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Gender Differences in Attitudes Towards Entrepreneurship: Results of a Survey
No full textRad se bavi analizom stavova prema poduzetništvu s naglaskom na rodne razlike među studentima te istražuje motivaciju i percepciju ženskih poduzetničkih sposobnosti. Istraživanje je provedeno na uzorku od 152 studenata Sveučilišta u Zadru, od kojih je većina studentica, s ciljem analize stavova prema poduzetništvu i rodnim razlikama u tom kontekstu. Rezultati su pokazali da ne postoje statistički značajne razlike između studenata i studentica u stavovima prema poduzetništvu. Obje skupine jednako cijene sposobnosti, znanje i spremnost na preuzimanje rizika kod poduzetnika. Također, nisu utvrđene značajne razlike između studenata iz većih i manjih mjesta u pogledu stavova prema ženskom poduzetništvu, premda studenti iz većih gradova pokazuju veću sklonost pozitivnim stavovima o ženama u poduzetništvu. Analiza motiva za pokretanje vlastitog posla otkrila je statistički značajne razlike između spolova, pri čemu su žene više usmjerene na ostvarivanje društvenog utjecaja, realizaciju potencijala, fleksibilnost radnog vremena i postizanje neograničenog prihoda. U procjeni poduzetničkih sposobnosti žena s obzirom na radni status majke, jedina značajna razlika bila je u percepciji da žena može uspješno balansirati profesionalne i obiteljske uloge, gdje su ispitanici sa zaposlenim majkama pokazali jače slaganje s tom tvrdnjom. Istraživanje nije otkrilo značajne razlike u samopouzdanju i ambicioznosti između spolova, što sugerira da i studenti i studentice dijele slične stavove prema svojim sposobnostima i motivaciji za uspjeh. Međutim, postoje određene specifične razlike koje su povezane s motivima za ulazak u poduzetništvo i percepcijom ženskih poduzetničkih sposobnosti.The study focuses on analyzing attitudes toward entrepreneurship with an emphasis on gender differences among students and explores the motivation and perception of female entrepreneurial abilities. The research was conducted with a sample of 152 students from the University of Zadar, most of whom are female, with the aim of analyzing attitudes towards entrepreneurship and gender differences in this context. The results showed no statistically significant differences between male and female students regarding their attitudes toward entrepreneurship. Both groups equally value the skills, knowledge, and willingness to take risks associated with entrepreneurs. Additionally, no significant differences were found between students from larger and smaller towns regarding attitudes toward female entrepreneurship, although students from larger cities exhibit a greater tendency towards positive attitudes about women in entrepreneurship. The analysis of motives for starting a business revealed statistically significant differences between genders, with women being more focused on achieving social impact, realizing potential, flexible working hours, and achieving unlimited income. In assessing female entrepreneurial abilities in relation to the mother's employment status, the only significant difference was in the perception that women can successfully balance professional and family roles, with respondents whose mothers are employed showing stronger agreement with this statement. The study did not reveal significant differences in confidence and ambition between genders, suggesting that both male and female students share similar views on their abilities and motivation for success. However, there are specific differences related to the motives for entering entrepreneurship and the perception of female entrepreneurial abilities
Death and dying in Middle High German Arthurian romances
No full textU ovoj se disertaciji kulturološki, književno povijesno, književno teoretski, komparativno, estetsko-stilski, hermeneutički i kritički istražuje prikaze, opise i funkcije smrti i umiranja likova iz njemačkih arturijanskih romana visokog srednjeg vijeka. Riječ je o djelima njemačkih srednjovjekovnih autora poput Wolframa, Gottfrieda, Hartmanna, Ulricha, Wirnta itd. naslovljenima Parzival, Tristan, Erec, Iwein, Lanzelet, Wigalois i dr. Srednji je vijek dugo razdoblje u kojem nastaju mnogobrojna književna i umjetnička djela, no ova je disertacija posvećena samo njemačkim arturijanskim romanima nastalima od sredine 11. do sredine 13. stoljeća na srednjovisokonjemačkom na području današnje Europe. Dosadašnja istraživanja smrti i umiranja u književnosti obuhvaćaju prikaze i funkcije smrti u raznim književnim epohama, rodovima i žanrovima. Stoga se u tim istraživanjima javljaju teme poput funkcije i prikaza smrti u poeziji i prozi, prikazi smrti u suvremenoj književnosti, uloga književnosti u opisivanju i prikazivanju smrti, umiranje muških i ženskih likova u različitim književnim žanrovima, povezanost između književnosti i zbilje po pitanju smrti i sl. Što se tiče srednjeg vijeka i arturijanskih te viteških romana, uglavnom su dostupna istraživanja na temu smrti u francuskoj, engleskoj i njemačkoj srednjovjekovnoj književnosti i to poglavito u viteškim romanima, epovima, pripovijetkama u stihovima, pjesmama i zbirkama i sl. Najmanje je zastupljeno, pogotovo kada je riječ o njemačkoj srednjovjekovnoj književnosti, istraživanje smrti i umiranja u arturijanskim romanima. Iz tog je razloga ovo istraživanje posvećeno proučavanju takvih prikaza i to u djelima iz razdoblja kada arturijanski romani doživljavaju svoj vrhunac u srednjovjekovnoj njemačkoj