“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Ruthenian documents of the chancery of Alexander Jagiellon, Grand Duke of Lithuania from a paleographic point of view
No full textLietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Aleksandro Jogailaičio (1492–1506) valdymo laikotarpis susijęs su sparčia valdovo kanceliarijos raida ir rusėniškosios dalykinės raštijos plėtra, kurią lėmė sudėtingėjanti Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės (toliau – LDK) valdymo sistema. Augantis raštvedybos poreikis turėjo įtakos ir minėto valdovo kanceliarijos rusėniškų dokumentų rašymo priemonių ir medžiagos naudojimui, rašto ženklų grafinėms formoms, santrumpų sistemai, raidžių puošybai. Visi šie aspektai, apibūdinantys rusėniškąją paleografiją, ir yra šio straipsnio objektas. Šiuolaikinėje istoriografijoje yra skiriami trys rusėniškieji rašto tipai: ustavas arba nuostatas (устав), pusustavis arba pusiaunuostatas (полуустав) ir greitraštis (скоропись). Šiuolaikinis lietuvių mokslininkas Stanislovas Pamerneckis savo 2012 m. pasirodžiusioje mokomojoje knygoje, skirtoje LDK rusėniškajai paleografijai, teigia, jog „rusėniškasis greitraštis (скоропись) LDK valdovo raštinėje įsigalėjo XV a. pabaigoje–XVI a. pradžioje“. Tačiau šį teiginį tenka laikyti pernelyg apibendrinančiu ir supaprastintu. Antai išlikusių 1529 m. Pirmojo Lietuvos Statuto nuorašų paleografinę ir tekstologinę analizę atlikę kiti lietuvių mokslininkai Stasys Lazutka ir Edvardas Gudavičius savo 1983 m. pasirodžiusiame darbe pažymėjo „greitraščio“ termino sąlygiškumą ir pabrėžė, kad minėtuose nuorašuose, kaip ir XVI a. Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio raštinės aktuose, „iš esmės (nors gerokai suprastinus) išlaikomas pusiaunuostato stilius ir raidės visiškai ar beveik nejungiamos“. Tad tenka kalbėti ne apie staigų greitraščio įsigalėjimą Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikščio Aleksandro Jogailaičio kanceliarijos rusėniškojoje raštvedyboje, bet apie palaipsnį pusustavio (pusiaunuostato) bruožų nykimą ir greitraščio bruožų įsigalėjimą, kuris tęsėsi ir po šio valdovo mirties. Būtent šių dviejų rašto tipų santykį Aleksandro Jogailaičio kanceliarijos rusėniškuose dokumentuose ir nagrinėsime. Galima teigti, kad per pastaruosius 40 metų pasirodę mokslininkų darbai, tiriantys LDK rusėniškąją paleografiją, reprezentatyviai susistemino ir reikšmingai papildė ankstesnius tos pačios temos tyrimus. Be minėtų lietuvių mokslininkų darbų, turėtume išskirti ir šiuolaikinio baltarusių mokslininko Aliaksandro Hrušos 2006 m. pasirodžiusią mokomąją knygą, skirtą LDK rusėniškajai paleografijai, taip pat šiai temai skirtą šiuolaikinio lenkų mokslininko Krzysztofo Pietkiewicziaus darbą, pasirodžiusį 2015 m. Raktiniai žodžiai: Aleksandras Jogailaitis, rusėniški dokumentai, paleografija.The article examines paleographic specifics of Ruthenian documents of Alexander Jagiellon (1492–1506), Grand Duke of Lithuania. We looked into 17 documents of this ruler, kept in Lithuania and Poland. The examination of Alexander Jagiellon’s Ruthenian documents enabled us to establish the following: 1) the documents were written on two types of material – parchment or paper – using black or brown ink; 2) the documents were authenticated with pendant or applied seals of the Grand Duke of Lithuania, while other means of authentication such as signatures of the ruler or his officials were not detected; 3) individual letters in the texts of the documents are enlarged and/or decorated; 4) in all these documents, the slant of the letters varies (the letters are either vertical or slanted to the left or right); 5) some letters (mostly consonants) are raised above words, even though they make only a small part of all letters in the documents; 6) some words are made shorter by omitting vowels; 7) words are often (but not always) separated by spaces; 8) letters in individual words are almost never connected. The paleographic analysis of Alexander Jagiellon’s Ruthenian documents confirms an idea (expressed in historiography as early as in the last century) of the conditionality of the term “cursive” and manifestation of some traits of semi-uncial in Ruthenian documents of the Chancery of the Grand Duke of Lithuania in the 16th century. The Ruthenian documents of this ruler display features of both cursive and semi-uncial or even uncial. We also attempted to identify individuals (Alexander Jagiellon’s scribes) who could have been responsible for the preparation of documents and documents that could have been written by the same individual. Key words: Alexander Jagiellon, Ruthenian documents, paleography
