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"Hydrogeological properties of the karstic area on the example of Trebišnjica river basin"
No full textKrška područja karakteriziraju izrazita i selektivna topljivost stijena što u konačnici rezultira
posebnim reljefnim oblicima s mnogo kamenih udubina i uzvisina. Ponikve, udoline, uvale i
polja su primjeri nadzemnih udubina na kršu, dok su među podzemnim razlikuju špilje i jame.
Sa svim reljefnim oblicima i specifičnim hidrografsko-hidrološkim karakteristikama sliv rijeke
Trebišnjice predstavlja tipično područje Dinarida. Rijeka Trebišnjica je ponornica duga 96,5
km, a izvire na 398. metru nadmorske visine. Trebišnjica je dio kompleksa podzemnih i
nadzemnih rijeka čije je krajnje ishodište Jadransko more.
Na Trebišnjici su do sada izgrađene četiri hidroelektrane i dva umjetna jezera, a u izgradnji su
još tri hidroelektrane. Trebišnjica je bila najdulja ponornica na svijetu prije izgradnje ovih
kompleksa.Karst areas are characterized by pronounced and selective solubility of rocks, which ultimately
results in special relief forms with many stone depressions and elevations. Submerged valleys,
valleys, bays and fields are examples of above-ground depressions on the karst, while caves
and pits are distinguished among the underground ones.
With all the relief forms and specific hydrographic-hydrological characteristics, the Trebišnjica
river basin represents a typical area of the Dinarides. The river Trebišnjica is a 96.5 km long
partly subbteranean river that springs at 398 meters above sea level. Trebišnjica is part of a
complex of underground and aboveground rivers whose ultimate source is the Adriatic Sea.
So far, four hydroelectric power plants and two artificial lakes have been built on Trebišnjica,
and three more hydroeletric power plants are under construction. Trebišnjica was the longest
sinkhole in the world before the construction of these complexes
CAUSES OF DEATH IN DUBROVNIK (1825 – 1918)
No full textMortalitetni pokazatelji, uključujući statistiku o uzrocima smrti, predstavljaju jedan od ključnih elemenata u ocjeni zdravstvenog stanja neke populacije. Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji uzrok smrti definira se kao bolest ili ozljeda koja je pokrenula slijed patofizioloških zbivanja koja su izravno dovela do smrti. U ovom radu analizirani su uzroci smrti u dubrovačkim rimokatoličkim župama Grad, Pile i Gruž u razdoblju od 1825. do 1918. godine kada je Dubrovnik bio pod austrijskom upravom. Istraživanje se temelji na podatcima iz matičnih knjiga umrlih, a za retrospektivnu identifikaciju uzroka smrti korištena je recentna Međunarodna klasifikacija bolesti i srodnih stanja.
Bilježenje uzroka smrti ima svoj povijesni slijed, s prvim registriranjem karantenskih bolesti, zatim raznih simptoma i nedefiniranih stanja do preciznih dijagnoza bolesti. I upravo je 19. stoljeće s brojnim medicinskim dostignućima, posebno na području bakteriologije i patološke anatomije, pridonijelo promjeni nozologije i obrazaca u uzrocima smrti. Osim toga, to je stoljeće kada su u svijetu glavni uzroci smrti bile brojne zarazne i parazitarne bolesti, bolesti koje su odnosile brojne žrtve bez obzira na spol, dob ili mjesto življenja. Kako u svijetu, tako i u Dubrovniku, ključno mjesto među tim bolestima imale su tuberkuloza i crijevne zarazne bolesti. Ovo istraživanje daje odgovor je li u Dubrovniku, kao u nekim drugim europskim zemljama, došlo do epidemiološke tranzicije odnosno smanjenja zaraznih bolesti i porasta kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti u ukupnim uzrocima smrti.
