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DE-PASS Best Evidence Statement (BESt): modifiable determinants of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents aged 5–19 years–a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
Full text linkCC BY 4.0Introduction Physical activity among children
and adolescents remains insufficient, despite
the substantial efforts made by researchers and
policymakers. Identifying and furthering our
understanding of potential modifiable determinants
of physical activity behaviour (PAB) and sedentary
behaviour (SB) is crucial for the development of
interventions that promote a shift from SB to PAB. The
current protocol details the process through which
a series of systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses (MAs) will be conducted to produce a best-
evidence statement (BESt) and inform policymakers.
The overall aim is to identify modifiable determinants
that are associated with changes in PAB and SB in
children and adolescents (aged 5–19 years) and to
quantify their effect on, or association with, PAB/SB.
Methods and analysis A search will be performed
in MEDLINE, SportDiscus, Web of Science, PsychINFO
and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled
trials (CTs) that investigate the effect of interventions on PAB/SB and longitudinal studies that investigate
the associations between modifiable determinants
and PAB/SB at multiple time points will be sought.
Risk of bias assessments will be performed using
adapted versions of Cochrane’s RoB V.2.0 and
ROBINS- I tools for RCTs and CTs, respectively, and an
adapted version of the National Institute of Health’s
tool for longitudinal studies. Data will be synthesised
narratively and, where possible, MAs will be
performed using frequentist and Bayesian statistics.
Modifiable determinants will be discussed considering
the settings in which they were investigated and the
PAB/SB measurement methods used.
Ethics and dissemination No ethical approval is
needed as no primary data will be collected. The
findings will be disseminated in peer- reviewed
publications and academic conferences where
possible. The BESt will also be shared with policy
makers within the DE- PASS consortium in the first
instance
Problems of the Application of Article 15 of the Law on Probation of the Republic Of Lithuania
No full textArticle 15 of the Law on Probation of the Republic of
Lithuania imperatively establishes the special duties of convicts released
from the prison. They are binding on all released convicts, but in practice
the application of these provisions may raise issues that require further
clarification. If the probation commission decides to apply parole in the
cases provided for in clause 2 and 3 of Article 157 (1), or Article 157 (2)
of the Penitentiary Code of the Republic of Lithuania, it shall provide the
place of its resolution where the convict’s correctional facility is located to
approve the decision. The court, after confirming the decision, decides to
release the convict on parole with or without intensive supervision. Once
a person has been placed under intensive surveillance and at the end of
this period, the Probation Service must ensure that the obligations laid
down in that article continue to apply to all persons released on parole. It
transpires that the Probation Service does not apply them independently
and the duty imposed by the court again resurfaces. When a court upholds
the Probation Commission’s decision to impose parole on a convict
and decides to release them without intensive supervision, they assign
additional (or with the Commission’s recommendations) obligations to
the convict, in accordance with the Probation Act
Ekonominių veiksnių poveikis gynybos naštai pasirinktose NATO šalyse
No full textCC BYThe paper examines the links between economic indicators and the defence burden
in selected NATO countries during the period between 1980 and 2020. Three of the largest NATO
spenders in terms of defence, such as Greece, Turke, and the USA, have been chosen for the
investigation. The question being posed by this research is whether economic factors have an impact
on the defence burden. To answer this question, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (further ARDL)
modelling has been employed. The results reveal that, in the long-run, the defence burden responds
negatively to output changes in the cases of Turkey and Greece. Inflation and the number of military
personnel have positive effects on the defence burden in all three countries in the long-run. While in
Greece the government gross debt affects the defence burden positively, in the United States and
Turkey the government gross debt affects the defence burden negatively. Moreover, the investigation
has shown that defence expenditure is less affected by economic determinants in the short term rather
than in the long term. The outcomes of the study could be incorporated into the economic development
policies of Greece, Turkey and the USA
The Hidden Interest in a Common European Identity
Full text linkCC BY 4.0A common European identity is an important part of the European political lexicon;
however, at the institutional level, it was taken seriously only when the economic crisis, the legal
challenges of EU integration, and the Brexit story encouraged a fresh look into the problem. Moreover,
the European identity problem may be viewed differently from the Western and Eastern European
perspectives, which helps to identify the roots of contemporary “official” and “sociological” perceptions of a common European identity. The Standard Eurobarometer (EB) questionaries were
used as a proxy to analyze the interest of the EU in a common European identity. We analyzed
the types of questions asked from 2004 to 2020 and took a look at the responses. The shifts in the
composition of the Standard EB questionaries signal that the “official” understanding of identity is
gaining ground against the “sociological” approach. The promotion by official bodies of the EU of a
one-sided understanding of a common European identity, based on the Western approach, narrows
the field and creates certain risks. In the face of a permanent EUropean unity crisis, it would not be
wise to lose one of the important instruments that could be successfully used to identify the hidden
challenges of the future
Interactions between Varieties of Spontaneous and Organized Social Order in Cyberspace: In Terms of Sustainable Security
Full text linkThe interaction between the variety of spontaneous and organized social order constantly occurs in
reality. Organized order can be successfully created only by observing the general social rules that have been
formed in the practice of spontaneous order development. The creation of social networks in cyberspace enables
many subjects to engage in this interaction in various forms of self-expression. Research on sociocultural
expression, which is expanding in social networks, opens up a new deep problem – the tensions of interaction
between organized and spontaneous varieties of social order, e.g. personal data protection and crime issues. The
experience of escalating these tensions in cyberspace is also transferred by the subjects to real life. It influences
changes in the development of the social order towards a decline in the sustainability of security at all levels of
human relations – at the level of individuals and their groups.
