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Declaration of Private Interests in Lithuania: Retrospective and Perspective
No full textThis article analyzes the regulation of the obligation to declare
private interests and its implementation in Lithuania. The legal acts regulating
the declaration of private interests are evaluated, the entities with the obligation
to disclose private interests are identified, and both the data to be indicated in
the declaration of private interests and the procedure for the submission of such
data are discussed. The relationship between the obligation to declare private
interests and the possibility for the responsible authorities to invite declarants to
submit, clarify, or supplement the declaration is also assessed. The article concludes
that declaration is one of the most effective means of preventing conflicts
of public and private interest in the public service, but it does not resolve conflicts
in itself, so other risk management measures for conflicts of interest are necessary.
The author also considers that there is no appropriate regulation when the
list of declaring entities provided by law is not exhaustive, and the head of the
institution or body (in coordination with the Central Commission for Official
Ethics) has the right to impose an obligation to declare private interests and bylaws.
The article concludes that the current statutory list of declarable data does
not ensure the purposes of declaration, and in many cases depends on the subjective
assessment of the declarant, when it is up to them to determine whether
a circumstance may cause a conflict of interest and whether it must be declared
Conceptual Principles of Ensuring Societal Security in the Context of Social Change
Get PDFIn the conditions of social change, new articles of opportunities for societal security appear, according to
which new social archetypes are formed, which set the parameters of the innovative model of societal security system,
which will not only overcome existing problems and threats, but also will promote the development of tools of
prejudice, protection of society from their occurrence. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical basis
of the conceptual foundations of societal security, which will allow the development of new approaches to societal
security in order to preserve the livelihood of society. It has been studied that the conceptual foundations of societal
security address issues such as identity, social cohesion, inclusion, exclusion and the security dilemma. The research
areas of the concept of “societal security” are highlighted: the first studies the subjective construction and protection
of identity, the second develops according to objectivist ontologies focused on imminent external threats and the
importance of protecting social systems that support life. The methodological contribution is a clear and systematic
design of the study to promote transparency, structure and understanding of future research on the conceptual
foundations of societal security. New ideas and dimensions for the concepts of societal security in the context of social
change are offered. The concept of “societal security”, in contrast to the existing ones, is considered by us as a holistic
system of interconnected elements, built on the relationship of social system and environment to prevent negative
effects of social risks and reduce hazards and ensure the absence of social threats to human security. state, society
and protection of their social interests, values and needs. According to the results of the study, the concept of “societal
security” is comprehensive, contains economic, political, social, humanitarian and value aspects, reflects everything
that affects life, including the human environment, quality of life, makes society sustainable, capable of development
Vertė vartotojui svarbiausia: vartotojo patirties gerinimas viešosiose paslaugose
No full textCC BYGovernments worldwide are increasingly focusing on creating customer value in
public services and customer experience management to improve public sector performance and
increase citizens’ trust in government. Therefore, recently there has been an increase in scientific
literature and case studies analysing different aspects of customer value creation and/or customer
experience in public services. Still, the interaction between the two is not clearly disclosed and linked.
The purpose of this research is to accentuate the insights arising from research in science and
practice, to summarise and systematise the knowledge already created and to perform an empirical
study. Applying the methods of researching the content of scientific literature and practical reports,
the article reveals the interaction between the value of public services to the customer and the
customer experience in services. The aim of this study is to reveal the concept of customer value
creation by applying customer experience management in public services. After refining the general
theoretical insights of service value creation for the customer, the basics of the need and benefits of
their application in the provision of public services as well as the application of the method of value
creation for the customer in the provision of public services are analysed. The findings of this
research positions the customer value in public services as a subjective phenomenon, i.e., the value
is created by customers as it is based on their experiences in the process of service provision. In
contrast, service providers create a value creation system for customers, which turns them into the
co-creators of that value. Value creation for the customer occurs through the co-production and co-
design of public services, where the customer is an active participant in different stages of service
provision. Customer needs and expectations are evolving, and public service providers need to be
able to recognise and track them and respond to these changes by applying a customer journey
approach in the value creation system
Individual Factors that Cause Professional Burnout Syndrome in Social Workers, Employed in Community Rehabilitation Centre for Addictive Diseases
Get PDFCC BY 4.0At the theoretical and empirical levels, the article reveals individual factors that cause professional burnout syndrome in social workers, employed in community rehabilitation centre for addictive diseases. Addiction is
considered a disease that has aspects of biological, psychological, social, and
spiritual nature. Professional burnout syndrome can be understood from different points of view that in total comprise a general concept and consist of the
following aspects: emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and decrease in
self-realization. Research object is individual factors that cause professional
burnout syndrome in social workers, employed in community rehabilitation
centres for addictive diseases. The aim of the article is to reveal individual
factors that cause professional burnout syndrome in social workers, employed
in community rehabilitation centre for addictive diseases. Tasks: 1) to provide
theoretical assumptions about individual factors that cause professional burnout
