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Testing the Effect of Preschool Education on Fourth Grade Students’ Mathematics Achievement in the TIMSS 2015: The Lithuanian Case
Get PDFCC BY-NC-NDThe Lithuanian education system, along with many others, might address the problem of educational inequality. One of its strategic educational goals is to narrow the
achievement gap in terms of socioeconomic status (SES) by ensuring equal opportunities for children from families of different SES backgrounds to optimally develop their
competencies during school years. However, the findings suggest that not only did the
achievement gap between students not narrow, but it significantly widened between 1995
and 2015 – based on the 20-year Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
(TIMSS). Affordable and high-quality preschool education can be seen as one of the most
effective policies to reduce differences in competence between children from different SES
backgrounds in the early stages of their development. However, the long-lasting effect of
preschool education on academic achievement in elementary school is debated, and these
effects might differ depending on the elementary school environment to which children
are exposed after preschool education. In this study, using Lithuanian data from the
TIMSS 2015, we use 2-level random effects models to examine the links between the
length of preschool education of students and their mathematics achievement in fourth
grade. We ask the following research questions: 1) Is preschool education associated with
students’ mathematics achievement in fourth grade in the TIMSS 2015, after controlling
for the SES of students’ families? 2) What are the compositional and interactional effects,
with respect to preschool education, on student achievement? The TIMSS 2015 results
indicate a significant positive effect of preschool education on mathematics achievement
at the student level. However, the composition of the school based on preschool education
strengthens the relationship within the school between the student’s SES and achievement. It seems that in Lithuania the problem of educational inequality remains and
should be further addressed
Open Society and Organic State
Get PDFCC BY-NC-ND 4.0In this paper, the concepts of open society and organic state are compared. A genesis of the emergence of the concept of open society is performed, and its
foundational meanings, as drawn in the texts of Bergson and Popper, are highlighted.
The conceptions of both creators of the concept are characterized by common features
– striving to substantiate philosophically international cooperation, peace, democracy,
social justice, and the necessity of the constant reform of institutions. However, the nature of this substantiation differs. In Popper’s mind, a rational dialogue is sufficient for
this, and it is necessary to discuss the modalities of rationality itself. Contrary to certain
opinions that are established in historiography, Bergson does not deny the necessity of
rationality in the formation of open society, but seeks its deeper anthropological substantiation in the intuition of duration. In both cases, the conception of open society was created as a reaction to the problems and spirit of the time. Lithuanian thinkers reacted to
the same problems and created the theory of organic state. Organic state, both from the
perspective of its content and anthropological substantiation, structurally corresponds to
the conception of open society of Popper and, especially, to that of Bergson
Performance Audit for State Programmes in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Get PDFCC BY-NC-ND 4.0This study is necessitated by a detailed analysis of the types of audit, in
particular, the performance audit of the quasi-public sector. The purpose of this study was
to investigate one of the most effective mechanisms of state financial control – performance
audit. The main research methods included the method of system analysis, the method of
analysis and synthesis, and the method of the system approach. It was pointed out that the
performance audit constitutes a detailed audit of the activities of persons who manage the
received public funds, aimed at determining the effectiveness of the use of budget funds
as an indicator of their competence in performing the functions assigned to them and the
tasks set. The main difference between a performance audit and any control activity is that
it should not end with the conventional preparation of a report on its results. The obvious
vulnerabilities of the performance audit were also identified with the currently available
legislative and methodological framework, and its concepts were presented in accordance with the audit standards adopted by the International Organization of Supreme Audit
Institutions. As a result, the study proved the relevance of the concept of performance audit,
but it requires systematic preparation of the legislative, regulatory, and methodological
framework, taking into account the specific features of the country's development
Burnout and Workplace Conflicts from an Employee Perspective