Rad daje uvid u vodeće uzroke smrti u odnosu na nekoliko odabranih parametara kako bi se dobio uvid u spolnu, dobnu, vremensku i prostornu distribuciju uzroka smrti u Dubrovniku. Vremenski niz od skoro stotinu godina i stručno utvrđivanje uzroka smrti, koje su obavljali dubrovački liječnici mrtvozornici, pružaju kvalitetnu bazu podataka za dobivanje odgovora na postavljene istraživačke hipoteze. Utvrđene su značajne razlike u strukturi i distribuciji uzroka smrti s dominantno vodećim iz skupine zaraznih i parazitarnih bolesti te skupine slabo definiranih stanja, simptoma i znakova nesvrstani drugamo. Društvene, političke,
gospodarske i demografske promjene u Dubrovniku nakon pada Dubrovačke Republike, odrazile su se na životni standard njegovih stanovnika. Loši higijenski, stambeni i radni uvjeti te prenapučenost bili su određujući čimbenici u pojavnosti i učestalosti zaraznih bolesti i razlikama u uzrocima smrti između dubrovačkih župa. I u strukturi uzroka smrti u Dubrovniku mogu se pratiti nozološke promjene od nedefiniranih stanja do preciznih entiteta posebno među uzrocima smrti iz skupine bolesti cirkulacijskog sustava, novotvorina te bolesti dišnoga sustava.
Na kraju istraživanog razdoblja, u uzrocima smrti vrlo su rijetki ili se uopće ne spominju simptomatski uzroci kao npr. vrućica, edemi, ascites, hidrotoraks ili konvulzije. Kao i u drugim sličnim istraživanjima, i u ovom radu najveći broj nepreciznih uzroka smrti odnosi se na dojenačke smrti, ukazujući time na povijesno neprepoznavanje važnosti ovih uzroka. Interes raste otkrićem mikrobiološke etiologije i načina širenja mnogih zaraznih bolesti čime je shvaćeno da se takvi uzroci smrti mogu prevenirati, a time i sama smrt djeteta. Poseban osvrt u registriranju uzroka smrti u Dubrovniku dan je na tuberkulozu, kao najčešći entitet te na kronične nezarazne bolesti (kardiovaskularne bolesti, novotvorine i nasilne smrti).
Iz povijesno-medicinske perspektive ovaj rad daje detaljni uvid o dosad neistraženoj mortalitetnoj slici Dubrovnika tijekom 19. i početkom 20. stoljeća stavljajući ju u kontekst suvremene klasifikacije bolesti te predstavlja izvorni znanstveni doprinos proučavanju lokalne zdravstvene povijesti.Mortality indicators, including statistics on causes of death, are one of the key elements in assessing the health status of population. According to the World Health Organization, the cause of death is defined as an illness or injury that triggered a sequence of pathophysiological events that directly led to death. This paper analyzes the causes of death in Dubrovnik Roman Catholic parishes of Grad, Pile and Gruž in the period from 1825 to 1918, when Dubrovnik was under Austrian authority. The research is based on data colleted from death registers, and for retrospective identification of the cause of death it was used the recent International Classification of Diseases and Related Conditions.
Recording the cause of death has its historical sequence with the first registration of quarantine diseases, then various symptoms and undefined conditions to precise diagnoses of disease. And it was the 19th century with numerous medical achievements, especially in the field of bacteriology and pathological anatomy, that contributed to the change of nosology and patterns in causes of death. In addition, it is the century when the world's leading causes of death were numerous infectious and parasitic diseases, diseases that claimed many victims regardless of gender, age or place of residence. Both in the world and in Dubrovnik, tuberculosis and intestinal infectious diseases had a key place among these diseases. This research gives an answer to whether in Dubrovnik, as in some other European countries, came to an epidemiological transition and consenquently to reduction of infectious diseases and an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases in the total causes of death.
The paper provides gives an overview of leading causes of death in relation to several selected parameters: gender, age, time and spatial distribution. The time series of almost one hundred years and the expert determination of the cause of death, performed by Dubrovnik coroners, provide a quality database for obtaining answers to the set research hypotheses. Significant differences were found in the structure and distribution of causes of death with dominantly leading causes from the group of infectious and parasitic diseases and the group of weakly defined conditions, symptoms and signs not classified elsewhere. Social, political, economic and demographic changes in Dubrovnik after the fall of Dubrovnik Republic, affected the living standards of its inhabitants. Poor hygienic, housing and working conditions and overcrowding were the determining factors in incidence and frequency of infectious diseases and differences in causes of death between Dubrovnik parishes. In the structure of causes of death in Dubrovik nosological changes can be tracked from undefined conditions to precise entities, especially among causes of death from the group of diseases of the circulatory system,
neoplasms and diseases of the respiratory system. At the end of the researched period, symptomatic causes such as fever, edema, ascites, hydrothorax or convulsions are very rarely or not mentioned at all. As in other similar studies, the largest number of imprecise causes of death relates to infant deaths, thus indicating a historical lack of recognition of importance of these causes. However, with discovery of microbiological etiology and ways of spreading many infectious diseases, it was realized that such causes of death can be prevented and infant death as well. A special review in registering causes of death in Dubrovnik was given to tuberculosis, as the most common entity, and to chronic non-communicable diseases (cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms and violent deaths).
