the right to home health care are prescribed by the Ordinance on the conditions and manner of exercising the right to health insurance defined as diagnostic-therapeutic procedures in home health care (DTP)
Corporation and Association in Maritime Shipping Business
No full textPomorsko tržište, kao bitan čimbenik globalnog gospodarstva izuzetno je dinamično te izloženo brojnim ekonomskim, socijalnim, političkim, pravnim tehničkim ili tehnološkim utjecajima. Stoga je postizanje konkurentnosti, profitabilnog poslovanja i opstanka brodarskih poduzeća izuzetno zahtjevan poslovni zadatak njihovim uprava. Jedan od načina uspješnog poslovanja u morskom brodarstvu su razni oblici poslovne suradnje, udruživanje ili kooperaciju.
U ovome radu je razrađena tema kooperacije te udruživanja poduzeća morskog brodarstva, od prvih ugovora koji su se potpisali, oblika i organizacije, razloga, principa te prednosti i nedostatka ovakvog udruživanja, do donošenja nacionalne te nadnacionalne zakonske regulative.As an important factor in the global economy, the maritime market is extremely dynamic and exposed to numerous economic, social, political, legal, technical, or technological influences. Hence, achieving competitiveness, profitable business, and survival of shipping companies is an extremely demanding business task of their management. One of the ways to do successful business in the maritime industry is through various forms of business cooperation, association, or cooperation.
This article deals with the topic of cooperation and association of shipping companies from the first signed agreements, form and organization, reasons, principles as well as advantages and disadvantages of such an association to the adoption of national and supranational laws