Sustainable development in leisure events. Case study of "Granatos live"
No full textStraipsnyje siekiama identifikuoti optimalų pasaulio eksporto paskirstymą tarp 11 šalių, šalių grupių: ES 28, Rusijos, Kanados, Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų, Meksikos, Brazilijos, Kinijos (išskyrus Honkongą), Japonijos, Pietų Korėjos, Indijos, Singapūro trims atvejams, kai pageidaujamas bendras pasaulio eksportas yra: 1) minimalus; 2) vidutinis; 3) maksimalus. Atlikus tyrimą, išsiaiškinta, kad trys dominuojančios šalys visais atvejais pasaulio eksporto apimties atžvilgiu sutampa: ES 28, Kinija ir JAV, o mažiausios eksporto apimtys tenka Indijai ir Brazilijai. Raktiniai žodžiai: darnaus vystymosi principai, laisvalaikio renginiai.Relevance of the research. After assessing the fact that the collected information about the currently declared aspirations of the music festival “Granatos Live” to implement the principles of sustainable development during the festival shows, that the aspirations of sustainable development are not declared either on the official website of the festival or among the organisers themselves, it was decided to conduct a quantitative study, applying the survey method and interviewing the visitors of this festival. This helps to gather information on how the participants themselves perceive the implementation of sustainable development principles during the festival. It is determined that the festival visitors want the implementation of the principles of sustainable development, a more sustainable festival, recommendations, and proposals can be made to the organisers to prepare a plan for the implementation of the principles of sustainable development and consider it when organising festivals in the future. The object of the research is the need for the implementation of the principles of sustainable development from the point of view of the participants of the “Granatos Live” festival. The aim of the research is to determine how the participants of the “Granatos Live” festival evaluate the implementation of the principles of sustainable development during the festival, and what the needs of the participants are related to the principles of sustainable development. The tasks of the research: 1. To investigate how the participants of the “Granatos Live” festival perceive the essence and principles of sustainable development. 2. To determine the main expectations of the participants, related to the implementation of the principles of sustainable development during the music festival “Granatos Live” 3. Submit recommendations and suggestions to the organizers of the music festival “Granatos Live”. Outcomes and conclusions. After examining the expression of festival sustainability indicators at the “Granatos Live” festival, sustainability deficiencies were identified in the following areas of the festival: education of the participants and the festival organization team on the topic of sustainable development; the selection of traders does not focus on fair trade, local regional or organic goods; there are too few actions of the festival organisers to ensure environmental protection because environmental specialists are not consulted; it is not observed what economic benefits the festival creates for the local region, although such calculations are more beneficial for the local region, it shows that there is lack of communication between them; a small cost to keep the festival going. Therefore, it is necessary for the festival organisers to take the actions that the festival participants want from them and to introduce more sustainable development principles during the festival. Keywords: principles of sustainable development, leisure events
Readiness for the international mobility of the students of the preschool education program of Kauno kolegija hei
No full textStraipsnyje gilinamasi į studentų tarptautinio judumo studijų metu temą: apžvelgiamos tarptautinio judumo studijose principo įgyvendinimo kliūtys; išryškinami tarptautinės patirties, įgyjamos studijų metu, privalumai; pristatomi empirinio tyrimo, atlikto 2024 metais Kauno kolegijoje, rezultatai. Analizuojant europinius ir nacionalinius švietimo srities dokumentus pastebima, kad paskutiniais metais formuluojami konkretūs reikalavimai aukštosioms mokykloms įtraukti į studijų programas privalomą studijų dalį užsienyje ar kitokiomis formomis įgyti nustatytos trukmės tarptautiškumo patirties. Kauno Kolegijos (KK) Pedagogikos katedroje atlikto tyrimo tikslas buvo atskleisti KK Ikimokyklinio