Get PDFPurpose. The purpose of this study was to find out what factors are singled out by employees in the context of burnout and workplace conflicts and how these constructs relate to demographic indicators. Design/methodology/approach. Quantitative research method was chosen for this study and the research tool was posted on the social platform and shared among various groups to reach people of all ages and professions. 401 people working in the Republic of Lithuania responded to the 5-part research questionnaire, which consisted of questions about demographic parameters, statements about burnout syndrome, its consequences, workplace conflicts and burnout caused by them. To process the research data factor analysis, descriptive statistics, data grouping and correlation analysis methods of statistical data analysis were used. Findings. The study revealed that burnout syndrome could be explained within primary and secondary symptoms of burnout and that in the context of burnout employees experience conflicts with clients and coworkers differently comparing with dissagreements with manager. Furthermore, several variables were distinguished when assessing relationships with demographic parameters but no significant relationship was found between education and the field of work with the constructs of the study. Research limitations/implications. The survey of the study only partially reflects the overall picture of the whole sample in the context of the issues under consideration and is more focused on younger people with higher education working in Lithuania, however the research covers very different areas of work and is relevant for various professions. Practical implications. The observations of this study will help to better understand the phenomena of burnout and workplace conflicts and will allow to assess the relationship between demographic parameters and these aspects when working with employees and communicating with customers, colleagues and managers. Originality/Value. This study will confirm the structure of burnout, workplace conflicts and burnout due to conflicts constructs which will help to analyze mentioned aspects in future research. Also it will reveal how demographic characteristics are associated with burnout and different conflict groups
Nurses’ Opinion about the Changes in Life Activities of Patients Covered by the EKMO System
No full textThe application of the EKMO system is a relatively new way to save the lives of patients with heart failure. These
patients require very special care, attention and diligence. In the study the opinion expressed by nurses about the changes
in life activities of patients with heart failure who are covered by the EKMO system, we believe, will be important both
for nurses working with the EKMO system and nurses not working with this system. The aim of the research is: to reveal
nurses’ opinion about the changes in life activities of patients g of patients with heart failure covered by the EKMO system.
A gualitative study using the structured interview method was performed in the Resuscitation and Intensive Care
unit of X Clinics, Department II. The study has been conducted on November of 2020.
The nurses who participated in the study said that in patients connected to the ECMO, the following vital activities
occur most: respiration, personal hygiene, eating and drinking,movement, defecation and urination. The needs of respiration
(cannula care, blood flow monitoring), personal hygiene and movement vital activities require the most attention of nurses.
Nurses working with patients connected to the EKMO system said that while this system complicates the organization of
the nursing process, it is a much-needed and effective system for saving a patient’s life
The role of creative works distribution in the modernization of the exclusive copyrights in the European Union regulation
No full textCC BY-NC-NDEuropean Union copyright law is continuously searching for an exclusive copyright regulatory model applicable to the present parameters of digital creative
content distribution ant monetization in online content sharing service platforms. The
potential harmfulness of the recently enacted Article 17 of the Digital Single Market Directive, oriented at sustaining the strength of exclusive copyrights protection in the online
content sharing service platforms, accentuates the need to answer the following question:
What theoretical component is lacking to successfully modernize exclusive copyrights
regulation in the European Union, in accordance to the needs of the present digital creative industry?
As is disclosed by the theoretical analysis conducted in this scientific research, such
an absent theoretical component can be found in the exclusive copyrights regulation
accordance towards the operation parameters of the open creative content distribution
model. The present problematic nature of the exclusive copyrights regulation in the European Union relates to such accordance being still unfulfilled within the lawmaking
process of the above mentioned rights regulation renewal. Representation towards technical parameters in accordance to which models of creators’ commercial practices are being
formed testify to the informative role of the creative works distribution model in the process of the modernization of the exclusive copyrights regulation in the European Union
The isssues of proving guilt in te activities of law enforcement
No full textThe article focuses on the process of criminal investigation and proving of guilt during the process.
