“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Surveys in Bokšto Street and Subačiaus Street
No full text2022 m. birželį-rugsėjį TO atliko žvalgymus Vilniaus senamiesčio R dalyje netoli Vilniaus miesto gynybinės sienos liekanų ir bastėjos. Žvalgymai vyko Subačiaus, Bokšto, Šv. Kazimiero ir O. Šimaitės gatvėse, iškeliamų, rekonstruojamų elektros įrenginių iš pastato Maironio g. 27A, Vilniuje, vietose. Žvalgymai buvo atliekami kasamų tranšėjų elektros kabelinėms linijoms vietose, ilgiausiosjų atkarpos - Bokšto ir Subačiaus gatvėse. Šių darbų priežastis - numatoma rekonstruoti techninės paskirties pastatą Maironio g. 27A, todėl ir iškilo būtinybė iš jo iškelti elektros įrenginius.ln 2022, surveys were carried out in the E part of Vilnius Old Town, in the vicinity of the city’s defensive wall and bastion, during the construction of new underground power lines. Previous research in the area suggested that the archaeological layer began forming in the 14th century, but its thickness may reach nearly 4 m in some places. Meanwhile, the new power lines were installed at a relatively shallow depth of up to 1 m. Many of the 400-m-long sections of the utility trenches that were surveyed contained fill that had been disturbed and redeposited by previous construction and landforming works. The fill contained no archaeological finds, and earlier, undisturbed layers were not reached during the trenching work. However, some structures were found, namely a fragment of the upper part of the masonry remains of the Subačius Gate built in the early 16th century, and fragments of stone pavements dating from the 18th to 19th centuries in Bokšto and Subačiaus Streets. These structures were preserved
Opportunities for the development of emotional intelligence of preschoolers in outdoor kindergartens
No full textEmocinio intelekto ugdymas ypatingai aktualiu tampa vaikui pradėjus lankyti ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigą. Atsiranda natūralus poreikis susirasti draugų, bendrauti su mokytojais, rezultatyviai įsitraukti į ugdomąją veiklą, įveikti sunkumus, atpažinti bei valdyti emocijas. Lauko darželiuose, kurie pripažinti inovatyvia praktika ir neatsiejama ateities švietimo dalimi, gamtinė aplinka išnaudojama maksimaliai. Tai stimuliuoja vaikų sensorinius ir fizinius gebėjimus, pozityviai veikia jų nervų sistemą ir adaptaciją. Vyksta visuminis ir patirtinis vaiko ugdymasis, panaudojant priemones, esančias gamtoje. Straipsnyje aktualiais tampa šie probleminiai aspektai, t.y. emocinio intelekto ugdymo galimybės (ugdymo priemonės, metodai, aplinkos pritaikymas) Lauko darželiuose, pedagogų, dirbančių Lauko darželiuose, vaidmuo (per asmeninį pavyzdį) ugdant vaiko emocinį intelektą. Tyrime, taikant pusiau struktūruotą interviu, dalyvavo pedagogai, dirbantys Lauko darželiuose. Tyrimo rezultatai patvirtino, kad vaikų emocinio intelekto ugdymui Lauko daželiuose didžiausią įtaką turi naudojamos funkcionalios erdvės, gamtinės priemonės, natūrali miško aplinka, vaidmeniniai žaidimai, knygų terapija ir specialios programos, orientuotos į emocinio intelekto ugdymą. Ugdant vaikų emocinį intelektą labai svarbus tėvų ir pedagogų elgsenos pavyzdys, jų bendradarbiavimas. Raktažodžiai: emocinis intelektas, lauko darželis, vaikas, pedagogas, tėvai.Scientific problem. Pre-school education is mainly focused on the development of intelligence. Too little attention is paid to the development of feelings (emotions). There is a lack of research, practical recommendations related to the perception of emotions in preschoolers, teaching to manage and use them effectively. Lithuania is turning to nature, but little has been studied how it can help to develop children's emotional intelligence. Problematic questions, i.e. what are the possibilities of developing emotional intelligence in Outdoor kindergartens; what is the role of educators working in Outdoor Kindergartens in developing a child's emotional intelligence. The aim of research – to reveal the possibilities of developing children's emotional intelligence in the Outdoor Kindergartens. Research tasks: 1. To reveal the concept and expression of emotional intelligence in childhood. 2. To analyze the possibilities of developing emotional intelligence in Outdoor kindergartens. 3. To study the opinion of educators about the possibilities of developing emotional intelligence in preschoolers in Outdoor kindergartens. Research methods: Analysis of scientific literature and documents, qualitative research (semi-structured interview), qualitative analysis of the content. Main results. It can be stated that, in the opinion of informants, emotional intelligence has links with the development of the child. First of all, the child is focused on self-knowledge and only later begins to understand and recognize the emotions of others. Self-regulation is revealed in the fifth year of a child's life. The responses of informants confirmed that the development of emotional intelligence improves the well-being of children, promotes positive feelings. Educators use the recommendations given in the scientific literature, look for the most effective ways and means. It is noticed that nature and outdoor activities have a huge impact on the development of the child's emotional intelligence. The concept of outdoor kindergartens is not to have a single space, i.e. to travel constantly, experience, explore. The difficulties that educators working in outdoor kindergartens have to face are not specific. Conclusions. 