ir priešmokyklinio ugdymo studijų programos (IPU) studentų tarptautinio judumo galimybes. Anketinėje apklausoje dalyvavo 261 nuolatinių ir ištęstinių studijų formos studentas. Tyrimas atskleidė, kad KK IPU programos studentai, nepriklausomai nuo studijų formos, ilgesnį laiką (virš 1 mėn.) nėra studijavę užsienyje, menkai dalyvauja „Erasmus“ mainų programoje, ypač ištęstinių studijų studentai. Maždaug pusė tiek nuolatinių, tiek ištęstinių studijų studentų sutiktų pastudijuoti vieną semestrą užsienio šalyje, nes tai vertina kaip gerą progą tobulėti tiek asmeniniame, tiek ir profesiniame lygmenyje. Respondentai, nurodę, kad nesutiktų vieną semestrą pastudijuoti užsienio šalyje, svarbiausiais argumentais nurodo: nuolatinių studijų – finansines, studijų proceso ir integracijos į naują studijų aplinką sunkumus, o ištęstinių studijų studentai – šeimynines, finansines ir su darbo santykiais susijusias aplinkybes. Tiek nuolatinių, tiek ir ištęstinių studijų respondentai priimtiniausiomis formomis įgyti tarptautinės patirties studijų metu rinktųsi trumpalaikes priemones – vasaros stovyklas, tarptautines praktikas ir stažuotes, studijas užsienio aukštojoje mokykloje iki vieno mėnesio trukmės. Trečdaliui ištęstinių studijų studentų būtų priimtina intensyvios trumpalaikės programos / projektai Lietuvoje ar užsienio šalyje. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: ikimokyklinis ugdymas, priešmokyklinis ugdymas, studijų programa, tarptautinis judumas, studentų tarptautinis judumas.The article focuses on the topic of students’ international mobility during their studies. It offer a review of the obstacles by implementing the principle of international mobility in study process and highlights the benefits of the international experience gained during studies. It also presents the results of an empirical study conducted in 2024 at Kauno Kolegija HEI (KK). By analyzing European and national educational documents, it has been observed that, in recent years, specific requirements have been formulated for higher education institutions to include a mandatory study component abroad or other forms of gaining international experience for a defined duration within their study programs. Researchers from the Department of Pedagogy at KK, who train preschool (IPU) teachers, have identified the need to assess students’ international studies’ and professional development experiences, as well as their readiness for international mobility – both for full-time and part-time students. The research problem is how prepared are the students of the KK IPU study program to implement the principle of international mobility within the study program? The aim of the research conducted by the Department of Pedagogy at KK was to reveal the readiness for the international mobility of students of the Preschool Education (IPU) study program. 261 full-time and part-time students participated in the survey. Before conducting the empirical research, the task was set to theoretically identify the obstacles and advantages of implementing the principle of international mobility in studies. Based on the analysis of selected sources, the main obstacles by implementing the principle of international mobility in studies are considered to be issues related to an individual’s physical condition, educational barriers, cultural differences and discrimination, social obstacles, economic difficulties, systemic barriers (such as in education / training systems and programs), and a lack of foreign language skills. The advantages of international student mobility emerge at several levels: individual level (personal qualities and skills are improved, and individual experiences are gained); institutional level (professional qualifications are enhanced, and inter-institutional connections are established); systemic level (the overall quality of higher education improves through academic exchanges); European level (a sense of European unity and cooperation is fostered). The empirical research revealed that KK IPU program students, regardless of their study form, have not studied abroad for an extended period (over 1 month). Only a few part-time students, for whom studies at KK are not their first education, have international experience, such as volunteering in a preschool education institution, internships at vocational schools, or internships abroad funded by their workplace or other institutions. The research revealed marginal student participation in the Erasmus exchange program, particularly among part-time students. This includes limited experience in