književnosti, a to je visoki srednji vijek. U istraživanju se analizira, kritički proučava, interpretira i opisuje prikaze i funkcije smrti i umiranja u tim djelima s ciljem utvrđivanja prisutnosti određenih obrazaca i uzoraka pri prikazivanju smrti u njemačkom arturijanskom romanu visokog srednjeg vijeka. Glavna je pretpostavka ovog istraživanja ta da prikazi smrti i umiranja čine ključne narativne i strukturne elemente njemačkih arturijanskih romana, iz kojih proizlaze određeni obrasci prikazivanja smrti kod autora tih romana. Shodno tomu, u ovoj se disertaciji uspostavlja tipologija arturijanskih načina umiranja i prikazivanja smrti kod srednjovjekovnih njemačkih pjesnika. Neki od tipova smrti svojstveni njemačkim arturijanskim romanima su primjerice časna i nečasna smrt, zaslužena smrt, smrt fantastičnih bića, smrt roditelja, smrt pojedinca i grupe, uskraćena i prerana smrt, predstojeća smrt itd. Uz tu se tipologiju u ovoj disertaciji vežu teme poput časti, odanosti, sramote, nečasti, minne, viteških dužnosti i vrlina, viteškog kodeksa, staleškog društva i moralnih vrijednosti srednjeg vijeka, magije i praznovjerja, tabua, legendi i mitova te naposljetku smrti, umiranja, vjerovanja, prolaznosti, tjelesnosti, strahova, pogrebnih običaja i rituala, stavova o smrti, vizija zagrobnog života i sl. Te i mnoge druge srodne teme čine neke od centralnih tema srednjovjekovne književnosti, a u ovom se istraživanju pretpostavlja da su u njemačkim arturijanskim romanima visokog srednjeg vijeka one naglašene i istaknute, premda povezane s uobičajenim temama smrti i umiranja. Na taj način neki srednjovjekovni njemački pjesnici prikazujući smrt i umiranje u svojim romanima postavljaju pitanja od velikog značaja za srednjovjekovno društvo, kritiziraju i propitkuju postojeće sustave, vrijednosti i norme te bilježe i preslikavaju srednjovjekovnu zbilju u onoj romanesknoj. Iz tog se razloga arturijanske romane istražene u ovoj disertaciji smatra vrijednim i iznimno značajnim izvorima srednjovjekovnih stavova i pogleda na smrt, ali i na život srednjovjekovnog društva i njegovih članova. K tomu, proučavanjem života i smrti likova iz arturijanskih romana, ovo istraživanje donosi nova saznanja o istraživanju smrti i umiranja u srednjovjekovnoj književnosti, o poimanjima i važnosti smrti za srednjovjekovne autore i publiku, o odnosu Crkve i društva prema smrti i umiranju u srednjem vijeku, o povezanosti između smrti, hereza, praznovjerja, magije i tabua, o razlikama u stavovima prema smrti u srednjem vijeku i danas itd. Znanstveni se doprinos ovog istraživanja, stoga, očituje prije svega u uspostavljanju tipologije smrti i umiranja u njemačkim arturijanskim romanima na području teorije i povijesti književnosti, a zatim i na područjima tanatologije i eshatologije, prikazima vizija zagrobnog života i utjecaja Crkve na promjenu stavova o smrti u srednjem vijeku prikazanima u tim djelima te naposljetku vrijednim saznanjima o srednjovjekovnim pogrebnim običajima i ritualima, strahovima od smrti, predviđanjem i pripreme na smrt (Ars moriendi) i sl. Shodno tomu, ovo istraživanje donosi nova i nadopunjuje neka postojeća saznanja i činjenice o smrti i umiranju u srednjem vijeku, u srednjovjekovnoj književnosti te u njemačkim arturijanskim romanima visokog srednjeg vijeka te samim time služi kao podloga za buduća istraživanja smrti i umiranja.This research investigates the topic of death and dying in Middle High German Arthurian romances by culturally, comparatively, aesthetically and stylistically, hermeneutically, critically and in a historical-literary and literary-theoretical manner investigating, analyzing, describing and interpreting the descriptions and the functions of death and dying of characters in those works. These works include Arthurian romances such as Parzival, Tristan, Erec, Iwein, Lanzelet and Wigalois written by Wolfram, Gottfried, Hartmann (both Erec and Iwein), Ulrich and Wirnt respectively. The Middle Ages were a long historical period in which numerous works of art and literature were created, but this dissertation focuses only on Middle High German Arthurian romances created mostly from the middle of the 11th to the middle of the 13th century in Middle High German in the territory of today’s Europe. Previous research on the topic of death and dying in literature include depictions and functions of death in various literary periods, genres and forms. Thus, existing research deals with depictions and functions of death in poetry and prose, with depictions of death in the contemporary literature, with the role of literature in describing and portraying death, with death and dying of male and female characters in different literary genres, with the connection between literature and reality with regard to death, etc. When it comes to the Middle Ages, there is previous research on the topic of death available, but for the most part, it concerns medieval French, English and German literary works and genres such as chivalric romances, heroic poems, narrative poems, poems and poetry collections, etc. There is the least research available, especially when it comes to Middle High German literature, on the topic of death and dying in the Arthurian romance. For this reason, this research focuses on studying and investigating depictions of death and dying in those works and at a time when the Arthurian romance was at its peak in Middle High German literature, in the High Middle Ages. In this research, the depictions and the functions of death and dying