1. Emotional intelligence is a combination of three components (self-knowledge, cognition of others and self-regulation). The best results are achieved when the development of emotional intelligence begins as early as possible and in as many ways as possible. 2. The peculiarities of the activities of outdoor kindergartens stimulate the experiential education of children, stimulate the development of children and help to develop emotional self-control and self-confidence. The child makes decisions, acquires personal experience in interaction with the natural environment. 3. Educators who participated in the study emphasized that functional spaces located in Outdoor Kindergartens are very important for the development of children's emotional intelligence. The participants of the study emphasized that the nature that constantly surrounds children, natural objects stimulate positive emotions of children, bring joy. Keywords: emotional intelligence, outdoor kindergarten, child, educator, parents
Вплив штучного інтелекту на патентне право
No full textRelevance and novelty. According to Professor Klaus Schwab, the founder and head of the World Economic Forum, new and rapidly developing technologies are interconnected and complement each other in the physical, biological and digital spheres. In 2025 it is estimated that the preliminary amount of investments in the development and improvement of these technologies, including the annual increase in their value, which usually reaches 50 %, will rise to 35–50 billion US dollars. It is important to highlight that the number of patent applications related to artificial intelligence has increased significantly in recent years. A review conducted by the World Intellectual Property Organization notes that since the emergence of artificial intelligence in the 1950s, inventors have filed nearly 340,000 patents. Patent applications and published more than 1.6 million scientific publications on the topic of AI. In order to increase Europe’s competitiveness in the fields of artificial intelligence research and implementation, the European Commission in 2018 published the European Artificial Intelligence Strategy, in which the following goals were set: promotion of the implementation of artificial intelligence in all areas of the economy, increasing the technological and industrial capacity of the European Union and preparing for economic and social changes, thus guaranteeing the proper functioning of legal and ethical systems. Also, in the same year, i.e. in 2018, by the decision of the European Commission, the European Artificial Intelligence Alliance was established to bring together various discussions and attract the participation of companies, consumer organizations, trade unions and representatives of civil society. In 2020 The European Commission presented an ambitious program published in the White Paper, the essence of which was to establish a pan-European approach to artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence and computer systems based on it have long been used in most industries to automate and modernize all production. However, today these systems are becoming widely used in commercial industries as well. According to R. Abbot, a professor of law and medical sciences at the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom, artificial intelligence has recently been able to independently create inventions that can potentially be protected by patents. Despite this, many countries require that a natural person filing a patent application be listed as the inventor, but no legal framework has yet emerged to regulate the legal protection of inventions created by artificial intelligence (Abbot, 2019). The ongoing debate has also affected the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), whose goal is a balanced and effective international intellectual property protection system that encourages innovation and creativity. The organization invited all member states to participate in a political debate on the impact of artificial intelligence on intellectual property rights. The third session discussed the most important questions of patent law: will there be a result of intellectual activity when an object has all the characteristics of patent law, but is autonomously created by artificial intelligence? Who will own the intellectual property rights to the invention