syndrome; 2) based on experiences of social workers to reveal individual factors that cause professional burnout syndrome in social workers, employed in
community rehabilitation centre for addictive diseases. Research methods are
academic literature analysis, document analysis, and qualitative research. In
the study, semi-structured interviews, quality (content) analysis, summarizing
method were used.Empirical research revealed that individual factors that cause
the development of professional burnout syndrome in social workers, employed
in community rehabilitation centres for addictive diseases, are related to: employees’ feelings of inferiority and imposition of excessive requirements on
themselves (timidity, self-devaluation; feeling of guilt; lack of self-evaluation
skills and imposition of excessive requirements on oneself); personal qualities
(too much empathy, attachment to clients or doubts about the meaning of work);
individual factors related to the environment (having nobody to talk to about
problems, inability to change the environment, prolonged stress, narrowing of
interests outside work, and forced abandonment of activities that previously preventively helped to combat professional burnout syndrome). Individual factors
related to clients (collapse of hopes to help the client and excessive responsibility of the social worker for the client’s life). Participants of the research became
“inaccessible” to family members, were unable to distance themselves from
work stress (worries outside work, obsessive thoughts that hinder dissociation
from work, inability to relax, use of free time for work activities); felt a lack of
general and professional competencies
The principle of equal pay in ensuring equal opportunities for women in labour relations
No full textCC BY-NC-ND 4.0Although the employment gap between men and women in Lithuania is
insignificant and cannot be considered a relevant social problem, the same cannot be said
about their wages. Women’s wages are significantly lower than those of men. Lower wages
lead to lower pensions after active participation in the labour market ends and increase
the risk of poverty for women. This article analyses the legal measures enshrined in the
legislation of the European Union and Lithuania aimed at reducing the wage gap between
men and women and identifies problematic legal provisions.
From a formal point of view, the principle of equal pay is sufficiently regulated in
Lithuanian national law, and no significant problems have been identified in Lithuanian
case law – which is mainly in line with the objectives and direction of legal regulation.
On the other hand, despite considerable efforts that have been made in recent years
to implement transparency in the wage system, there are still some unresolved issues. One
of them is additional guarantees for pregnant women, those who have recently given birth,
and breastfeeding mothers, which limit the opportunities for these employees to receive
higher wages. The implementation of the Labour Code norm, which ensures the right of
women to receive adequate wages after pregnancy, childbirth, and childcare leave, also
causes legal uncertainty
Assessment of the Interaction between Financial Security and the Sustainability of Financial Infrastructure in the Countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
No full textThe dissertation research aims to solve the scientific problem: how to assess the interaction
between financial security and the sustainability of financial infrastructure. The analysis of financial security discusses the approach to this phenomenon at horizontal,
vertical, micro and macro levels, reveals the value of financial security, legal regulation
and sustainability aspects. It also reviews the content of the sustainability of financial
infrastructure and summarises the theoretical principles of financial security and sustainability
of financial infrastructure. The thesis proposes to assess financial security from
the perspective of households, since the financial situation of the most numerous economic
units has a significant impact on the economy. In addition to household savings and
consumption data, other data describing the macroeconomic environment of households
(level of economic development, stockpiling of the country’s financial reserves, stability of
purchasing power) were taken into account when calculating the financial security index.
When calculating the sustainability index of financial infrastructure, account was taken
of the fact that information on legal requirements and their implementation, as well as an
assessment of the credit situation, best reflects the situation of the financial infrastructure. The sustainability dimension of financial infrastructure is revealed through the processes
of stability, development and efficiency of the financial system. The results of the study
confirmed the existence of interactions between financial security and the sustainability
of financial infrastructure in OECD countries during the period under analysis. Based
on the results of the thesis, it can be argued that in order to ensure sustainable economic
processes it is necessary to put in place financial security measures and maintain a sustainable
financial infrastructure. The study prepares the basis for further research to identify
which measures could most effectively contribute to ensuring the needs of financial security
and sustainability of financial infrastructure, taking into account the interdependence
of these phenomena in individual OECD countries
Respecting the Supremacy of Law in Administrative Law-Making Subject to the Necessity to Rely on Special Competence
No full textThis article seeks to analyse the significance of the necessity
of relying on special knowledge and competence in the legislation, when assessing
the legality of granting legislative powers to the Government of the Republic
of Lithuania and public administration institutions and ensuring the
supremacy of law. For this purpose, the jurisprudence of the Lithuanian Constitutional
Court and administrative courts on the possibility to make legal
regulations specifying the provisions of law, when the special knowledge and
professional competence of administrative institutions is objectively needed in
this law-making, is examined and evaluated both in the pre-pandemic and
in the COVID-19 pandemic management contexts. The conclusion is drawn
that – even in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic, which requires
special knowledge and competence – the administrative discretion of law-making
is constitutionally legitimized but strictly limited by the supremacy of law,
which dictates that the essential aspects of regulation of restrictive measures
and human rights limitations should, ex ante, be prescribed by laws made in
parliament, and thus should not be enlarged. The existing shortcomings in ensuring
the supremacy of law – namely, the regulation of restrictive measures
imposing human rights limitations by administrative acts of government and
administrative institutions, which are legally based on only common provisions
of law – have not been remedied so far. Therefore, the existing provisions of law
have to be improved and the control of the supremacy of law has to be ensured