in the Arthurian romance are analyzed, critically evaluated, interpreted and described in order to determine if there are any patterns in how death was depicted in Middle High German Arthurian romances. This research argues that the depictions of death and dying are the key narrative and structural elements of the Middle High German Arthurian romance, which reveals certain patterns that the authors of these works use to describe and portray death. Some of the types of death characteristic for the Middle High German Arthurian romance are, for example, the honorable and the dishonorable death, the (self)earned death, the death of fantastic creatures, the death of parents, the death of an individual and the death of a group, the denied death, the premature death, the impending death, etc. In relation to that typology of death in the Arthurian romance, this dissertation also mentions topics such as honor, loyalty, dishonor, shame, minne, knightly duties and knightly virtues, the Knight’s Code, estates of the realm, magic and superstition, taboos, legends, myths, but also death, dying, beliefs, ephemeral life, corporeality, fears, funeral rituals, views on death, visions of the afterlife and others. These and other similar topics are some of the central themes of the medieval literature and this research argues that they are emphasized and highlighted, although connected to the common topics of death and dying. Thus, by portraying death in dying in their works, some of the Middle High German poets ask questions of great importance for the medieval society, criticize and question the systems, values and the rules of their time, but also record and mirror the medieval reality in the literary one. Moreover, by investigating the lives and the deaths of characters from the Arthurian romances, this dissertation offers new knowledge concerning the research of death and dying in the medieval literature, but also concerning the views on and the significance of death for medieval poets and their audiences. Additionally, this knowledge concerns the attitude of the Church and the medieval man towards death and dying in the Middle Ages, the connection between death, heresy, superstition, magic and taboos, as well as the differences in views regarding death in the Middle Ages and today. The scientific contribution of this research, thus, lies in the established typology of death and dying in the Middle High German Arthurian romance concerning the fields of literary theory and literary history. Also, by investigating the visions of the afterlife and the Church’s influence on the attitudes towards death in the Middle Ages presented in these works, this research contributes to researching death in the fields of thanatology and eschatology, and it offers valuable knowledge about medieval funeral practices and rituals, fears of death, prediction of death and preparations for death (Ars moriendi), etc. Finally, this research contains new and adds to the existing knowledge of death and dying in the Middle Ages, in the medieval literature and in the Middle High German Arthurian romances, and therefore serves as a foundation for future research on death and dying.In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden die Darstellungen, Beschreibungen und Funktionen von Tod und Sterben der Figuren in den deutschen Artusromanen des Hochmittelalters kulturell, literaturgeschichtlich, literaturtheoretisch, komparativ, ästhetisch und stilistisch, hermeneutisch und kritisch untersucht. Dabei handelt es sich um deutsche Autoren des Mittelalters wie Wolfram, Gottfried, Hartmann, Ulrich, Wirnt usw. und deren Werke Parzival, Tristan, Erec, Iwein, Lanzelet, Wigalois und andere. Auch wenn im lang andauernden Zeitalter des Mittelalters viele literarische und künstlerische Werke entstanden sind, befasst sich diese Dissertation ausschließlich mit den deutschen Artusromanen, die zwischen der Mitte des 11. und der Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts in den mittelalterlichen deutschen Gebieten des heutigen Europas entstanden sind. Die bisherigen Untersuchungen von Tod und Sterben in der Literatur beinhalten die Darstellungen und Funktionen von Tod in verschiedenen Literaturepochen, Gattungen und Genres. Aufgrund dessen werden in diesen Untersuchungen Themen wie der Tod in der Poesie und der Prosa, die Darstellungen von Tod in der Gegenwartsliteratur, die Rolle der Literatur in der Beschreibung in Darstellung von Tod, das Sterben von männlichen und weiblichen Figuren in verschiedenen Literaturgenres, die Verbindung von Literatur und Wirklichkeit im Hinblick auf Tod usw. Untersuchungen zu den Artus- und Ritterromanen des Mittelalters zum Thema Tod befassen sich überwiegend mit dem Thema Tod in der französischen, englischen und deutschen Mittelalterliteratur, und das größtenteils in den Ritterromanen, Epen, Verserzählungen, Gedichten, Sammlungen und Ähnliches. Untersuchungen zu den Artusromanen, besonders in der deutschsprachigen Literatur des Mittelalters, zum Thema Tod und Sterben gibt es kaum. Aus diesem Grund untersucht die vorliegende Dissertation genau diese Darstellungen in den Werken, die in der Zeit entstanden sind, als der Artusroman in der deutschen Literatur des Mittelalters seinen Höhepunkt erreicht – im Hochmittelalter. Die Darstellungen und Funktionen von Tod und Sterben in den genannten Werken werden in dieser Untersuchung analysiert, kritisch erforscht, interpretiert und beschrieben. Dabei ist das Ziel, bestimmte vorhandene Muster