“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Impact of environmental awareness and organic consumption on consumer subjective well-being
No full textDuring the latter decade, environmental issues have been gaining increasing attention from scholars and practitioners. Contemporary consumers are becoming more informed, and consequently are changing their lifestyles. Being aware of environmental issues, consumers are paying more attention to the harm caused to the environment by consumption, adopting green consumption behaviours, also, start consuming more natural and organic products. However, is such kind of behaviour beneficial to consumers? Has it had any effect on their subjective well-being? Answering these questions is becoming important to marketers producing and selling organic products, as well as to public organizations promoting environmentally friendly lifestyles. This study based on the questionnaire survey, aims to determine the impact of consumer environmental awareness and organic consumption on their subjective well-being. Keywords: consumption, environmental awareness, Lithuania, organic products, well-being
Routine presidential activism by going public under semi-presidential and parliamentary regimes
No full textPresidential research commonly focuses on the most prominent cases of going public by presidents in semi-presidential regimes: such as expressing a lack of trust in the cabinet members. However, it is also important to understand the day-to-day functioning of semi-presidential republics and routine efforts by the presidents to insert themselves into government decisions. Moreover, presidents in parliamentary republics may also try to influence the government through the power of the public word. In this article, we conceptualize going public as an instance when a president weighs in on the performance of the cabinet and/or individual minister in the media. We analyze the focus and intensity of these instances in semi-presidential (Lithuania) and parliamentary (Latvia) regimes. Our main finding is that on average, presidents are more routinely active in public under semi-presidentialism. We also find that the intensity and focus of presidential attention on the cabinet are highly correlated to the media attention. Furthermore, presidents go public more often during the first year of their terms and pay more attention to foreign and defense policy than to other areas. Our results tend to support the presidency-centered arguments that emphasize the institutional prerogatives and political culture in the explanation of presidential activism. Keywords: semi-presidentialism, presidential activism
Poles in Lithuania in the first years of Lithuanian independence
No full textThe restoration of Lithuanian independence affected Poles of Lithuania, with their lives undergoing significant changes. The attitude towards Poles also transformed. Based on journalistic texts from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, the article focuses on the image of Poles of Lithuania painted by selected material, analysing the features which are most frequently mentioned, emphasised, and attributed to them. The structural approach to meaning in the article is combined with a cognitive one, involving the use of appropriate methods of analysis – from the meaning of the word to the meaning of the sentence. The study shows that in the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language, Poles of Lithuania are portrayed primarily as the national minority fighting for its rights, suffering a lot of hardships, discriminated, as people who fear a free Lithuania, as a national minority whose leaders, seeking power, have harmed their compatriots and good relations between Lithuanians and Poles. The analysis of the material shows that at the early stages of Lithuanian independence, Lithuanians considered Poles not as others, foreigners, but as one of their own. Keywords: semantics, Poles of Lithuania, independence of Lithuania, Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language
Hate speech and the freedom to use it
No full textThe State Constitution, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights afford every person the right to hold their own convictions and express them freely. Moreover, these beliefs do not necessarily have to be politically correct. In fact, this freedom does not extend to criminal actions provided for in the aforementioned documents: "incitement of national, racial, religious, or social hatred, violence and discrimi nation, with slander and disinformation" (Constitution of the RL, Article 25). The differences and emphases of these aspects are very clear: the primary norm of the law is to ensure freedom of belief and its expression, whereas criminal actions are related to secondary and derivative exceptions and limitations of these norms. The practical incompatibility of these aspects and their misunderstanding have recently posed a threat of turning into censorship of conviction expression, at least in Lithuania, as