interacting with foreign students at KK, participating in international projects, and informal interactions with foreign guests visiting the KK. The analysis of data on students' attitudes and opportunities regarding studying abroad showed that half of both full-time and part-time students would be willing to study abroad for one semester, as they view it as a valuable opportunity for personal and professional growth. Nearly half of the students are motivated by the opportunities for personal and professional development that studying abroad would provide. However, the requirement for mandatory studies abroad, as stipulated in the study organization guidelines, has no significant impact on the motivation of the surveyed students to study in another country. Respondents who indicated they would not agree to study abroad for one semester cited the following main reasons: full-time students mentioned financial challenges, difficulties in the study process, and integration into a new study environment, while part-time students referred to family-related, financial, and work-related circumstances. Both full-time and part-time respondents preferred short-term opportunities for gaining international experience during their studies, such as summer camps, international internships, and placements, or studies at a foreign higher education institution lasting up to one month. For one-third of part-time students, intensive programs or projects (e.g., one-week programs) in Lithuania or abroad were also acceptable. Keywords: preschool education, study program, international mobility, international mobility of the students
Gramatyka Litewska początkowa (1902): relation to earlier editions of Lithuanian grammar by Julius Schiekopp
No full textXIX a. antrojoje pusėje ir XX a. pradžioje Frydricho Kuršaičio Grammatik der littauischen Sprache (Halė, 1876) buvo svarbiausias lietuvių kalbos gramatikų šaltinis. Kuršaičio auklėtinis Karaliaučiaus universitete Julius Erdmanas Šykopas (vok. Schiekopp, 1829–~1901), mokytojavęs Tilžės gimnazijoje nuo 1854-ųjų, o 1877-aisiais tapęs lietuvių kalbos mokytoju vietoje Eduardo Karolio Samuelio Giseviuso (1798–1880), parengė sutrumpintą šios gramatikos variantą, pavadintą Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik (Tilžė, 1879–1881). Gramatikos pratarmėje nurodyta, kad ji skirta Tilžės gimnazijos mokiniams lietuviams: „Dieſe Elementar=Grammatik iſt [...] ʒunächſt beſtimmt für den Unterricht der litauiſchen Stipendiaten an dem Gymnaſium ʒu Tilſit“ [I]. Ją sudarė dvi dalys: Formen=Lehre (1879) ir Satʒlehre (Syntax) (1881). Pirmoji dalis Formen=Lehre išspausdinta dvejopai: (1) kaip Karališkosios gimnazijos Tilžėje programa Programm des Königlichen Gymnaſiums ʒu Tilʃit. Oſtern 1879 ir (2) atskira knyga Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik 1. Formen=Lehre. Abiejų leidinių rinkinys identiškas. Šykopo Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik perleista keletą kartų. 1881 m. ji perspausdinta Tilžėje, Heinricho Posto spaustuvėje, tuo pačiu pavadinimu Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik. Šis leidimas nuo pirmojo tesiskiria antraštiniu lapu – nurodyta, kad „Der Ertrag fliest in die Kasse der Gymnasiallehrer-Witwen-und Waisenstiftung". XX a. pradžioje pasirodė dar vienas leidimas – Aleksandro Kuršaičio (1857–1944) parengta Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik (Tilžė, 1901–1902; toliau – ŠLG 1901). Kuršaitis nurodė, kad leidinį papildė ir sutvarkė remdamasis Augusto Schleicherio gramatika Handbuch der litauischen Sprache (Praha, 1856), Oskaro Wiedemanno Handbuch der litauischen Sprache (Strasbūras, 1897) ir Frydricho Kuršaičio darbais. [...] GLP išspausdinta Krokuvoje, bet cenzūra neleido tiražo pergabenti per sieną. Lietuvos bibliografijoje teigiama, kad GLP yra vokiškosios Šykopo gramatikos Aleksandro Kuršaičio parengto leidimo pirmosios dalies (1901) vertimas. Tos pat nuomonės laikėsi ir Pocius. Šiuo tyrimu siekiama patikslinti, kurį Šykopo gramatikos leidimą išvertė Januškevičius ir Macijauskas. Be to, XX a. pradžios besiformuojanti bendrinė kalba nebebuvo tokia, kokią aprašė Frydrichas Kuršaitis ir Šykopas XIX a. 8‑ajame dešimtmetyje, todėl atkreiptas dėmesys ir į tai, kaip Januškevičius ir Macijauskas keitė Šykopo gramatikos medžiagą atsižvelgdami į adresatą – nebe Rytų Prūsijos, o Didžiosios Lietuvos gyventoją, į besiformuojančią lietuvių bendrinę kalbą.The grammar of the Lithuanian language Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik (1879–1881; first part ŠLG 1879) for students of the Tilsit Gymnasium was prepared