created? During the discussion, Estonia, Latvia and Poland expressed their positions, but Lithuania has not yet spoken on this topic. In conclusion, the significance of the topic addressed in this scientific Article stems from the continually rapid progress of artificial intelligence technologies. This progress provides the opportunity for artificial intelligence to function as an inventor, creating innovations without human intervention. Considering the ongoing technological changes, it is suggested to update patent law systems and strive to balance the interests of society and artificial intelligence developers. Problematic question: can artificial intelligence be recognized as an inventor in the context of patent law? The purpose of the article: is to examine the impact of artificial intelligence on patent law. Object: the analysis of the legal system of patents, the regulation of which is influenced by artificial intelligence. Tasks: 1) examine the concept of the invention and compare patenting conditions in selected different jurisdictions; 2) analyze the current impact of artificial intelligence on Lithuanian patent laws and identify problems; 3) indicate the future prospects of artificial intelligence for the improvement of legal acts. Methods: linguistic (linguistic) – helps to understand the true meaning of the concepts and expressions used; systemic – helps to study patent law interacting with other legal systems; comparative – used to compare Lithuanian patent sources with European and other countries patent laws and court decisions; logical – integral in presenting conclusions and generalizations of thoughts. Keywords: artificial intelligence, invention, patent law, intellectual property, impact
Field evaluation of the Kaunas-Vilnius section of the Rail Baltica route
No full textProjektas „Rail Baltica“ Lietuvos Respublikos Seimo yra pripažintas ypatingos valstybinės svarbos projektu. Geležinkelio liniją planuojama pastatyti iki 2026 m. pabaigos. 2022 m. žvalgomieji tyrimai Kaunas-Vilnius atkarpoje atlikti techninio projekto rengimo etapo metu. Tai jau antrasis archeologinių tyrimų šioje atkarpoje etapas. Pirmasis etapas - žvalgymai - buvo atlikti 2020 m., vykdant poveikio aplinkai vertinimo parengimo darbus (ATL 2020 metais, 2021, p. 600-604). Tuomet vykdyti vizualiniai paviršiaus žvalgymai, archyvinių duomenų ir reljefo įvertinimas siekiant identifikuoti naujas archeologines vietoves ir lokalizuoti potencialias vietas, kuriose yra didelė tikimybė aptikti naujų archeologinių vietovių. 2022 m. žvalgomieji tyrimai atlikti būtent 2020 m. nustatytose vietose. Jų tikslas buvo 2020 m. išskirtų potencialių archeologinių vietovių vertės nustatymas ir paveldosauginių reikalavimų geležinkelio linijos statybos darbams suformulavimas. 2020 m. potencialiomis archeologinėmis vietovėmis įvardytos vietos, atitinkančiosšiuos kriterijus: kur yra žinomi archeologiniai objektai ar pavieniai radiniai su tiksliomis radimvietės koordinatėmis; XIX a. pabaigos žemėlapyje pavaizduoti gatviniai kaimai, kurie galėjo būti įkurti anksčiau nei XIX a.; esamų ir buvusių ežerų krantai ir salos, atmetant labai mažus ežerėlius, didelio nuolydžio pakrantes, smarkiai suardytas vietas; upių pakrantės, atsižvelgiant į bendrą regiono archeologinio potencialo įvertinimą; kraštovaizdyje išsiskiriančios kalvos. Iš viso buvo išskirtos 23 šiuos kriterijus atitinkančios vietovės, kuriose antrajame tyrimų etape turėjo būti atlikti žvalgomieji archeologiniai tyrimai. Vis dėlto 2022 m. žvalgomųjų tyrimų nepavyko atlikti visose šiose vietose. To priežastis - tyrimai vykdyti etape, kai dar nebuvo išpirkti privatūs sklypai, kuriuose planuojama tiesti geležinkelio liniją.The 2022 field evaluation (17 locations, 431 test pits) ofthe Kaunas-Vilnius section of the Rail Baltica route failed to discover any archaeological finds at 11 locations. The archaeological object at Gureliai, a manor site, had already been discovered by the 2020 field survey. In 2022, the manor sites chronology: 16th-19th centuries, was corrected and the incidence and thickness of the archaeological layer was determined there. The archaeological layer on the W edge of the investigated firing range was 30-50 cm, on the E edge, up to 2 m. The test pits in the Klevų Būdos-Beištrakių forest yielded no archaeological layer or finds, but the flint finds collected on the surface definitely show that a Stone Age campsite once existed at this location. No undisturbed cultural layer was found at the Mikainiai village site marked on a late 19th-century map, but the discovered sunken object and finds in the plough layer allow the village sites founding to be moved to at least the 17th century. In Skirmantiškės and the Vievis forest, it is possible to state that a Stone Age camp site was discovered; the 4 flint finds found in the undisturbed layer in one test pit cannot be considered isolated finds. Five test pits in Talpūnai yielded 17th-19th-century pottery and another test pit one sherd of hand-built pottery. These finds do not yet allow one to state that an archaeological object existed here and they should be treated as isolated finds able to show the existence of archaeological objects in the immediate vicinity. The sherds of hand-built pottery discovered under the plough layer in Varliškės have an archaeological value. They possibly show that the archaeological object containing a small number of finds that exists at this location is so far of an uncertain nature, perhaps a temporary settlement or an urn cemetery
