“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Some ideological aspects of the phenomenon of individual freedom in Hegel’s philosophy of right and the "Phenomenology of spirit"
No full textSvarstyti laisvės idėją paprastai paskatina laisvės stoka. Kasdienybėje galima neturėti galimybių patenkinti vienų ar kitų poreikių, įgyvendinti tam tikrų tikslų. Tačiau Hegelis prabyla apie gerokai platesnės laisvės siekimo lauką nei individualistinė, tik savo asmeniniais interesais susirūpinusi, laisvė. Viskas prasideda nuo to, kad individas, aiškiai suvokiantis, ko nori gyvenime, siekdamas realizuoti savo poreikius, susiduria su kitais, taigi užmezga tam tikrus santykius su skirtingomis asmenybėmis. Dėl to straipsnyje taip pat imuosi gvildenti pono ir vergo idėjų kontekstą, pagrindžiantį kvestionuotiną, vertinant laisvės idėjos aspektu, šiuolaikinę sociokultūrinę dinamiką bei jos pokyčius. Vykstant minėtoms sociokultūrinėms sąveikoms, susiklosto atskiros profesinės bendruomenės, mąstančios apie savo išlikimą. Tam, kad socialinė būtis nevirstų kova už būvį, Hegelio filosofijoje individas turi puoselėti savo dvasią, ugdyti moralumą ir atskirti, kas priklauso jam, o kas – kitam individui ar bendruomenei. Bandant perprasti šias sociokultūrines patirtis, teisė yra vienas iš svarbiausių instrumentų. Šiuolaikybėje teisė daugiausia interpretuojama kaip sausų įstatymų sąvadas, o Hegelis skirtingas teisės paskirtis suvokia kaip bendražmogiškų vertybių mediacines funkcijas, padedančias išgvildenti tam tikrus laisvės idėjos aspektus. Šiuos idėjinius sąlyčius ir nagrinėju straipsnyje, remdamasis Immanuelio Kanto, Friedricho Nietzsche’ės idėjomis, savo paties ir įvairių lietuvių mąstytojų hermeneutinėmis įžvalgomis. Raktažo džiai : laisvės fenomenas, Hegelis, teisės filosofija, dvasios fenomenologija, laisva valia, filosofija.The idea of freedom is often ignited by its absence. In our daily lives, we may encounter restrictions that prevent us from fulfilling our needs or pursuing our goals. Hegel, however, explores a much broader concept of freedom than the individualistic pursuit of self-interest. Hegel’s starting point is the individual’s clear understanding of his desires. In the pursuit of these desires, the individual inevitably encounters others and enters into relationships with different personalities in order to achieve his goals. This leads to an exploration of the master-slave dialectic in the context of contemporary socio-cultural dynamics and the evolving nature of the concept of freedom. These socio-cultural interactions give rise to distinct professional communities, each concerned with its own survival. To prevent social existence from becoming a struggle for survival, Hegelian philosophy emphasises the cultivation of the mind, the development of morality, and the distinction between what belongs to the individual and what belongs to others or the community. Law serves as a crucial tool for navigating these socio-cultural experiences. In contrast to contemporary interpretations of law as a mere collection of dry statutes, Hegel perceives the various functions of law as mediating mechanisms for shared human values, each of which sheds light on specific aspects of the concept of freedom. This article explores these conceptual connections, drawing on the ideas of Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzsche, the author’s own perspectives, and the hermeneutical insights of various Lithuanian thinkers. Key Words: phenomenon of freedom, Hegel, philosophy of law, phenomenology of spirit, free will, philosophy
Die Handelsbeziehungen Polen-Litauens mit dem Königreich Preußen von der Ersten bis zur Zweiten Teilung (1772-1792)
No full textThe article deals with various aspects of Polish-Prussian trade relations between the 1st and 2nd Partitions of Poland-Lithuania between 1772 and 1792. The trade treaty of 1775 and Prussian customs policy up until 1786 played the key role in the trade contacts between the Rzeczpospolita and the Kingdom of Prussia, but these proved unfavourable for both countries in many respects. The deficiencies in the Prussian customs policy that arose after 1775 became a subject of discussion in government circles in Berlin after the death of Frederick II, and the new King of Prussia, Frederick William II, tried to establish new trade relations with Poland Lithuania according to the free trade principle. The trade facilitations introduced by Prussia in 1788 on the border between East Prussia and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led to a significant increase in trade turnover there, although the increase in customs duties by the Lithuanian customs authorities also resulted in price increases of goods imported from Lithuania. The increase in trade turnover and the number of Lithuanian merchants coming to Königsberg led to the establishment of a Polish-Lithuanian consulate in the city, headed by Jerzy Wojna-Okołow in the years 1792–1794. Keywords: Königreich Preußen im 18. Jahrhundert, Teilungen Polen-Litauens 1772–1795, Friedrich der Große, Friedrich Wilhelm II., Hohenzollern, Stanisław August Poniatowski, Handelspolitik