by Julius Erdmann Schiekopp. It is an abridged version of Friedrich Kurschat’s Grammatik der littauischen Sprache (1876; KG). In 1881, Schiekopp’s grammar was reprinted in Tilsit under the same title Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik; the edition differs from the first one only by the title page. The grammar was also republished by Alexander Kurschat under the title Litauiʃche Elementar=Grammatik (1901–1902; ŠLG 1901). Jonas Pajevskis and Jurgis Gylius prepared a Russian edition of Schiekopp’s grammar, Литовская грамматика (1891; ЛГ 1891). It was approved as the official textbook of the Lithuanian language for schools of the Warsaw Education District. The first part of this grammar was reprinted five years later under the same title, Литовская грамматика (1896; ЛГ 1896). The first part of Schiekopp’s grammar was also translated into Polish as Gramatyka litewska początkowa (1902; GLP) by Juozas Januškevičius and Antanas Macijauskas. This article is intended to clarify, which edition of Schiekopp’s grammar was translated by the two translators. The comparative analysis of the editions of Schiekopp’s grammar shows that Januškevičius and Macijauskas translated ŠLG 1879. These two editions are linked by the structure and the material they contain – some of the material of ŠLG 1879 was not included in ЛГ 1891, ЛГ 1896, and ŠLG 1901, but is present in GLP. For example, Alexander Kurschat did not include in ŠLG 1901 the classification of consonants, a comment on the meaning of the accent, tables of the endings of nouns, nominal adjectives, pronouns, notes about [t, d] turning into affricates [č, dž], about shortened nouns in colloquial language, the accentuation of adjectives, ungraded adjectives and participles, the shortening of verb forms. In Russian grammars ЛГ 1891 and ЛГ 1896, a note on the softness of consonants, some comments on nouns of the 1st declension, accentuation of nouns and adjectives, pronouns, the shortening and accentuation of verb forms are omitted. The emerging standard Lithuanian of the early 20th century was no longer the same as described by Friedrich Kurschat and Schiekopp in the 1870s. Therefore, the article also highlights how Januškevičius and Macijauskas changed the material of Schiekopp’s grammar. They took into consideration the emerging standard Lithuanian and the target audience of the grammar they were preparing – a resident of Lithuania Major, rather than East Prussia as was the case with Friedrich Kurschat’s or Schiekopp’s grammars. [...
Attitude of the Lithuanian public toward medical assistance in dying: a cross-sectional study
No full textEuthanasia and assisted suicide, involving the intentional termination of a patient’s life, are subjects of global debate influenced by cultural, ethical, and religious beliefs. This study explored the attitudes of the general public toward euthanasia, finding varying levels of support. A cross-sectional study was conducted. This research specifically evaluated the perspectives of 5804 Lithuanian residents using a survey distributed through social media, which presented medical scenarios on life-preserving interventions. Analysis indicated that gender, religion, experience in caring for patients in a terminal condition, education, and age significantly influenced the attitudes of the respondents toward end-of-life decisions. Specifically, factors like being non-religious or having less experience in caring for the terminally ill correlated with a more positive opinion regarding euthanasia and other forms of medical assistance in dying. Keywords: euthanasia; assisted suicide; human rights; terminal illness
Development of mental toughness among basketball sports school students
No full textThe development of mental toughness in student athletes within sports schools is crucial for identifying strengths and improving weaknesses to optimize performance. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a mental toughness development program for basketball sports school students. Sixty-two male student athletes, aged 15.83 ± 0.37 years, participated, with 30 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. They completed the Mental Toughness Questionnaire 48 (MTQ48) before and after the 6-week intervention program. Pearson’s correlations were calculated for study variables. A repeated measures MANOVA followed by one-way ANOVA analyzed differences in mental toughness skills between groups and over time. Results showed a significant effect of the intervention program on mental toughness skills, with small and medium effect sizes. Post-program, the experimental group exhibited higher levels of various skills compared to controls, including skills related to challenge, commitment, emotional control, life control, overall control, self-confidence in interpersonal interactions, self-confidence in one’s abilities, overall self-confidence, and total MTQ48. These findings underscore the utility of interventions for enhancing mental toughness among basketball sports school students, emphasizing the importance of tailored approaches in such intervention programs. Keywords: mental toughness skills; intervention program; student athletes; sport school