From a historical-medical perspective, this paper provides a detailed overview of so far unexplored mortality picture of Dubrovnik during the 19th and early 20th centuries, placing it in the context of modern disease classification and it represents an original scientific contribution to local health histor
Development of application subsystem for Internet content search
No full textU današnjem vremenu gotovo da je nemoguće ne primjetiti važnost i ulogu interneta, kako u poslovnom svijetu, tako i u svakodnevnici čovjeka.
Prema tome, postoji mnogo internetskih stranica koje traže pozornost svakog korisnika i to dovodi do svojevrsne borbe za prometom ili “internet trafficom”. Dobra praksa pri poboljšavanju internet prometa jest takozvana SEO optimizacija ili Search Engine Optimization. Pojam koji je zadnjih nekoliko godina izrazito popularan zahtijeva prilagođavanje web stranice, to jest prilagođavanje sadržaja web stranice kako bi ga tražilica potom bolje rangirala. Takvo rangiranje dovodi do prvog mjesta na Google Searchu. Da bi takvo rangiranje bilo moguće potrebno je uraditi nekoliko stvari prije toga, poput optimizacije web stranice.
Cilj ovog rada jeste prikazati koje su to takozvane ispravne prakse pri optimizaciji web stranice, to jest koji su standardi potrebni kako bi stranica bila optimizirana. Svi preporučeni postupci biti će objašnjeni kroz rad, te će se na samostalno izrađenoj web stranici prikazati utjecaj optimizacije na istu. Postoji nekoliko alata na internetu koji prikazuju je li stranica optimizirana i do koje mjere, a takvi alati ujedno nude savjete za dalju SEO optimizaciju. Upotrebom tih alata biti će prikazana usporedba stranice prije i poslije SEO optimizacije i sukladno dobivenim rezultatima bit će formuliran zaključak.In today's world, it is almost impossible to notice the importance and role of the Internet, both in the business world and in everyday life. Therefore, there are many Internet sites that demand the attention of each user and lead to a kind of battle for traffic or "Internet traffic". A good practice for improving internet traffic is the so-called SEO optimization or Search Engine Optimization.The term has been extremely popular in the last few years and it requires adjusting web pages- or better yet - adjusting the content of web pages in order to be searched for and then ranked properly. Such a ranking leads to the first place on Google Search. In order for such a ranking to be possible, several things need to be done beforehand, such as website optimization.
