Via Sapientiae: The Institutional Repository at DePaul University
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A Multilevel Analysis of Arrest for Sexual Assault in the United States: The Effect of Incident, Police Department, and Community Factors
No full textPolice officers play an important role for sexual assault survivors seeking help from the criminal legal system in the United States. One of their main responsibilities is to investigate the crime to determine if there is enough evidence to arrest a suspect. Previous literature has documented police arrest decisions in sexual assault cases are influenced by legal and extralegal factors—factors that are legally relevant (e.g., presence of DNA evidence) and irrelevant (e.g., victim race) in a case. These factors span multiple levels of analysis, namely the incident (e.g., whether a weapon was used) and police department (e.g., % of woman officers). Community-level factors may also influence police arrest decisions; however, this has not been explored. Using a two-level logistic regression, the present study examined the relationship between incident-, department-, and community-level factors and police arrest decisions. Data were extracted from three publicly available data sources from 2020: the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS), and the U.S. Census Bureau. Cases that were exceptionally cleared, included victims under age 18, involved multiple suspects, and took place in communities with more than one police department (e.g., sheriff departments) were excluded. A total of n = 16,718 sexual assault cases from n = 741 police departments and n = 741 communities were examined. Results show cases with victims who were Hispanic, suspects who were Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (compared to White), suspects who were White (compared to unknown race), victims and suspects who were strangers (compared to intimate partners), victim and suspects who were strangers (compared to otherwise known—e.g., acquaintance, friend), female victims/male suspect dyads, victims who were injured, cases with a weapon (other than firearm or knife), and cases that were attempted rather than completed were more likely to result in arrest. After controlling for incident-level differences, cases located in departments with larger budgets and smaller crime loads were more likely to result in arrest. Finally, after controlling for incident-level differences, cases located in the Northeast relative to the South, cases located in plurality White communities relative to plurality American Indian communities, and cases located in predominately non-Hispanic communities were more likely to result in arrest. Overall, these findings indicate legal and extralegal factors continue to influence police arrest decisions and demonstrate the importance of examining police arrest decisions from a multilevel perspective
The Impact and Perceptions of Return-to-Office Mandates
No full textIn the aftermath of stay-at-home mandates that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic, many organizations have reinstated mandates requiring that employees return to the office either full-time or a few days per week. Although research has been conducted on the benefits and consequences of remote work throughout the pandemic, research is lacking on the perceptions of the return-to-office mandates and how these mandates impact employees. This study aimed to comprehensively understand what employees think and feel about a return-to-office mandate as well as identify group differences and impacts of the method in which the RTO mandate was communicated. To do so, current literature and theories were reviewed, a thematic analysis on interview transcripts that were collected from 15 employees who had been through a return-to-work mandate at an organization was used, and responses to a return-to-work survey collected via Prolific (n = 257) were analyzed. Results indicated that participants felt that return-to-office mandates increased social connection, time spent with leaders, feedback and the ability to enhance structural job resources. However, increases were also observed in adverse outcomes including negative mood, well-being issues, social exhaustion, turnover intent, and frustrations with commuting. Similarly, flexibility, autonomy, the ability to decrease hindering job demands, the ability to work without disruptions, positive mood, justice, trust, job commitment, and time spent with children were decreased due to RTO. Group differences amongst genders, ethnic and racial groups, age groups, and job levels did occur. Two days are typically preferred in office, while most organizations are requiring four. Finally, participants prefer to have input into their RTO mandate, and those who heard about their RTO mandate from their manager rather than via email had more positive experiences. Additional research is needed to understand the relationships amongst variables and intersectionality amongst demographic groups. The findings of this study can be used to inform researchers about which theories provide the strongest explanations for RTO preferences as well as inform organizations about which outcomes are truly impacted by RTO and how to approach returning to the office in a manner that suits the needs of their employees
GI, Pain, Anxiety, and Mood Symptoms among Youth with FAPDs