any pejorative or more emotionally coloured expression inconsistent with official ideological doctrines has been marked without a second thought as hate speech prohibited by the Constitution (hate speech, язык вражды). However, seeking to forestall censorship of thoughts and convictions, it is necessary to clearly draw the line between hate speech and constitutional freedom of expression, even if the convictions one holds are generally not accepted, politically incorrect, impolite, or coming from the margins of society. Two paths can be applied to establish this division: judicial (primary) and pragmatic (expert). Hate speech is not identified by emotional criteria (it is impossible to ban one of the main human emotions). It has to be incorporated into the list of legally prohibited actions, and this inclusion is substantiated with the use of pragmatic linguistic tools because of the linguistic nature of the very activity. Due to this, everything linked to the exceptions (not the norms) to the aforesaid laws can be easily divided into three types: a) "must be restricted" hate speech, b) "may be restricted" hate speech, c) "must be protected" hate speech as a means of ensuring freedom of the individual's convictions and thoughts. Keywords: hate speech, "must be restricted" hate speech, "may be restricted" hate speech, "must be protected" hate speech, freedom to convictions and expressions, freedom of speech, basic human emotions
The Mega-metaphor DEATH AS A LIVING BEING in 16th-17th century Latin mourning poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
No full textThis article analyses anthropomorphic characteristics of death, specifically the mega-metaphor DEATH IS A LIVING BEING, manifested in the 16th-17th Century Latin mourning poetry by Vilnius Academy students. Employing the Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) method, the study systematically identifies and analyzes the conceptual metaphors within these works. Focusing on the anthropomorphic attributes of death, the research reveals that death was personified as a CAPTURER, GRIM REAPER, ENEMY, ANCIENT MYTHICAL FIGURE in the poetic tradition of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This analysis provides insights into the conceptualization of mortality during the late Renaissance and Baroque periods, unraveling the complex interplay between life, death, and human emotions. Additionally, the article serves as a methodological exemplar, demonstrating the application of MIP in historical literary texts and cataloging valuable resources for scholars and those interested in the mourning poetry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Keywords: mourning poetry of the GDL, concept of death, conceptual metaphor, mega-metaphor
Level of health literacy in Latvia and Lithuania: a population-based study
No full textBackground: Measuring and understanding the level of health literacy serves as a starting point for developing various policies in health care. The consequences of weak health literacy competencies are severe; they result in riskier health behaviour, poorer health status, more frequent emergency visits and hospitalizations. This research has three aims: i) measure the level of health literacy in the populations of Latvia and Lithuania; ii) investigate which demo graphic and socioeconomic determinants are associated with it; and iii) discuss the means of improving its current level. Methods: We employ a validated survey tool, the 47-item European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q). In addition to the 47 questions in the domains of health care, disease prevention, and health promotion, the participants’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are assessed. Face-to-face paper-assisted surveys are conducted with randomly selected residents from Latvia and Lithuania. The level of health literacy is measured by the health literacy index. Spearman correlation analyses and multiple regressions models are employed for investigating the association between the health literacy level and its determinants. The survey tool is complemented with in depth interviews with six healthcare industry experts in order to assess the most promising ways to improve the level of health literacy. Results: The stratifed random sampling with quota elements assured a representative sample in terms of gender, urban/rural distribution and regions. In Latvia, 79% of the population possesses weak health literacy competencies. In Lithuania, 73% of the population can be characterized with inadequate or problematic level of health literacy. The most important determinants of the health literacy level include age, fnancial situation, social status, and ethnicity. In particular, elderly (aged 76 and over) and the Latvian-speaking population are less health literate, while those having better fnancial situation and higher social status are more health literate. The three most promising ways to improve the level of health literacy, as suggested by the healthcare industry experts, include health education in schools, pro vision of structured health-related information in Latvian and Lithuanian, and guidelines for the most common health problems. Conclusions: The proportion of population with inadequate or problematic level of health literacy is higher in Latvia and Lithuania than in several other European countries. There is an urgent need to develop policies to improve it. Keywords: Health literacy, Population-based study, European health literacy survey (HLS-EU), Latvia, Lithuania