The aim of this paper is to show what are the so-called correct practices in the optimization of web pages, that is, those that are required as a standard in order for the page to be optimized. All recommended procedures will be explained through the work, and the effect of optimization on the same will be shown on the self-made website. There are several tools on the Internet that show whether a page is optimized and to which extent, with presenting the tools and their offer advice for further SEO optimization. By using these tools, a comparison of the page before and after SEO optimization will be shown, and a conclusion will be formulated based on the corresponding results
"Neurological manifestations of COVID-19"
No full textUzročnik COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) pripada porodici koronavirusa, heterogenoj skupini RNA virusa. Dva su osnovna puta ulaska SARS-CoV-2 u središnji živčani sustav, hematogeni i neuralni. Osim izravnih oštećenja virusom, uzrok neuroloških manifestacija COVID-19 mogu biti i neizravni mehanizmi, kao što su sistemski upalni odgovor na infekciju, autoimuni odgovor te hipoksična oštećenja mozga. Brojne su neurološke manifestacije COVID-19 vezane za afekciju središnjeg te perifernog živčanog sustava i skeletnih mišića. Neurološke komplikacije se mogu javiti kod blažih formi COVID-19, ali i u teškim oblicima bolesti kada dovode do većeg mortaliteta. Pretpostavlja se da bi infekcija SARS-CoV-2 mogla dugoročno dovesti do veće učestalosti različitih neurodegenerativnih poremećaja. COVID-19 je nova bolest, koja sa sobom nosi mnoge nepoznanice i pitanja na koja tek trebamo naći odgovor. U uvjetima pandemije bolnice moraju poduzeti odgovarajuće organizacijske mjere kako bi osigurale pružanje primjerene skrbi bolesnicima s COVID-19. Obzirom na multisistemske kliničke manifestacije COVID-19 u liječenju bolesnika neophodan je multidisciplinarni pristup kako bi se postigli optimalni ishodi liječenja, prevenirale daljnje komplikacije te poboljšala kvaliteta života nakon preboljenja bolesti.SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) belongs to the coronavirus family, a heterogeneous group of RNA viruses and causes COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). SARS-CoV-2 enters the central nervous system through two primary routes: hematogenous and neural. In addition to direct virus damage, secondary causes of COVID-19 neurological symptoms could include systemic inflammatory response to infection, autoimmune reaction, and hypoxic brain injury. Numerous neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are associated with central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle effects. Neurological complications can occur in milder forms of COVID-19 but also in severe forms of the disease when they lead to higher mortality. It has been proposed that SARS-CoV-2 infection may increase the occurrence of several neurodegenerative disorders in the long term. COVID-19 is a novel disease with a lot of unknowns and problems that we don't have the answers to yet. In a pandemic situation, hospitals must take appropriate organizational measures to ensure that COVID-19 patients receive adequate care. Because of the multisystem clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in the treatment of patients, a multidisciplinary approach is required to achieve optimal treatment outcomes, prevent further complications, and improve quality of life after overcoming the disease
Lean Management-Business Philosophy of Successful Companies
No full textTema ovog završnog rada je „Lean menadžment – poslovna filozofija uspješnih poduzeća“. U prvom dijelu rada, definira se značenje pojma Lean menadžmenta te koncept vitke proizvodnje, nakon čega slijedi sama povijest razvoja Lean menadžmenta kao i njegova obilježja i načela. Pomoću pet osnovnih principa, pojašnjena je poslovna filozofija ovakve proizvodnje u kojoj se nalazi i temeljni korak uspješne Lean transformacije, a to je mapiranje lanca vrijednosti. Poduzeća ga koriste za stvaranje vizualnog vodiča svih komponenti potrebnih za isporuku proizvoda ili usluga, s ciljem analize i optimizacije cijelog procesa. Drugi dio rada obuhvaća aktivnosti u procesu poslovanja s njihovom podjelom na aktivnosti koje dodaju vrijednost proizvodu i onima koje ne dodavaju kao i sedam vrsta gubitaka nazvanih muda, koji predstavljaju neučinkovite oblike koje sustav vitke proizvodnje nastoji eliminirati. U trećem dijelu, navedeno je i pojašnjeno deset elemenata Lean sustava, a to su fleksibilni resurski, ćelijska proizvodnja, Pull sustav,Kanban, male serije, brza priprema strojeva, ujednačena proizvodnja, kvaliteta na izvoru, preventivno održavanje te mreža dobavljača. U nastavku rada razrađuju se važni alati Leana kao što su Pull sustav, Kanban, Just-in-time, Jidoka i 5S. Lean alati su dizajnirani da smanje muda u organizacijama i poboljšaju kontrolu kvalitete. Drugim riječima, oni nastoje eliminirati procese koji nisu vrijedni.The topic of this undergraduate thesis is „Lean management – business philosophy of successful companies“. In the first part of the thesis, the meaning of the concept of Leanmanagement and the concept of Lean production are defined, followed by the history of the development of Lean management as well as its characteristics and principles. Using five basic principles, the business philosophy of this type of production is explained, which includes the fundamental step of successful Lean transformation, which is value chain mapping. Companies use it to create a visual guide to allthe components needed to deliver products or services, withthe goal of analyzing and optimizing the entire process. The second part of the thesis includes activities in the business process with their division into activities that add value to the product and those that do not add as well as seven types of losses called muda, which are inefficient forms that the Lean manufacturing system seeks to eliminate. In the third part, ten elements of the Lean system are listed and explained, namely flexible resources, cell production, Pull system, Kanban, small series, fast machine preparation, uniform production, quality at source, preventive maintenance and supplier network. In the following, important Lean tools such as teh Pull system, Kanban, Just-in- time, Jidoka and 5S are developed. Lean tools are designed to reduce muda in organizations and improve quality control. In other words, they seek to eliminate processes that are not valuable
The Application of RFID Technology in Supply Chain
No full textDanašnje suvremeno poslovanje svih logističkih i nabavnih procesa bilo bi nezamislivo, a da se ne koriste informacijske i komunikacijske tehnologije. Osim povećanog rasta korištenja različitih tehnologija za komunikaciju, jedna od novih tehnologija koja se posebno ističe u prikupljanju različitih podatka o proizvodu jeste radiofrekvencijska tehnologija. Ova vrsta tehnologije prvenstveno prati tokove nabave. RFID tehnologija ili radiofrekvencijska identifikacijska predstavlja bežično korištenje beskontaktnog sustava. Ovaj sustav koristi elektromagnetska polja kako bi se podaci mogli koristiti u nekoliko područja, posebno se ovo odnosi na upravljanjem zalihama i skladištima.
U ovom radu predstavlja se rad RFID tehnologije na primjeru Zare prodavaonice, te se provodi online istraživanje na uzorku od 78 ispitanika o prepoznatljivosti rada navedene tehnologije.Today's modern operation of all logistics and procurement processes would be unthinkable without the use of information and communication technologies. In addition to the increased use of various technologies for communication, one of the new technologies that stands out in particular in the collection of various product data is RFID technology. This type of technology primarily monitors procurement flows. RFID technology or radio frequency identification is the wireless use of a contactless system. This system uses electromagnetic fields so that data can be used in several areas, especially in inventory management and warehouses.
In this paper, the work of RFID technology is presented on the example of Zara store, and an online survey is conducted on a sample of 78 respondents about the recognition of the work of the mentioned technology
Digital Tehnology and Business Operations at the Time of the Covid Pandemic
No full textRad ne sadrži sažetak
Traditional Technology of Icon Making
No full textU ovom diplomskom radu predstavljena je tradicionalna tehnologija izrade ikona. Rad se sastoji od općeg dijela u kojem se obrađuje povijest razvoja, tipologija, ikonografija te upotreba ikona uopće i eksperimentalnog dijela u kojem je predstavljena izrada kopije ikone „Bogorodice s Djetetom“, tipa Hodegitrie – (ikonografski prikaz Bogorodice koja drži dijete Isusa uz sebe dok pokazuje na njega kao na izvor spasenja za čovječanstvo). Kopija je izvedena koristeći predložak ikone iz 19. stoljeća u vlasništvu Samostana službenica Milosrđa u Dubrovniku. Detaljno je opisan cjelokupni postupak izrade kopije navedene ikone - od pripreme drvene podloge koja se sastojala od preciznog mjerenja, brušenja, impregnacije, preparacije, izolacije, postavljanja polimenta, pozlaćivanja i poliranja pozlate na koju se zatim prenosila skica tupom olovkom uz minimalni pritisak kako bi se u podlogu utisnuli osnovni obrisi ikone kao i u izvorniku, pa sve do slikanja uljanim bojama te lakiranja koje je ujedno i završni segment praktičnog dijela rada. Ovim diplomskim radom nastojalo se što više držati tradicionalne tehnologije izrade ikona, no neke dijelove je ipak morao zamijeniti suvremeniji pristup radu što je uvelike pomoglo pri njegovoj realizaciji.In this master's thesis, the traditional technology of making icons is presented. The paper consists of a general part that deals with the history of development, typology, iconography and the use of the icons in general, and an experimental part that presents the making of a copy of the icon "The Virgin and Child", type Hodegetria - (iconographic depiction of the Virgin holding the