Sustainable security is the long-term balance between subjective freedom and social security, embodied in the
general or social rules of conduct that have grown up in the culture of society, and the implementation of which
we call justice. Historically, for a long time, social order was formed spontaneously in order, first of all, to
guarantee the safety of a group of people. Joint subjective efforts to guarantee security led to groups of people
becoming communities, and the freedom of individuals was linked to the creation of a social order. In the process
of transition to more modern social forms of life, individual persons and their groups have accumulated greater
power than other entities. Their pursuit of freedom of expression and personal gain led to conflicts between the
varieties of spontaneous and organized social order. In such a context, the opposite concept of freedom was
formed: freedom is only outside the social order.
On the basis of the pursuit of benefits and self-expression, both concepts of freedom now compete in social
networks. When subjects adhere to common norms of behavior and base their interaction on the pursuit of common
security, their concept of freedom is formed within the social order. However, it is also the opposite: when the
rules of social order serve only to achieve the great benefit of a part of the subjects, the concept of freedom without
restrictions is inevitably formed. Its compliance and unlimited expansion erode sustainable security.
The aim of this study is to reveal the sustainable security approach and its methodological possibilities to
examine the peculiarities of the interaction of organized and spontaneous social order varieties in cyberspace
Tracing Semantic Change with Multilingual LLOD and Diachronic Word Embeddings
Full text linkPurpose: The project will combine word embedding techniques and linguistic
linked open data (LLOD) with theoretical aspects from lexical semantics, the history of
concepts, and knowledge organization to trace the evolution of concepts in a collection
of multilingual diachronic corpora of seven extinct and extant languages (Latin, Ancient Greek, Hebrew, French, Old Lithuanian, Romanian, German). The outcome will
consist of a sample of diachronic ontologies to be published on the LLOD cloud. It will
also comprise reflections on the potential interconnections across different languages
that can be built through these knowledge structures
Towards the Harmonisation of the Initial Coin Offering Rules: Comparative Analyses of the Initial Coin Offering Legal Regulation in the USA and the EU
Full text linkCC BY 4.0This article consists of a comparative study of approaches to crypto-assets in the USA and EU, as well as an exploration of the
reasons behind such differences. These two jurisdictions vary dramatically in their history, economy and legal systems. Therefore,
differences in legal regulation regarding the Initial Coin Offering are to be expected. Doctrinal comparisons of legal regulation rarely shed
light on the way that law actually operates, but are necessary to answer the question of why countries do not enact similar approaches to
the regulation of the Initial Coin Offering. This leads to the conclusion that, in both jurisdictions, there exists no legal certainty. Meanwhile,
the failure of either the United States or the European Union to regulate the crypto-assets market effectively will have spill over effects for
other jurisdictions. There is, therefore, an urgent need for strengthening international standards in the regulation of crypto assets. Therefore,
this article intends to contribute to the search for a necessary, appropriate, and transnational way to chart the contemporary legal landscape
of Initial Coin Offerings. The most favourable form of legal convergence regarding the Initial Coin Offering should provide increased legal
certainty while protecting consumers and fostering substantial investment in innovation
The Possibilities of the Legal Regulation of Cryptocurrency
No full textThis article examines the current legal regulation of
cryptocurrency in foreign countries, in the EU, and in Lithuania. The
aim of the article is to evaluate the possibilities of the legal regulation
of cryptocurrency in Lithuania by comparing the experiences of various
jurisdictions. As is well known, the popularity and the number of cryptocurrencies
is growing. This poses new challenges for authorities facing
new issues, including growing funding for criminal groups or terrorist
organizations, frauds, scams, and cases of money laundering. In some
instances, countries ban cryptocurrencies for their own security reasons,
yet this could also be viewed to represent fear of losing control over citizens
and finances. Some countries try to regulate this new innovation and
implement it into regular life instantly, though not always successfully.
For this reason, the majority of countries, including the EU, is taking a
slower, more careful approach. The EU has some Directives in place to
combat criminal activity using cryptocurrencies, and the ECJ has ruled
that cryptocurrency is exempt from VAT