Search for Blue Division Spanish soldiers in Vilnius' Vingis Park Cemetery complex
No full text2022 m. gegužę-birželį KVGT vykdė detaliuosius tyrimus Vilniaus Vingio kapinių komplekso teritorijoje (UK 33766). Tyrimus užsakė VDK. Tyrimų tikslas buvo lokalizuoti Vingio kapinėse 1942 m. palaidotų Ispanijos karių iš „Mėlynosios divizijos“, kariavusios Vokietijos sąjungininkų pusėje, kapus ir pagal žetonus identifikuoti palaidotus asmenis, neiškeliant palaikų, o atliekant antropologinę analizę vietoje, ir ateityje kapavietę pažymėti mirusiųjų pavardėmis.During the 2022 KVGT search for the remains of Spanish soldiers from the Blue Division buried in 1942 in Vilnius’ Vingis Park Military Cemetery, the 36.5 m2 trench excavated down to sterile soil exposed 13 pits, 4 remains, and a burial destroyed in the second half of the 20th century. The individuals, all males, had a biological age of 30-40. Only post-mortem fractures without any traumas or pathoses were recorded. An analysis of the remains was made in situ, after which the remains were reburied. Based on the grave goods, it was determined that these were WWII burials, but none were Spanish soldiers
1920 Lithuanian and Polish military cemetery in Lazdėnai
No full text2022 m. buvo tęsiamos Armijos Krajovos ir Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metu žuvusių karių palaikų paieškos Vilniaus krašte, jas inicijuoja IPN. Jų metu atlikti bendros lietuvių ir lenkų karių, žuvusių 1920 m., kapavietės Lazdėnuose (Elektrėnų sav., Vievio sen.) tyrimai ir palaikų iškėlimo darbai.The 2022 investigation and exhumation of Lithuanian and Polish soldiers, killed in 1920, at the joint military cemetery in Lazdėnai (Elektrėnai Municipality, SE Lithuania) revealed, at a grave site marked with a concrete headstone erected in 1938, a 3.4 x 2.2 m grave pit containing the remains of 14 males aged from 15-19 to 30-39. Nine skeletons displayed fairly abundant perimortem fractures and fragmentation. Military equipment and clothing elements were discovered near the remains: inner and outer garment buttons, garment hooks, leather straps, belt buckles, uniform fabric remnants, military shoes, a cap band, a gasmask case, and other difficult to identify corroded metal items. Polish army eagle buttons were found near 4 remains, American buttons near another 5. At that time, both armies used American uniforms. A few personal items were also discovered: a pocket knife (Remains 1), a pocket watch with a chain (Remains 5), cigar mouthpieces (Remains 9), wooden rosary beads (Remains 9), a pencil (Remains 10), and a mirror (Remains 14). Coins, namely Ost kopeks, which circulated in Lithuania during 19161923, were found near Remains 14. The remains and finds were reburied in Kurkliškės Cemetery in 2023
Two sets of coins from Vilnius
No full text2022 m. atliekant archeologinius tyrimus Vilniuje aptikti 2 monetų kompleksai.In 2022, archaeological excavations in Vilnius unearthed two interesting sets of coins. The first was found buried in a small hole at 37 Vilniaus St, and comprised five gold Dutch ducats from the mid-19th century, as indicated by the date on four of these coins - 1849. The coins were made at the St Petersburg mint in 1849-1867. The second set of coins was found in a 17th-century storage pit at the land plot of 7 Żiuproniai St. It consisted of 19 individual 16th-century coins glued together in the shape of a column, with a piece of fabric stuck on the side. The set contained coins of three different denominations: half-grosz, grosz, and 3-grosz. The latest of the identified coins in the set was dated to 1565. The set also contained a rare example of a 1547 coin of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania minted to the Polish weight standard and a 3-grosz coin with a Latin inscription from 1565
New insights on Bronze age metallurgy in the Eastern Baltic region: archeometallurgical investigations based on EDXRF and lead-isotope