The concepts of guilt and guiltiness in Lithuanian Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure are analyzed. Modern
law enforcement must protect the interests of the society and at the same time protect the rights of the individual.
The principle of subjective incrimination requires the establishment of guilt as an essential basis for criminal
responsibility. The requirement of the establishing mens rea is one of the important steps during criminal
investigation. Such establishment is also a necessary step to rebut the presumption of innocence. Nonetheless some
criminal investigations show that factors of quilt and mens rea are often times considered as factors of lesser
importance. To prevent the law enforcement agencies from mistakes special attention must be paid to the
identification of subjective features of the crime such as subjective perception of the suspect as well as the aims
and the motives of his actions. The author presents the analysis of the concepts of guilt, guiltiness and presents
various examples of courtroom practices with regard to particular mistakes of the proving of guilt. Some theoretical
suggestions on the establishment of guilt of the accomplices and the guilt of suspects when investigating the
numerous crimes are also presented
Expenses of Criminal Proceedings and Possibilities of its Recovery
No full textThe present article examines possibilities of the state to recover the costs of criminal
proceedings from the convicted. The law enforced by the state and the possibility to recover damages
and costs of criminal proceedings from the convicted are examined on the basis of the amendments
to recommendations for specialists and experts approved by the Order of the Prosecutor General of
the Republic of Lithuania in 2021 and the Lithuanian Code of Criminal Procedure. One of the aims
of the aforementioned amendments of the recommendations of the Prosecutor General is to ensure
smooth recovery of the costs of criminal proceedings incurred by the State when a private expert or
specialist is invited to testify in the proceedings.
The authors of the article maintain the idea that the amendments proposed by the Prosecutor
General failed to fill in the gaps in the regulation of the recovery of the costs of criminal proceedings
adding more confusion than legal certainty
Application of Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights in Enforcement Proceedings
Get PDFThe application of procedural guarantees of the right to a fair trial is significant for effective legal defence. Certain element of the right to a fair trial are applicable in enforcement proceedings, such the requirement for reasonable length of enforcement proceedings, cooperation between the parties, the principle of adversarial proceedings. Since enforcement proceedings are an integral part of litigation in the court, states may be liable for a failure to ensure effective enforcement proceedings
Kas ką gauna, kada ir kaip: partijų ir interesų grupių sąveika Europos demokratijose
Get PDFŠioje kolektyvinėje monografijoje analizuojama kertinių demokratinio politinio gyvenimo institucijų – politinių partijų ir interesų grupių / organizacijų – sąveika. Tyrimas atliktas kaip tarptautinio „Lyginamojo interesų grupių tyrimo“ projekto (CIgS) dalis. Partijų ir interesų grupių sąveikos analizė grindžiama klasikine amerikiečių politologo H. Lasswello politikos kaip proceso, kurio metu sprendžiama, „kas ką gauna kada ir kaip“, samprata ir logika. Be Lietuvos atvejo, jame analizuojamos Belgijos, Ispanijos, Slovėnijos patirtys, taip pat lyginamos naujųjų ir senųjų europos demokratijų partijų ir interesų organizacijų santykių praktikos esminis paradoksas, kurį atskleidžia atlikti tyrimai, kad partijų ir interesų grupių santykius tirtose šalyse galima palyginti su Šriodingerio katės eksperimentu. jame yra studijuojama katė, kuri tuo pat metu yra ir gyva, ir mirusi dėl ankstesnio atsitiktinio įvykio. Partijų ir interesų grupių tyrimai keturiose europos demokratijose atskleidė, kad partijų ir interesų organizacijų sąveikos yra menkai institucionalizuotos, fragmentiškos, savanaudiškos, jas iš esmės negalima aprašyti kokiu nors nuoseklesniu teoriniu modeliu, galiausiai jas menkai paaiškina ir normatyvinė atstovaujamosios demokratijos teorija. Monografijos pabaigoje aptariamos naujos galimos politinių partijų ir interesų grupių tyrimų kryptys