No full textPediatric functional abdominal pain disorders (FAPDs) frequently persist into adulthood, thus developmental considerations are critical for monitoring symptom presentation and tailoring treatments. In addition to core symptoms, such as pain and gastrointestinal symptoms, mood and anxiety symptoms often co-occur as well as negative impacts on functioning and quality of life. The current study took a developmental approach to assess core pain, gastrointestinal, anxiety, and mood symptoms among youth with FAPDs (N = 105), as well as agreement across youth and their caregivers on these key symptoms. Developmental stages included early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. A cluster analysis was conducted to determine the most common pain and gastrointestinal symptoms among adolescents. Further, youth from middle childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood were compared on reported quality of life; and early childhood, middle childhood, adolescent, and emerging adulthood groups were compared on anxiety and depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that symptoms, specifically pain, change across childhood; youth in middle childhood (M = 6.21, SD = 3.14) reported the greatest pain with early childhood endorsing the lowest (M = 3.83, SD = 3.06). Adolescents presented with the greatest GI symptom burden (M = 53.90, SD = 19.38); however, within the adolescent group two subtypes emerged that placed youth into groups that were characterized by significantly different levels of worse (M = 33.41, SD = 13.78) versus better functioning (M = 62.16, SD = 10.50) (t(36) = 7.25, p \u3c 0.001). Lastly, standardized difference scores were used to determine the level of agreement among middle childhood and adolescent parent-child dyads on reported pain, gastrointestinal, anxiety, and mood symptoms. Youth in middle childhood tended to have greater agreement with their caregivers, with greater counts of youth-caregiver dyads falling to better agreement (0-1 standard deviation). These findings provide initial insight into how FAPDs progress over childhood, indicating that symptoms vary across age groups and adolescents have the greatest symptom burden, including less agreement with their caregivers on key symptoms
EXAMINING CHANGES IN CONTROL BELIEFS AND THE ROLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN A COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTION FOR ELEMENTARY-AGED STUDENTS
No full textTo date, cognitive behavioral intervention studies for youth focus on symptom reduction to evaluate treatment efficacy without studying changes in youth coping. The present study, backed by Motivational Theory of Coping and Self-Determination Theory, used a randomized control trial design to examine the effects of a brief (5-session), group-based, cognitive-behavioral intervention called Act and Adapt – SP on adaptive coping, maladaptive coping, competence, and relatedness in a sample of academically underperforming 3rd and 4th graders (N = 56; Mage = 8.8 years; 62.5% female; 78.6% Latinx). Act and Adapt – SP was designed for Saturday Place, a non-profit academic enhancement program for underrepresented students. Students in the intervention condition demonstrated more problem-solving (t = -2.05, p = 0.05, d = -0.38) and distraction (t = -2.86, p = 0.01, d = -0.53) coping and less trivializing coping at follow-up. Relative to those in the control group, students who received Act and Adapt – SP reported higher distraction (β = 0.36, p = 0.01, d = 0.76) and social support (β = 0.28, p = 0.04, d = 0.57) coping, but no differences were found across conditions in competence and relatedness. Clinical implications for coping skill programming for ethnic-racial minoritized youth are discussed
The Effects of Race and Ethnicity on School Connectedness and Academic Outcomes Among Adolescents
No full textThis study examines the role of school connectedness and how racial/ethnic identity in academic outcomes among adolescents/. Guided by the self-determination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2017) and Garcia-Coll et al’s (1996) Integrative Model, it was hypothesized that higher school connectedness predicts higher GPAs, that students whose racial/ethnic identity aligns with their schools’ majority composition experience stronger school connectedness, and the relationship between school connectedness and GPA will be stronger in schools with more matching peers. Participants included 138 youth (M = 14.98, SD = 1.92) from three urban schools (two K-8th; one high school). The sample was 33.3% Hispanic, 23.9% Black (non-Hispanic), 13% White (non-Hispanic), 6.5% Asian (non-Hispanic), and 5.1% Other (non-Hispanic). Adolescents completed surveys at two time points, with assessments conducted six months apart, Regression analyses revealed that T1 school connectedness did not significantly predict T2 GPA although T1 GPA positively predicted T2 GPA. Race/ethnicity did not significantly moderate the school connectedness-GPA relationship. Additionally, racial/ethnic match, both categorical and continuous, did not significantly predict school connectedness or moderate its relationship with GPA. These results suggest that while prior GPA is a strong predictor of academic performance, school connectedness and racial/ethnic match may not have significant impacts on GPA trajectories. Implications for school interventions and policies aimed at fostering inclusive, supportive environments are discussed
The Effect of Reading Goals on Conspiracy Believability and Memorability