No full textIn this article, we present archeometallurgical studies of Bronze Age metalwork in Lithuania. Situated on the Eastern Baltic region, Lithuania belongs to the geographical area, which is far away from any metal sources, that have been exploited in the Bronze Age. Yet, the local population required bronze artefacts and metal supply as much as its neighbors. The scarcity of bronze artefacts in the Eastern Baltic raises several questions about the significance of the region during the Bronze Age. However, evidence of metal casting at the fortified hillforts suggests that we may need to reconsider the importance of metal as a raw material. The scope of investigations undertaken here is to ascertain the kind of materials used for the production of bronze artefacts in the Eastern Baltic. In so doing, we apply the Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) technique, which is used to determine the chemical composition of artefacts to the end of classifying their metallurgical groups. Furthermore, we identify the possible origin of raw materials (deposits) using Pb-isotope analysis as a common practice in order to be able to make statements about trade, import, and or independent production of Bronze Age metal artefacts in the nonmetalliferous region. The interpretations of the results clarify the provenience of copper ores, which were used to produce bronze artefacts in the Eastern Baltic region. Comparatively, we first studied lead isotope of copper ore deposits in Western Carpathian, Serbia, and the Eastern Alps. Second, we compared lead isotope of bronze artefacts in the same regions. The results indicate that the Western Carpathian and Alpine regions were the principal sources of copper ore used in Lithuania and the Eastern Baltic region. Also, some of the objects from the Late Bronze Age may emanate from Slovakian deposits of the Western Carpathians. We concluded that there are different types of trade and communication such as intraregional, circum-Baltic and interregional connections based on archaeological evidence in the Eastern Baltic region from the Late Bronze Age. We understand metallurgy as a late-emerging sector of the economy driven by innovations such as the development of agriculture and new forms of livestock. Keywords: Bronze artefacts; Copper ores; Lead isotopes; Chemical composition; Recycling; Import; Trade; Metallurgy; Bronze Age econom
The Equal and the more equal: pupils' experiences of school in Lithuania in the late Soviet era
No full textAim. The aim of the article is to reveal the experiences and attitudes of pupils who attended schools in the late Soviet era (1960s-1980s) towards the implementation of egalitarianism policies in the schools of the Lithuanian SSR. The analysis of the qualitative research material focuses on the word “felt” in the phrase “We all felt equal then”, i.e., not so much on the fixation of social (in)equality by analysing the indicators of social class or economic status, but on the subjective experience of equality as a manifestation of human dignity. Methods. Following the methodology of oral history, material was collected during 32 in-depth interviews with people who had attended schools in the Lithuanian SSR in the late Soviet era. Results. Several themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews relating to the expression of egalitarianism in the Soviet school: the social class of the pupils; the economic situation of the parents; and the ability of the parents to have the socalled “blat”. Conclusions. The study revealed that the implementation of the policy of egalitarianism officially declared by the Communist Party in the education system was subject to several reservations. In Soviet Lithuania, just as in the whole society, there were a lot of manifestations of blat, corruption, and favouritism. These were influenced by the positions held by pupils’ parents, belonging to the nomenklatura and/ or the ability to establish informal contacts. Pupils from rural schools had fewer opportunities to pursue higher education. Keywords: Soviet school, egalitarianism, Lithuanian SSR, late Soviet era, oral history
Phone use, offline neglect, and reachability: a qualitative study in Denmark, Lithuania, and Spain
No full textThe use of smart technology (ST) has dramatically increased in recent years, with smartphones and tablets affording use in all locations and for innumerable purposes. Consequently, we relate differently to our surroundings – a condition we refer to as 'offline neglect'. This paper reports the results of a qualitative, small-scale project investigating how informants from three European capital cities, Vilnius, Lithuania, Madrid, Spain, and Copenhagen, Denmark, perceive the changes associated with ST-induced offline neglect in the daily navigation of their physical and social environments. Our informants were generally quite verbose about the unwanted side effects of excessive phone use, especially on social relations. Nevertheless, most informants reported experiencing trouble with limiting their ST use although they did point to avoidance strategies. Based on our data, we introduce and discuss the concept of 'reachability' as crucial to understanding the effects of ST use on the social environment. Keywords: smart technology, offline neglect, occasional phubber, distractions, joint attention, self-control, reachabilit