Empowering the staff of an educational organisation to organise inclusive education in Lithuania
No full textThe main purpose is to show how employee empowerment affects organizing inclusive education in educational organizations in Lithuania. The article is based on a master's thesis completed in 2023. The results of the study showed that employee empowerment is linked to the actions of the head of the educational organization, his/her ability to empower employees, to allocate resources appropriately, to stimulate and motivate employees to act, to share experiences within and outside the institution, to cooperate with parents of students to create a culture of inclusive education in the organization, and to use project-based activities for the achievement of their goals. Keywords: Employee Empowerment, Inclusive Education, Educational Organization, Lithuani
The Legality of human rights limitations imposed by COVID-19 green passes in Lithuania and the Czech Republic
No full textThe aim of this article is to provide a comparative analysis of the regulation of the Opportunity Passport (hereinafter OP – a COVID-19 health status certificate) in Lithuania and an analogous document in the Czech Republic, and the legality of the limitations on human rights that were imposed by such rules. It describes the regulations imposed by the Lithuanian and Czech institutions and their development. Further, the requirement of the legality of limitations on human rights is discussed in the context of its application to the OP regulation, taking into consideration the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of Lithuania. The article also analyses the Tečka application, which was used for analogous purposes in the Czech Republic, in terms of its legal basis and problems related to the legality of human rights violations. The critical analytical method allows for an analysis of Lithuanian and Czech legislation on the management of the pandemic, the establishment of so-called green passports, and the relevant jurisprudence of the courts, leading to well-grounded conclusions. This method is also employed in the analysis of scientific literature, which allows concerns to be revealed regarding data protection in the process of the execution of the above-mentioned provisions. The comparative method allows the authors to compare the practice of the selected two states in the management of the pandemic and in the adoption of green passports. The article concludes that both documents regarding health status during the COVID-19 pandemic had similar aims and were introduced at similar times. However, the legal regulation of the Lithuanian OP has not yet been analysed by the courts. In Lithuania, the legality of the OP was questioned based on the fact that the relevant law on the protection of public health contains only succinct provisions on the limitation of human rights in such situations, and the question remains as to whether these provisions were sufficient for such limitations. In the Czech Republic, the concern was raised about the authority of the Ministry of Health to issue such documents as it had no legal basis. Furthermore, questions of privacy in the context of the Czech health passport were also pertinent. Keywords: Green Passport, COVID-19 health status certificate, human rights limitations, the legality of human rights limitations
Nuo tarpdiscipliniškumo link transdiscipliniškumo mene ir moksle: meninio tyrimo ir meno doktorantūros prielaidos
No full textŠiame straipsnyje keliama santykio tarp meninio tyrimo ir įvairių discipliniškumo formų problema ir siekiama apibrėžti meno doktorantūros prielaidas. Tai atliekama sprendžiant išsikeltus uždavinius: atskirai apibrėžiant tarpdiscipliniškumą mene ir moksle, ieškant sąsajų tarp jų, bandant pažvelgti, kaip situaciją keičia postdiscipliniškumas ir transdiscipliniškumas. Galiausiai aptariamos meninio tyrimo galimybės tapti meno ir mokslo praktikų jungiamąja erdve. Šis straipsnis atskleidžia, kaip Lietuvoje ir aplinkiniuose kontekstuose kito tarpdiscipliniškumo samprata ir kokioje santykio su mokslu ir menu stadijoje ji atsidūrė. Straipsnyje analizuojama, kaip meninis tyrimas, nebūdamas disciplina, gali tapti meno doktorantūros pagrindu, drauge išlaisvindamas meno doktorantūrą nuo humanitarinių mokslų doktorantūrų tradicijų ir disciplinų. Be to, keliama prielaida, kad meno doktorantūra yra transdisciplininės prigimties ir gali tarpusavyje suderinti skirtingų tradicijų doktorantūrų požymius (ne tik humanitarinių, bet ir socialinių