bei der Darstellung von Tod in deutschen Artusromanen des Hochmittelalters zu bestimmen. Die Haupthypothese dieser Untersuchung lautet, dass die Darstellungen von Tod und Sterben wichtige narrative und strukturelle Elemente in den deutschen Artusromanen bilden. Dementsprechend wird in dieser Dissertation eine Typologie der Art und Weise des Sterbens und der Darstellung von Tod in Artusromanen der deutschen mittelalterlichen Dichter erarbeitet. Einige charakteristische Todesarten in deutschen Artusromanen sind beispielsweise der ehrenhafte und der unehrenhafte Tod, der (selbst)verdiente Tod, der Tod von Fabelwesen, Elterntod, der Tod von Einzelfiguren und Gruppen, verweigerter und vorzeitiger Tod, bevorstehender Tod usw. Darüber hinaus werden in dieser Dissertation Themen, wie Ehre, Treue, Schande, Unehre, Minne, Ritterpflicht und Rittertugend, Ritterkodex, Ständegesellschaft und moralische Werte des Mittelalters, Magie und Aberglaube, Tabu, Legenden, Mythen aber auch Tod, Sterben, Glauben, Vergänglichkeit, Körperlichkeit, Ängste, Bestattungsrituale und Sitten, Meinungen Tod, Visionen des Jenseits und Ähnliche. Zudem liegt das Augenmerk auch auf vielen weiteren ähnlichen Themen der mittelalterlichen Literatur. In dieser Untersuchung wird angenommen, dass in den deutschen Artusromanen des Hochmittelalters diese Themen betont und hervorgehoben werden, wobei sie mit den üblichen Themen Tod und Sterben verknüpft sind. Indem einige deutsche mittelalterliche Dichter Tod und Sterben in ihren Romanen darstellen, sprechen sie wichtige Themen der mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft an, kritisieren und hinterfragen die bestehenden Systeme, Werte und Normen und halten so die mittelalterliche Wirklichkeit fest und stellen sie in der literarischen Realität nach. Deshalb sind die hier untersuchten Romane wertvoll und eine wichtige Quelle mittelalterlicher Standpunkte und Meinungen zum Tod, aber auch zum Leben in einer mittelalterlichen Gesellschaft und ihrer Mitglieder. Zudem bietet diese Untersuchung über das Leben und den Tod der Figuren in den Artusromanen neue Erkenntnisse über Tod und Sterben in der Mittelalterliteratur, über das Verständnis und die Wichtigkeit des Todes für die Autoren und das Publikum des Mittelalters, über die Einstellung von Kirche und Gesellschaft im Mittelalter dem Tod und Sterben gegenüber, sowie über die Korrelation von Tod, Ketzerei, Aberglaube, Magie und Tabus, über die Unterschiede in den Meinungen zum Tod im Mittelalter und heute usw. Der wissenschaftliche Beitrag dieser Untersuchung besteht daher daraus, vor allem eine Typologie zum Tod und zum Sterben in deutschen Artusromanen auf dem Gebiet der Literaturtheorie und -geschichte zu erarbeiten. Des Weiteren erstreckt sich der Beitrag mit den Darstellungen der Visionen des Jenseits und des Einflusses der Kirche auf die Meinungen zum Tod in diesen Werken auf die Thanatologie und Eschatologie. Außerdem ergeben sich wertvolle Erkenntnisse zu den Bestattungsritualen und Traditionen des Mittelalters, der Angst vor dem Tod, Vorhersagungen und den Vorbereitungen auf den Tod (Ars moriendi) und Ähnliches. Somit bringt diese Untersuchung neue Erkenntnisse und ergänzt schon bestehende und bekannte Fakten über Tod und Sterben im Mittelalter, in der Mittelalterliteratur und in deutschen Artusromanen des Hochmittelalters. Daher dient diese Dissertation als Grundlage für weitere zukünftige Untersuchungen zum Thema Tod und Sterben
Analiziranje odrastanja u romanima Cormaca McCarthyja
No full textThis work focuses on analyzing the American writer Cormac McCarthy’s protagonists. in a way that their process of growing up, so-called coming of age, is chronologically examined. Although McCarthy’s novels used as examples are not bildungsroman novels that the term coming of age is typical for, the plots are complex enough thanks to human relations and the protagonists' development from the beginning to the end of the novels. For those reasons, this atypical method of character analysis can be applied. Furthermore, given that the concepts of masculinity and violence are present in McCarthy’s works, the characters are primarily going to be analyzed through the theory of hegemonic masculinity by Raewyn Connell, who in her work Masculinities perfectly explains male behavior, what it depends on and how its hierarchy of power is constituted in society. This theory will be followed by the Frontier Myth theory by Richard Slotkin, which serves as additional context for the periods in which these selected novels take place. While these two themes are seemingly unrelated, it will be seen how men controlled the territory of The United States of America throughout history, and with that human relations, thus creating scenarios and situations that changed and shaped the protagonists of Blood Meridian, All the Pretty Horses and The Road.Ovaj rad se fokusira na analiziranje glavnih likova američkog pisca Cormaca McCarthyja na način da se kronološki prati njihov proces odrastanja, takozvani coming of age. Iako McCarthyjevi romani koji se koriste za primjere nisu bildungs romani za koje je izraz coming of age tipičan, radnje su dovoljno složene zahvaljujući ljudskim odnosima i razvoju glavnih likova od početka do kraja romana. Iz tog razloga može se primijeniti ovaj netipičan način analize likova. Nadalje, s obzirom da su koncept muškosti i nasilje prisutni u McCarthyjevim djelovima, likovi će se prvenstveno analizirati kroz Teoriju hegemoničke muškosti od Raewyn Connell, koja u svom radu Masculinities izvrsno objašnjava ponašanje muškaraca, o čemu ovisi i kako je građena njegova hijerarhija dominantnosti u društvu. Na tu teoriju će se nadovezati Frontier Myth teorija Richarda Slotkina koja služi kako bi dala dodatni kontekst periodima u kojima su radnje odabranih romana smještene. Dok su te dvije teme naizgled nepovezane, vidjet će se način na koji su muškarci kroz povijest Sjedinjenih Američkih Država kontrolirali teritorij, a tako i ljudske odnose, na taj način stvarajući scenarije i situacije koje su promijenile i oblikovale glavne likove romana Blood Meridian, All the Pretty Horses i The Roa