No full textPrevious research shows that individuals who are assigned different goals for reading remember and comprehend text differently, which might also influence how individuals read texts that contain conspiracy theories. This research has revealed a connection between scores on the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B) and conspiracy theory belief, such that those who score higher are more likely to believe in conspiracy theories. Therefore, this study investigated the influence of reading goals (i.e., study vs entertainment) and different types of conspiracy theories (i.e., familiar and less familiar) on participant’s believability ratings for conspiracy texts. Participants were assigned a reading goal prior to reading texts containing either a familiar or less familiar text. Next, participants provided believability and familiarity ratings, and reading times were recorded. Then, participants completed a multiple-choice test on their memory for each text, the SPQ-B, and a demographics questionnaire. As predicted, participants rated the familiar conspiracies as more believable than less familiar conspiracies. Contrary to our predictions, reading goals and SPQ-B did not significantly affect believability ratings, memory scores, or reading times. These findings suggest that familiarity may play a role in shaping how individuals believe in conspiracy theories presented in a text
The Two Faces of Airbnb Disruption: Licensed Accommodations Perspective on Contrasting Impacts on Community in Nova Scotia
No full textThis paper examines the disruptive impact of Airbnb on urban and rural communities within the province of Nova Scotia, Canada, from a licensed accommodations perspective. Utilizing qualitative methods, this study gathers insights from general managers and owners in the licensed accommodation sector to understand similarities and differences in how Airbnb influences socioeconomic factors, housing markets, and community dynamics in both urban and rural settings. Overall, Airbnb\u27s influence is double-edged, offering economic opportunities while simultaneously posing significant socioeconomic challenges. The findings underscore the need for nuanced policy approaches relating to Airbnb that balance economic growth with community well-being, ensuring sustainable development in both urban and rural contexts
IDENTIFICATION OF CANDIDATE ULTRAVIOLET COUNTERPARTS TO GLOBULAR CLUSTER X-RAY BINARIES
No full textX-ray binaries function as sources of potential energy that keep globular clusters from collapsing in on themselves, and therefore, understanding X-ray binaries is crucial to understanding globular clusters, and our galaxy as a whole. The dense cores of globular clusters can prevent both optical photometry and infrared photometry from adequately measuring the brightness of individual stars. However, the cores of globular clusters are much less crowded in the ultraviolet, which allows for the identification of individual stars within the core. By identifying ultraviolet counterparts to each X-ray source within a globular cluster, the type of X-ray emitter can be determined. I report the positions, magnitudes, X-ray luminosities, and object types of 69 candidate ultraviolet counterparts, including 4 low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs), 31 cataclysmic variables (CVs), 26 active binaries (ABs), 4 pulsars, and 2 X-asymptotic giant branch stars (X-AGBs), to Chandra X-ray Observatory sources, taken from the CSCView application, for 14 different globular clusters. Photometry was performed on UV275 and NUV336 HST UVIS data from MAST using DOLPHOT. Drizzled images created with the Astrodrizzle Python package were used as reference images and finding charts. After calculating the magnitudes, the positions of the ultraviolet detections were compared with the positions of Chandra X-ray sources. The colors of any ultraviolet detections that fell within the error circle of an X-ray detection were compared to the main sequence on a color magnitude diagram. Ultraviolet detections that fall above the main sequence were marked as ABs. Ultraviolet detections bluer than the main sequence were further analyzed using an X-ray hardness-luminosity diagram to determine if they were LMXBs, CVs, or pulsars. By setting a lower limit on X-ray luminosity, the relationship between the number of X-ray sources within a cluster and the stellar encounter rate of that cluster can be analyzed. The relationship shows that active binaries form primordially within globular clusters, whereas cataclysmic variables and low-mass X-ray binaries form dynamically, which confirms the findings of previous studies
Elizabeth Ann Seton to George Wise, undated
No full texthttps://via.library.depaul.edu/seton_family_papers/1179/thumbnail.jp
The Effect of Taylor Swift’s “The Eras Tour” on the Hospitality Industry
Get PDFTaylor Swift\u27s The Eras Tour has become a worldwide phenomenon and is the highest-grossing world tour of all time. Due to an increase in leisure travel in 2023, concerts, festivals, and live events are magnificent opportunities for hotels to harness major artists\u27 influence on the public. The central question driving this study is: How has Taylor Swift\u27s The Eras Tour affected the hotel lodging industry compared to pre-pandemic levels, and what are the implications for the future? This study analyzes data from key performance indicators (KPIs) from markets that Swift has performed thus far and compared them to their shouldering 2019 averages. The reported markets show the highest KPIs increase resulting from Swift\u27s performances. The Eras Tour positively impacted markets in both the US and South America and returned performance levels to higher than pre-pandemic levels. This research underscores the critical need to recognize the impact of The Eras Tour on the lodging industry and how crucial it will be for hotel success in the future