child Jesus points to him as the source of salvation for mankind). The copy was made using the template of an icon from the 19th century owned by the Sisters of Mercy Monastery in Dubrovnik. The entire process of making a copy of the mentioned icon is described in detail - from the preparation of the wooden base, which consisted of precise taking of measures, sanding, impregnation, preparation, insulation, gilding and polishing the gilding, on which the sketch was then transferred with a blunt pencil with minimal pressure to the basic outlines of the icon are imprinted in the base, as in the original, right up to painting with oil paints and varnishing, which is also the final segment of the practical part of the work. With this master's thesis, an effort was made to keep as much as possible to the traditional technologies of making icons, but some parts still had to be replaced by a more modern approach to work, which greatly helped in its realization
International Regulations and Basic Principles of Voyage Planning on Cruise Ships
No full textPlaniranje putovanja broda izvodi se prije plovidbe od luke polaska do luke odredišta ili od veza do veza (berth to berth) na temelju uobičajenih pomorskih pravilnika i vještina koje obuhvaćaju izvršenje putovanja. Po dolasku informacije o novom (narednom) putovanju, razmatraju se različiti čimbenici plovidbe, koji direktno utječu na izbor plovidbene rute, s ciljem sigurnosti ljudi i broda. Također, svako novo putovanje broda je različito od prethodnog, a različitosti se ponajprije ogledaju u dobu godine u kojem se plovi, morskim strujama, meteorološkim i fizičko-geografskim značajkama plovnog područja, količini i vrsti tereta, odredištu, dubini mora, područjima gustog pomorskog prometa i ostalom. Pravilno korištenje najnovijih tehnologija, poznavanje pravila i postupaka brodarske kompanije te tradicionalna tehnika vođenja broda osnovni su preduvjeti uspješnog izvođenja pomorskog putovanja.Passage planning is carried out before starting the voyage from the port of departure to the port of destination based on customary maritime regulations and skills covering the execution of the voyage. Upon the arrival of information about the new (next) voyage, various navigation factors are considered, which directly affect the choice of navigation route, with the aim of the safety of people and the ship. Also, each new voyage is different from the previous one, and the differences are primarily reflected in the time of year in which the ship sails, sea currents, meteorological and physical-geographical characteristics of the navigable area, quantities and types of cargo, destination, sea depth, areas of heavy maritime traffic and others. Proper use of the latest technology, familiarity with the rules and procedures of the shipping company, and traditional ship management techniques are the primary conditions for the successful execution of the voyage
Handbag - "Tobolac" from the Collection of Ethnographic Museum in Dubrovnik: Specific Restoration Issues Concerning a Multilayered Object with a Complex Construction
No full textDiplomski rad obuhvaća cjelokupni konzervatorsko-restauratorski zahvat na torbici-tobolcu iz fundusa Etnografskog muzeja Rupe u Dubrovniku, inventarnog broja DUM EM 1131/10. Predmet pripada Zbirci narodnih nošnja Dubrovačkog primorja i Elafita, dio je kompleta svečane ženske narodne nošnje jadranskog tipa – crna laneta iz druge polovice 19. stoljeća. Cilj konzervatorsko-restauratorskog rada na predmetu bio je dokumentirati predmet te konsolidirati postojeća oštećenja i spriječiti, odnosno usporiti daljnju degradaciju predmeta. Višeslojna konstrukcija uvjetovala je primjenu različitih metoda pri konzervaciji – restauraciji predmeta. Poseban izazov tijekom konzervatorsko-restauratorskog zahvata predstavljale su tri faze radova: ispitivanje i dokumentiranje konstrukcije torbice, konsolidacija izvornih materijala te izrada odgovarajuće opreme za pohranu i izlaganje predmeta.This master thesis focuses on the complete conservation-restoration work of an ethnographic handbag – tobolac from the collection of the Ethnographic museum in Dubrovnik. The handbag holds the inventory number DUM EM 1131/10 and belongs to the collection of folk costumes of the Dubrovnik littoral and Elafiti as a part of the festive women's ceremonial costume of the Adriatic type – „crna laneta“, dating to the second half of the 19th century. The goal of this conservation-restoration work was to document the object, consolidate the existing damage and slow down further degradation of the object. The multi-layered construction of the object influenced the number of different methods applied during the conservation-restoration work.. During the conservation-restoration work there were three key areas that have proved to be particularly interesting and challenging: those areas are the investigation and the documentation of the construction of the handbag, the consolidation of original materials, and selection of the appropriate storage/exhibition methods