Photography in Croatia: Zagreb through the lens of the camera from the advent of photography to the Second World War
No full textDo jednog od najrevolucionarnijih otkrića u povijesti čovječanstva – fotografije – došao je početkom 19.stoljeća francuski kemičar imena Nicéphore Niépce. Otkrivši da će, ako na mjesto mutnog stakla na tzv. cameri obscuri (četvrtastoj kutijici koja je obnašala ulogu današnjeg fotoaparata) postavi pločicu namazanu fotoosjetljivim bitumenom, dobiti preslik vanjskog okruženja 1826. godine uspio je snimiti prvu fotografiju u svijetu: Pogled s prozora u Le Grasu. Njegov izum usavršio je francuski slikar Louis Daugerre, koji je nekoliko godina kasnije uspio snimiti trajnu fotografiju uz pomoć postupaka razvijanja i fiksiranja, a ta metoda nazvana je po njemu – dagerotipija. Dagerotipijske snimke, iako osjetljive na vlagu i oštećenja, bile su vrlo cijenjene, a metoda dagerotipije brzo je postala popularna u čitavoj Europi i SAD-u. U Hrvatsku, odnosno Zagreb, vijest o dagerotipiji pristigla je početkom 40-godina 19.stoljeća, a pripadnici intelektualnih krugova i visokog sloja društva objeručke su je prihvatili. Otada pa sve do početka 20.stoljeća, u Zagrebu su se prakticirale razne fotografske metode i snimali građanski portreti u atelijerima profesionalnih fotografa. Posljednja dva desetljeća 19.stoljeća odvio se preokret: fotografska oprema i materijali postali su dostupni i nižem sloju građanstva, što je rezultiralo pojavom neprofesionalnih fotografa – fotoamatera. 1893. godine osnovali su Klub amatera fotografa i na neki način zbacili s trona profesionalne fotografe. Umjesto (dosad isključivo) estetskih portreta, snimali su fotografije prirode i ljudi u njihovoj svakodnevnici. Tokom Prvog svjetskog rata fotografska aktivnost je prekinuta, a njezino oživljavanje zbilo se početkom 1920-ih. Fotoamateri su ponovno počeli djelovati (do kraja 20-ih godina u sklopu planinarskih društava), a Klub amatera fotografa preimenovan je u Fotoklub Zagreb. Klub je okupljao najbolje hrvatske fotografe i organizirao izložbe svjetskog značaja, kako u domovini, tako i u inozemstvu. Među njegovim članovima istaknuli su se Ignjat Habermüller, August Frajtić i Tošo Dabac. Krajem 20-ih i početkom 30-ih godina 20.stoljeća u hrvatskoj se fotografiji pojavila socijalna struja preko koje su fotografi suptilno pokušali ukazati na aktualne društvene probleme. Izvan konteksta Fotokluba Zagreb istaknuli su se Franjo Mosinger i Antonija Kulčar, koji su svojim modernim pristupom omogućili hrvatskoj fotografiji da 30-ih godina ide ukorak s vodećim europskim umjetničkim stilovima.At the beginning of the 19th century, a French chemist named Nicéphore Niépce came up with one of the most revolutionary discoveries in the history of mankind – photography. Discovering that if instead of cloudy glass on the so-called cameri obscuri (four-shaped box that played the role of today's camera) placed a plate smeared with photosensitive bitumen to obtain a copy of the external environment, in 1826 he managed to take the first photograph in the world: View from the window in Le Gras. His invention was perfected by the French painter Louis Daugerre, who a few years later managed to take a permanent photograph with the help of developing and fixing procedures, and this method was named after him - daguerreotype. Daguerreotype photographs, although susceptible to moisture and damage, were highly regarded, and the daguerreotype method quickly became popular throughout Europe and the US. News about the daguerreotype arrived in Croatia, that is, Zagreb, in the early 1940s, and members of intellectual circles and the upper class of society eagerly accepted it. From then until the beginning of the 20th century, various photographic methods were practiced in Zagreb and citizen portraits were taken in the studios of professional photographers. In the last two decades of the 19th century, a change took place: photographic equipment and materials became available to the lower class of citizens, which resulted in the appearance of non-professional photographers - amateur photographers. In 1893, they founded the Club of Amateur Photographers and in a way dethroned professional photographers. Instead of (so far exclusively) aesthetic portraits, they took photos of nature and people in their everyday life. During the First World War, photographic activity was interrupted, and its revival took place in the early 1920s. Amateur photographers began to work again (until the end of the 20s as part of mountaineering societies), and the Club of Amateur Photographers was renamed Fotoklub Zagreb. The club gathered the best Croatian photographers and organized exhibitions of world importance, both in the homeland and abroad. Among its members, Ignjat Habermüller, August Frajtić and Tošo Dabac stood out. At the end of the 20s and the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century, a social trend appeared in Croatian photography through which photographers subtly tried to point out current social problems. Franjo Mosinger and Antonija Kulčar stood out outside the context of Fotoklub Zagreb, who with their modern approach enabled Croatian photography to keep up with the leading European artistic styles in the 1930s