Dogs in Lithuania from the 12th to 18th C AD: diet and health according to stable isotope, zooarchaeological, and historical data
No full textThis article presents the results of research that focused on the nutrition and related health issues of medieval and early modern dogs found in the territory of present-day Lithuania. In this study, we present bone collagen carbon (δ 13C) and nitrogen (δ 15N) isotope ratios for seventy-five dogs recovered from seven sites which were dated back to the between the 12th and 18th C AD. In addition, by studying the remains of almost 200 dogs, we were able to estimate changes in the sizes and morphotypes of canines across over 600 years. On the basis of stable isotope and historical data, as well as the osteometric analysis, we discuss the dietary patterns of different sizes and types of dogs from the sites related to different social strata and time periods. The results of our study demonstrate that the size, type, diet, and health of canines from different time periods and sociocultural environments varied. Overall, carbon isotopic signals indicate that dogs’ diets were based on C3 plant environment foods (cereals and animals), while freshwater fish was more important for some individuals in coastal Klaipeda/Memelburg Castle. The stable isotope analysis ˙ supported the historical records, indicating that cereals were highly important in the diet of elite dogs. Meanwhile, urban dogs had a different nutrition. In the Middle Ages, the consumption of plant-based foods was likely higher compared to the early modern period. Our study also revealed that the diets of dogs did not correlate with individual size. Compared to pigs, dogs had a higher intake of animal foods in their diet. In general, the nutrition of the studied canines was similar to that of the rural human population of the same period. Keywords: dog; nutrition; health; size; morphotype; δ 13C and δ 15N analysis; Bayesian modelling; Middle Ages; early modern period; eastern Baltic
First of the Pacas’ secrets
No full textKą tik pasirodžius Viešpaties dešinės galybei – poemai, įamžinusiai 1673 m. Chotino mūšį (Narbutas 2023; Benetas et Grinkevičius 2024), – dabar norisi paklausti, ar šis grožinės literatūros kūrinys tebėra vienintelis 1672-aisiais prasidėjusių karų prieš turkus ir totorius liudininkas. Ar esama kokio nors šios poemos ryšio su Mykolo Kazimiero Paco funduota Šv. apaštalų Petro ir Povilo bažnyčia ir jo statytais Pacų rūmais Didžiojoje gatvėje – keliais kitais tuo pat metu Vilnių papuošusiais ir ligi šiol išlikusiais Lietuvos baroko paminklais? Šiuos klausimus užduoti ir atsakymų į juos ieškoti leidžia gryna akimi matomos tvirtos visus paminėtus paminklus siejančios jungtys: M. K. Paco asmenybė, jos veikla ir laikas. Poemą „Viešpaties dešinės galybė“ Andriejus Grinkevičius rašė nuo 1673 metų lapkričio 11 iki 1674 metų sausio 14 dienos; iki tos dienos imtinai ją išspausdino Vilniaus akademijos spaustuvė. Kertinis Šv. apaštalų Petro ir Povilo bažnyčios akmuo padėtas 1668 m. birželio 29 d. 1674 m. baigti mūryti bažnyčios skliautai, 1675 metų pabaigoje baigtas jos kupolas, o 1677–1686 metais vykdyti vidaus dekoro darbai (Samalavičius et Samalavičius 1998, 19–33; darbai su pertraukomis tęsėsi iki 1704 metų). 1667 ir 1673 metais įsigijęs du pastatus Didžiojoje gatvėje, M. K. Pacas veikiai juos pavertė reprezentaciniais trijų aukštų rūmais (Čaplinskas 2011, 275). Tuo metu jie buvo gausiai ir prabangiai dekoruoti.Now, just after the publication of “The Might of the Lord,s Right Hand” (Viešpaties dešinės galybė, a poem commemorating the Battle of Khotyn of 1673 (Narbutas 2023; Benetas et Grinkevičius 2024), one wonders whether this work of fiction remains the only testimony to the wars of 1672–1676 against the Turks and Tatars. Is there any connection between this poem and the Church of the St. Apostles Peter and Paul founded by Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas, the Pacas