ar net gamtos mokslų). Drauge nagrinėjamas klausimas, kiek meno doktorantai turi ir gali sekti kitų disciplinų doktorantų tradicijomis (menotyra ar filosofija, tai iki šiol daryta dažniausiai), o kiek konstruoti savo kelius, kad ir kokie multidisciplininiai brūzgynai jiems trukdytų. Postdiscipliniškumo logika ir galimybės bendradarbiauti čia tampa vienais iš svarbiausių akcentų. Galiausiai iškeliama mintis, kad meninis tyrimas galėtų tapti meno doktorantūros pagrindu ir lygiagrečia tyrimo paradigma kitoms tyrimų tradicijoms. Reikšminiai žodžiai: discipliniškumas, mokslo filosofija, tarpdisciplininis menas, transdisciplininė veikla (tyrimas), transdiscipliniškumas moksle, tarpdiscipliniškumas mene, postdiscipliniškumas, episteminės bendruomenės, disciplinos ir gildijos.This paper overviews the development of the notion of trans-disciplinarity in Lithuania and its neighbouring contexts, and makes an attempt to identify its current relation to science and art. The paper analyses the ways in which artistic research, without being a discipline in its own right, can nonetheless both provide a basis for the doctoral studies in arts, and liberate it from the traditions and disciplines of the humanities and other sciences. Furthermore, the paper argues that doctoral studies in arts are inherently trans-disciplinary and thus able to accommodate the traditional traits of the doctorate studies in the areas as different as humanities, social sciences, and even natural sciences. Lastly, the paper builds the case for artistic research as both the basis for the doctoral studies in arts and a unique research paradigm, itself able to produce new research traditions. Keywords: disciplinarily, philosophy of science, interdisciplinary art, trans-disciplinary work (research), trans-disciplinarity in science, trans-disciplinarity in art, post-disciplinarity, communities, disciplines, guilds
Old believers in Lithuania: communities, distribution of dialects and most prominent features
No full textPratarmė -- Įvadas -- 1. Lietuvos rusai, gyvenantys kaime: 1.1. Sentikiai Lietuvoje: pagrindiniai istorijos duomenys; 1.2. Sentikių tarmių paplitimas Lietuvoje: pagrindinės zonos ir arealai; 1.3. Etnografiniai regionų skirtumai -- 2. Lietuvos sentikių sociolingvistinė situacija: 2.1. Sentikių tarmių salų tipai; 2.2. Sociolingvistinė sentikių tarmių charakteristika; 2.3. Vienkalbystė kaip pagrindinis tradicinių sentikių tarmių bruožas; 2.4. Sentikių tradicinių tarmių kontaktų pradžia; 2.5. Rusų ir kitų kalbų dvikalbystė XX a.; 2.6. Rusų ir baltarusių kalbinių kontaktų klausimas -- 3. Lingvistinė lietuvos rusų sentikių tarmių Charakteristika: 3.1. Pagrindiniai fonetiniai bruožai; 3.2. Pagrindiniai morfosintaksiniai bruožai; 3.3. Lietuvos sentikių šnektų kilmės problema -- Išvados -- Priedas -- Sutrumpinimai -- Iliustracijų sąrašas -- Literatūra ir šaltiniai -- Santraukos -- Studijoje minimų vietovardžių sąrašas.Pirmieji sentikiai dabartinėje Lietuvos teritorijoje apsigyveno XVII a. ketvirtajame ketvirtyje. Nuo to laiko rusų sentikių religinė ir kalbinė tradicija tapo neatsiejama Lietuvos kultūrinio kraštovaizdžio dalimi. Per tą laikotarpį sentikių bendrija išgyveno įvairius pakilimo ir nuosmukio, persekiojimo ir religinės laisvės periodus, kartu su kitomis Lietuvos tautomis atlaikė XX a. išbandymus. Dabartinėje Lietuvoje sentikybė yra tradicinė religija, Lietuvos sentikių pomorų bažnyčia – viena iš devynių valstybės pripažintų tradicinių religinių bendrijų. Sentikiai yra Lietuvos etnokonfesinė mažuma, sudaranti 62 parapijų tinklą (antra po katalikų pagal šį kriterijų) ir vienijanti daugiau kaip 18 tūkstančių tikinčiųjų. Ši mokslo studija – tai bandymas įvairiais aspektais pristatyti lituanistų (ir baltistų) bendruomenei Lietuvos rusų sentikių tarmes: aptarti jų atsiradimo istoriją, parodyti tarmių (ir gyvenviečių) paplitimą Lietuvoje, aprašyti sentikių ir jų kaimynų kalbinių kontaktų specifiką (sociolingvistinis aspektas) bei pagrindinius sentikių tarmių fonetikos ir iš dalies morfologijos bei sintaksės bruožus (lingvistinis, dialektologinis aspektas), aptarti šių tarmių genezės ir Lietuvos sentikių galimos protėvynės klausimus. Kitaip tariant, stengiamasi bendrais bruožais įvairiais pjūviais nubrėžti ir nupiešti jų vidinį ir išorinį kalbinį (tarminį) kraštovaizdį. Darbą sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai ir išvados. Pirmajame skyriuje pateikiama bendrų žinių apie Lietuvos rusų diasporą. Kiek daugiau dėmesio skiriama Lietuvos sentikių istorijai, bet daugiausia – Lietuvos sentikių ir jų tarmių paplitimui. Antrajame skyriuje aptariami Lietuvos sentikių tarmių funkcionavimo klausimai, aprašomi sentikių tarmių salų tipai ir kalbų (tarmių) kontaktų raida, sentikių bendruomenių monolingvizmas ir jo prielaidos, bilingvizmo atsiradimo priežastys bei jo vėlyvas (XX a. antroji pusė) paplitimas. Trečiasis skyrius skirtas Lietuvos sentikių tarmių lingvistinei charakteristikai. Jame detaliai aprašomi pagrindiniai fonetiniai bruožai, antrajame poskyryje išvardijami svarbiausi morfologijos ir sintaksės