The Relationship between Self-Assessment of Entrepreneurial Orientation, Efficacy, and Job Satisfaction among Primary School Teachers
No full textOvo istraživanje analizira povezanost između poduzetničke orijentacije, učinkovitosti i zadovoljstva poslom nastavnika osnovnih škola. Rezultati su pokazali statistički značajne pozitivne korelacije između subskala poduzetničke orijentacije, poput inovativnosti, osobne kontrole i proaktivnosti te zadovoljstva poslom. Ovi nalazi sugeriraju da nastavnici s višom razinom poduzetničke orijentacije imaju tendenciju biti zadovoljniji svojim poslom, što također može pozitivno utjecati na njihovu profesionalnu učinkovitost. Dodatno, uočene su razlike u razinama zadovoljstva poslom i poduzetničke orijentacije ovisno o sociodemografskim karakteristikama, poput spola, godina staža i kurikulumskog područja, što upućuje na potrebu za specifičnim mjerama podrške nastavnicima. Nalazi istraživanja naglašavaju važnost prilagođavanja programa profesionalnog razvoja koji potiču poduzetničke vještine i kompetencije u obrazovanju. Ovi rezultati mogu poslužiti kao osnova za daljnja istraživanja i razvoj obrazovnih strategija usmjerenih na unaprjeđenje kvalitete nastave i profesionalnog razvoja nastavnika, te na jačanje njihove motivacije i angažmana. Zaključno, rezultati istraživanja imaju važne implikacije za obrazovne politike, sugerirajući da poticanje poduzetničkog duha među nastavnicima može povećati njihovo zadovoljstvo poslom i ukupnu kvalitetu obrazovanja. Daljnja istraživanja trebala bi ispitati dugoročne učinke poduzetničke orijentacije na profesionalni razvoj nastavnika i njihove obrazovne ishode.This study examines the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, teacher efficacy, and job satisfaction among primary school teachers. The findings reveal statistically significant positive correlations between subscales of entrepreneurial orientation, such as innovation, personal control, and proactivity, and job satisfaction. These results suggest that teachers with a higher level of entrepreneurial orientation tend to experience greater job satisfaction, which may also positively influence their professional effectiveness. Furthermore, differences in satisfaction levels and entrepreneurial orientation were observed based on sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender, years of service, and curriculum subject field, indicating a need for tailored support measures for teachers. The study highlights the importance of aligning professional development programs with the unique needs of different teacher groups to foster entrepreneurial skills and competencies in education. Overall, the findings have significant implications for educational policies, suggesting that fostering an entrepreneurial mindset among teachers can enhance their job satisfaction, reduce attrition rates, and improve the quality of education. Future research should focus on exploring the longterm effects of entrepreneurial orientation on teachers' professional development and educational outcomes, thereby contributing to more effective educational strategies and policie
Painter Biagio di Giorgio da Traù in Trogir
No full textBlaž Jurjev bio je značajan kasnogotički slikar. Djelovao je u prvoj polovici 15. stoljeća na području dalmatinskih gradova; u Splitu, Zadru i Dubrovniku te posebice u Trogiru. Vjerojatno se školovao u Zadru i Veneciji, a njegova umjetnička ostavština uključuje minijature, poliptihe te oltarne slike. Određeni broj sačuvanih primjeraka i danas je prisutan u sakralnim zbirkama. Slikarevo djelovanje u gradu Trogiru bilo je obilježeno radom za lokalne crkve te bratovštine, posebice bratovštinu Sv. Duha, kojoj je i sam pripadao. Blaž Jurjev je na svojim djelima kombinirao lokalne dalmatinske slikarske tradicije s međunarodnim utjecajima. Pod utjecajem venecijanskog slikarstva, uspio je stvoriti prepoznatljiv i jedinstven stil, te se prometnuti u najvažniju slikarsku ličnost prve polovine 15. stoljeća u Dalmaciji. Iako su mnoga njegova djela izgubljena, to ne isključuje mogućnost budućeg pronalaska još nekih umjetnina. Ona djela koja su sačuvana svjedoče o majstorskoj vještini i umjetničkoj osjetljivosti slikara. Zahvaljujući velikom broju istraživanja, danas su dostupne brojne činjenice o životu i opusu Blaža Jurjeva, međutim i dalje postoje pitanja na koja buduća istraživanja tek trebaju dati odgovore.Biagio di Giorgio da Traù, a prominent figure in late Gothic painting, was active during the first half of the 15th century across key Dalmatian cities, including Split, Zadar, and Dubrovnik, with a particular focus on Trogir. Evidence suggests that he may have received his training in Zadar and Venice, both of which were significant artistic centres at the time. His extant body of work includes miniatures, polyptychs, and altarpieces, several of which remain preserved in different collections. His artistic contributions to Trogir were closely linked to commissions from local churches and confraternities, notably the Confraternity of the Holy Spirit, of which he was a member. His style reflects a synthesis of local Dalmatian artistic traditions with broader international influences, particularly those stemming from Venetian painting. This combination of regional and international elements allowed him to develop a distinctive style that positioned him as one of the leading painters in Dalmatia during the early 15th century. While many of his works have been lost, the surviving pieces provide valuable insights into his technical skill and artistic sensitivity. The possibility of uncovering additional works remains, which could further illuminate his contributions to Gothic painting in Dalmatia. Extensive research has shed considerable light on his life and oeuvre; however, certain questions persist, leaving room for further scholarly inquiry into his artistic legacy