Palace on Didžioji Street that he built, and several other monuments of Lithuanian Baroque architecture that date from the same time period and still grace Vilnius today? It makes sense to ask these questions and look for answers to them because all the monuments mentioned above have strong connections to the personality, activities and times of Mykolas Kazimieras Pacas. Andriejus Grinkevičius (Andrzej Hrynkiewicz) had been writing the poem “The Might of the Lord’s Right Hand” between 11 November 1673 and 14 January 1674 – by the latter date it was printed by the Vilnius Academy Printing House. The foundation stone of the Church of the St. Apostles Peter and Paul was laid on 29 June 1668; the vaults were completed in 1674; the dome, at the end of 1675; and the interior decoration was carried out in 1677–1686 (Samalavičius et Samalavičius 1998, 19–33; the construction work was intermittently continued until 1704). After acquiring two buildings on Didžioji Street in 1667 and 1673, Pacas eventually rebuilt them into a luxuriously-decorated three-storey palace (Čaplinskas 2011, 275)
Electricity grids and geopolitics: a game-theoretic analysis of the synchronization of the Baltic States' electricity networks with Continental Europe
No full textCan supply of electricity be used as an energy weapon? This question rises in importance as more countries trade electricity across borders to smooth out grid stability issues and improve cost-efficient dispatching across large geographic areas. In the context of the Baltics’ disentanglement from the BRELL (Belarus, Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) electricity grid and synchronization with Europe, we develop a game-theoretic model and examine the strategies of the involved parties in light of the potential for electricity trade to be used as a geopolitical weapon. We conceptualize the process of the synchronization project as a sequential-move game between three actors (Russia, the Baltic states, and the EU-U.S.). Our findings suggest that, in large part due to reputational concerns, Russia is unlikely to cooperate in the synchronization process. Instead, our model predicts that Russia will not wait for the Baltic states to complete their synchronization with the European grid before disconnecting them from the BRELL system. Direct Russian cyberattacks against Baltic grids are not implemented and the Baltics do not have to make concessions, provided that Western allies signal a strong likelihood of deterrent retaliation. We offer policy recommendations for Europe, Russia and the Baltic states. Keywords: electricity, geopolitical coercion, Russia, Baltic states, game theory
Text as a route from semantic memory to gratitude
No full textStraipsnyje nagrinėjama susvetimėjimo su pasauliu problema, atskleidžiamas jos ryšys su semantinės atminties vyravimu bei su teksto kultūra. Teigiama, kad betarpišką santykį su pasauliu grąžina dėkingumas, aptariamos jo įgyvendinimo galimybės sąlygos, išryškinama jų sąsaja su performatyviu tekstu. Pirmojoje straipsnio dalyje daroma išvada, kad dėkingumo įgyvendinimo sąlyga – sprendimo akto suspendavimas, t. y. radikalus atvirumas pasauliui. Antrojoje ir trečiojoje straipsnio dalyse grindžiama pozicija, nurodanti, kad galimybės sąlygas taip suprastam atvirumui gali sukurti performatyvaus tipo tekstas, atliekantis sąmonės apvalymo nuo prietarų vaidmenį. Esminiai žodžiai: semantinė atmintis; dėkingumas; dovana; performatyvus tekstas; fenomenologija.The article highlights the correlation between text and semantic memory, which shapes one,s perception of reality. It is proposed that this type of memory creates an alienation from the world, that can only be overcome by ethical memory, which is gratitude. It is argued that gratitude, as a correlate of the gift, enables individuals to engage with the intrinsic meaning of objects. The article examines the challenge of attaining the ideal of gratitude at the existential level. Those who attempt to cultivate gratitude on a consistent basis inevitably encounter their own limitations. The first part of the article examines the challenges associated with gratitude and ultimately concludes that, in order to fulfil the requirement of gratitude in its entirety, one must refrain from any form of judgement about the world. The second and third parts of the article argue that the creation of the aforementioned conditions for openness can be achieved through the use of a performative text that brackets the natural attitude. Keywords: semantic memory; gratitude; gift; performative text; phenomenology