elementai. Lietuvos sentikių tarmių kilmės ir vadinamosios Lietuvos sentikių protėvynės paieškų problemos sprendžiamos paskutiniame poskyryje. Išvadose pateikiami svarbiausi darbo apibendrinimai.The latest historical studies suggest that the first Old Believers likely settled in the present territory of Lithuania in 1679. The first Old Believer community was established in the village of Puščia (now Rokiškis district) on the peninsula of Lake Sartai around 1710. In other words, in the late 17th and early 18th century, a significant group of the followers of the old Russian Orthodox faith (prior to the reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow), who were willing and able to organise their religious life, gathered in northeastern Lithuania. Since that time, the religious and linguistic tradition of the Russian Old Believers has become an integral part of Lithuania’s cultural landscape. In its over 344 years of existence in the present-day territory of Lithuania, the Old Believer community has endured various periods of prosperity and decline, persecution and religious freedom and faced the challenges of the 20th century along with other Lithuanian nations. In spite of all, at times merciless, twists of history, the Old Believers of Lithuania have preserved their religious tradition, distinctive spiritual and material culture: unique liturgical singing, icon painting, rich folklore, their language and identity. In present-day Lithuania, the Old Believers represent a traditional religion, and the Pomorian Old Orthodox Church of Lithuania is one of the nine traditional religious communities recognised in the country. The Old Believers are an ethnic-confessional minority in Lithuania, comprising a network of 62 parishes (it comes second after Catholics by this criterion) and uniting over 18,000 believers. The major aim of this study is to present the dialects of the Old Believers in Lithuania from different perspectives: their origin (historical perspective), distribution (geographical perspective), functioning (sociolinguistic perspective), main features (linguistic and dialectological perspective). It also seeks to discuss the questions of the genesis of these dialects and the likely linguistic homeland of the Lithuanian Old Believers. In the second half of the 20th century, the Lithuanian Old Believers, as a rural population and an ethnic-confessional minority, were relatively homogeneous from a linguistic perspective. The traditional dialects of the Old Believers from different zones are quite homogeneous and closely related to one another. The linguistic features discussed in this study were found in all the studied dialects. In essence, they can be considered variants of the same dialect. However, these dialects cannot be considered an identical and monolithic formation even within the boundaries of individual zones. Differences between the dialects of individual zones, villages or even families and specific idiolects are often associated with the varied frequency of occurrence of certain linguistic phenomena. The reasons for such variation can be diverse, ranging from the nature of the dialect as a relatively flexible system to the linguistic biography of each specific dialect user. It is likely that these features of the dialects spoken by the Old Believers indirectly reflect the history of their formation and are related to the development of Old Believer settlements in these zones Comprehensive research on the Old Believers from the late 20th to the 21st century has provided insights into the entirety of the dialects of the Old Believers in Lithuania and enabled the comparison of linguistic data documented by the same researchers in different localities. Highquality audio recordings have allowed researchers to observe certain features (e.g., simplification of the affricates c and č before t/t’, d/d’ and n/n’, syntactic peculiarities, etc.) that were not previously documented. These studies have also shown that the traditional villages of the Old Believers became depopulated, as their residents massively moved to cities in the 1950s and 1960s. The fact that it was possible to find the informants who had preserved their dialect during the expeditions and to create an audio archive of the Lithuanian Old Believers’ dialects can be considered a crucial achievement. We can now say that unique material was collected during the expeditions, which can be further analysed and compared with the dialects of the Old Believers from other regions and Russian continental dialects. Drawing on the discussed historical and demographic data and the collected material, the zones of Rokiškis, Zarasai, Jonava, Ignalina–Vidžiai (Bel. Відзы) and Švenčionys–Lentupis (Bel. Лынтупы), as well as the areas of Vilnius, Radviliškis and Kelmė inhabited by the Old Believers were identified in Lithuania as well as the region of Latgale in neighbouring Latvia and Belarus. Parish is a natural structural unit of these zones and areas. Each zone has its own structure and main features [...