Nursing care for patients that have undergone lung cancer surgery
No full textSestrinska skrb bolesnika operiranih od karcinoma pluća potrebna je za uspješan postoperativni oporavak i prevenciju komplikacija. Skrb uključuje praćenje vitalnih znakova, kontrolu boli, potporu u disanju i fizičkoj rehabilitaciji, kao i edukaciju pacijenata o njihovom stanju i pravilnoj njezi. Sestre trebaju pružiti emocionalnu podršku i pomoći pacijentima da se nose sa stresom i anksioznošću koja često prati ovu dijagnozu. Osim toga, važno je pratiti moguće postoperativne komplikacije kao što su pneumonija ili infektivni procesi, te pravovremeno reagirati na njih. Provođenje prevencije, pravilna komunikacija i edukacija pacijenata su također bitni dijelovi sestrinske skrbi.Nursing care for patients that have undergone lung cancer surgery is necessary for successful postoperative recovery and the prevention of complications. Care includes monitoring vital signs, pain management, respiratory support and physical rehabilitation, as well as educating patients about their condition and proper care. Nurses need to provide emotional support and help patients cope with the stress and anxiety that often accompany this diagnosis. Additionally, it is important to monitor for potential postoperative complications such as pneumonia or infections and respond to them promptly. Implementing preventive measures, proper communication, and patient education are also essential parts of nursing care
The Reflection of Soviet society in the novel Mess-mend or Yankees in Petrograd by M. Shaginian
No full textCilj je ovog rada bio analizirati kako kriminalistički roman Mess-mend ili Jenki u Petrogradu ruske spisateljice Mariette Šaginjan prikazuje sovjetsko društvo, te pridržava li se pritom ili potkopava konvencije detektivske fikcije. U teoretskom dijelu rada prikazane su glavne značajke kriminalističkog romana na temelju teorija Stanka Lasića, Pavla Pavličića i S. S. Van Dinea. Osim toga, dan je pregled sovjetske politike i društva kako bi se razumio povijesni kontekst romana. Analiza je pokazala kako Šaginjan odstupa od konvencionalne strukture kriminalističkog romana time što isprepliće više radnji i uvodi kolektivnu istragu umjesto jednog detektiva. Roman koristi parodiju i satiru kako bi kritizirao kapitalističko društvo i promicao sovjetske vrijednosti. Šaginjanin tretman vremena i prostora odražava sovjetsku želju za globalnom revolucijom. Unatoč tim odstupanjima, Mess-mend zadržava i prilagođava ključne elemente kriminalističke fikcije kako bi stvorio hibridno djelo koje kombinira zabavu s ideološkom porukom, istovremeno oslikavajući promjenjivo rusko društvo 1920-ih godina.The aim of this paper was to analyze how the crime novel Mess-mend or Yankees in Petrograd by the Russian writer Marietta Shaginian depicts Soviet society, and whether it adheres to or undermines the conventions of detective fiction. In the theoretical part of the paper, the main features of the crime novel are presented based on the theories of Stanko Lasić, Pavao Pavličić and S.S. Van Dine. In addition, an overview of Soviet politics and society is provided to understand the novel's historical context. The analysis of the novel showed that Šaginjan deviates from the conventional structure of a crime novel by intertwining several actions and introducing a collective investigation instead of a single detective. The novel uses parody and satire to criticize capitalist society and promote Soviet values. Shaginjana's treatment of time and space reflects the Soviet desire for global revolution. Despite these deviations, Mess-mend retains and adapts key elements of crime fiction to create a hybrid work that combines entertainment with an ideological message while depicting the changing Russian society of the 1920s
Nature connectedness and its relationship with certain wellbeing indicators
No full textUdaljavanje čovjeka od prirode, poznato i kao fenomen izumiranja iskustva posebno je izraženo u današnjem moderniziranom i urbaniziranom vremenu u kojem ljudi sve manje vremena provode u prirodi i s njom se sve manje povezuju s čime posljedično dolazi i do izostajanja pozitivnih efekata prirode na čovjeka i obrnuto. Stoga, glavni cilj ovog rada je bio ispitati prediktore povezanosti s prirodom na hrvatskom uzorku. Osim toga, kako bi se naglasila važnost ovog konstrukta za sveopću dobrobit čovjeka i prirode, drugi cilj bio je ispitati povezanost navedenog konstrukta s mjerom zadovoljstva životom i prookolišnim ponašanjima. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 210 sudionika od kojih je 166 žena, 43 muškarca te jedna rodno neopredijeljena osoba. Povezanost s prirodom mjerila se Skalom povezanosti s prirodom (Mayer i Frantz, 2004; CNS ‒ Connectedness to Nature Scale). Indikatori angažmana s prirodom (Lumber i sur., 2017; Nature indicators) korišteni su za ispitivanje angažmana s prirodom kroz interakcije koje se baziraju na hipotezi o biofiliji. Lista kontakta s prirodom i aktivnosti primjećivanja prirode (Richardson i sur., 2022; Contact with nature and noticing nature activities) diferencirala je aktivan angažman s prirodom od pasivnog kontakta s njom. Dispozicijska usredotočena svjesnost zahvaćena je petofaktorskim upitnikom usredotočene svjesnosti (Baer i sur., 2006; FFMQ ‒ Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire), dok je decentriranje mjereno subskalom decentriranja Toronto skale usredotočene svjesnosti (Lau i sur., 2006; TMS ‒ Toronto Mindfulness Scale). Dobrobit ljudi u vidu zadovoljstva životom mjerena je jednom česticom (Korajlija i sur., 2019), a dobrobit prirode kao posljedica uključenosti u prookolišna ponašanja koja se odvijaju u privatnoj sferi mjerena je subskalom životnog stila očuvanja okoliša skale prookolišnih ponašanja (Larson i sur., 2015; PEB ‒ Pro-environmental Behaviour Scale). Istraživanjem je utvrđeno kako je povezanost s prirodom u pozitivnoj povezanosti i sa zadovoljstvom i s uključenosti u prookolišna ponašanja. Pokazalo se kako su prediktori za povezanost s prirodom moralistička i simbolička vrijednost biofilije, odnosno suosjećanje i značenje, dispozicijska usredotočena svjesnost, a posebno faceta opažanja, te kontakt s prirodom i njeno primjećivanje, pri čemu je primjećivanje prirode važnije, a osobito aktivnosti u kojima do izražaja dolazi senzorni angažman: mirisanje cvijeća i odvajanje vremena za primjećivanje kukaca.Human disconnection from nature also known as a phenomenon called extinction of experience is especially noticeable in today’s modern and urbanised era where people spend less and less time in nature and are more disconnected with it, which results in a lack of positive effects of nature on humans and vice versa. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to examine the predictors of nature connectedness on Croatian sample. In addition, to highlight the importance of this construct for overall wellbeing of both, human and nature, the second aim was to examine correlation between this construct and measures of satisfaction with life and engagement in pro-environmental behaviour. The research included 210 participants, 166 of them were women, 43 man, and 1 person who has not specified their gender. Nature connectedness was measured using the Connectedness to Nature Scale (Mayer & Frantz, 2004). Nature indicators (Lumber et al., 2017) was used to measure engagement with nature through interactions based on biophilia hypothesis. Passive contact and active engagement with nature were differentiated using a List of contact with nature and noticing nature activities (Richardson et al., 2022). Dispositional mindfulness was assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (Baer et al., 2006), while decentering was measured with the decentering subscale of the Toronto Mindfulness Scale (Lau et al., 2006). Human well-being in terms of life satisfaction was assessed using one item (Korajlija et al., 2019), and nature well-being as a consequence of involvement in proenvironmental behaviour that occurs in the private sphere was measured with the subscale conservation lifestyle of the Pro-environmental Behaviour Scale (Larson et al., 2015). This study found that nature connectedness is in a positive correlation with both life satisfaction and engagement in pro-environmental behaviour. It was established predictors of nature connectedness are moralistic and symbolic values of biophilia ‒ compassion and meaning, dispositional mindfulness, particularly observing facet, and contact with and noticing nature with the noticing nature being more important than contact, especially activities involving sensory engagement: smelling flowers and noticing insects
Early Christian topography of Hvar island
No full textArheološka istraživanja starokršćanske arhitekture na otoku Hvaru svjedoče o bogatoj povijesti i kulturnom nasljeđu te ukazuju na kontinuiranu vjersku praksu kroz stoljeća. Adaptacije crkvenih objekata reflektiraju promjene u liturgijskim praksama i arhitektonskim stilovima. Proces dugotrajne kristijanizacije, obilježen intenzivnom izgradnjom sakralnih građevina, dodatno potvrđuje važnost Hvara kao otočkog središta starokršćanske kulture u Dalmaciji. Raznoliki arheološki nalazi, uključujući svjetiljke, grobnice i druge artefakte, ukazuju na rasprostranjenost starokršćanske arhitekture i vjerske prakse. Navedena otkrića obogaćuju naše razumijevanje povijesti otoka i pridonose očuvanju i valorizaciji kulturne baštine.Archaeological research on early Christian architecture on the island of Hvar testifies to the rich history and cultural heritage, indicating continuous religious practice through the centuries. Adaptations of church buildings reflect changes in liturgical practices and architectural styles. The process of prolonged Christianization, marked by intensive construction of sacred buildings, further confirms the importance of Hvar as an island center of early Christian culture in Dalmatia. Various archaeological findings, including lamps, tombs, and other artifacts, indicate the widespread presence of early Christian architecture and religious practices. These discoveries enrich our understanding of the island's history and contribute to the preservation and valorization of cultural heritage