Application of urban theories in developing participatory planning tools
No full textFor successful and efficient participatory planning, continuous improvement and assessment of its tools is needed. The aim of this research is to summarize the methodologies, process, and results of the participatory workshops carried out within the framework of the Genius Loci project implemented in the Šančiai neighbourhood (Kaunas, Lithuania), and to draw conclusions and insights on the effectiveness, advantages, and possibilities of using urban theories and approaches, such as mental mapping, sociotope methodology, and pattern language in participatory planning tools. The possibilities of application of the design thinking approach in facilitating the process and improving user experience are also discussed. The article includes a brief introduction to the activities of the Genius Loci project with the following focus on workshops, their methodologies, processes, and outcomes from the point of view of urban theories applied. The main outcome is the summary table demonstrating features of participatory tools (workshop sessions), elements of urban theories applied, and their evaluation followed by conclusions. Keywords: design thinking, mental mapping, participatory planning, pattern language, sociotope method, Šančiai, workshop sessions
Constitution: the text and the context
No full textBūtų netikslu Konstitucijos taikymą apibūdinti vien kaip elementarų loginį silogizmą, jos teksto prasmės interpretavimas moksle yra aiškinamas įvairiais kompleksiniais modeliais. Vienas iš veiksnių, kuris į tuos modelius Lietuvos moksle nėra adekvačiai inkorporuotas, yra kontekstas. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas konteksto vaidmuo Konstitucinio Teismo jurisprudencijoje aiškinant Konstitucijos tekstą. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad šis vaidmuo nėra mažareikšmis ir net gali lemti tokį Konstitucijos išaiškinimą, kuris prasilenkia su tuo, kurį gautume pažodžiui vadovaudamiesi Konstitucijos tekstu. Tikimasi, kad šio fenomeno pažinimas padės tiksliau suprasti ir išartikuliuoti Konstitucinio Teismo sprendimų priėmimo metodologiją bei patikimiau prognozuoti galimų konstitucinių ginčų baigtį. Raktažodžiai: Konstitucija, Konstitucinis Teismas, teisės aiškinimas, teisės teorija.It would not be accurate to describe the ways the Constitution is applied by merely mentioning an elementary logical syllogism. Interpretation of the text of the Constitution in legal research is characterised by various complex models. One of the factors that has yet to be properly incorporated into these models is the context. This article presents the role of the context in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. Findings of the analysis show that this role is significant and can even result in such a constitutional interpretation which deviates from the one that would derive from a literal interpretation of the text. The questions regarding when, how, and to what extent the context can determine the outcome of constitutional cases present an essential challenge for legal scholars and practitioners and require a deeper inquiry. Keywords: Constitution, Constitutional Court, legal interpretation, legal theor
Relationship of alcoholics anonymous 12-step programme to the catholic concept of the sacrament of reconciliation
No full textStraipsnyje nagrinėjamos sąsajos tarp anoniminių alkoholikų (AA) 12 žingsnių programos ir katalikiškosios Sutaikinimo sakramento sampratos. Priimant sielovados praktikoje plačiai paplitusią praktiką skirstyti Sutaikinimo sakramentą į penkias dalis, aptariami Katalikų Bažnyčios mokymo apie jį praktiniai aspektai. Atskleidžiamas panašumas tarp sąžinės sąskaitos prieš išpažintį ir AA ketvirtojo žingsnio. Antroji ir trečioji Sutaikinimo sakramento dalys neturi tiesioginių atitikmenų 12 žingsnių formuluotėse, bet galima rasti panašių nuostatų smulkesniuose žingsnių aprašuose. Ketvirtoji Sutaikinimo sakramento dalis turi daug bendrų bruožų su penktuoju žingsniu, aprašytu AA programoje. Pagrindinis skirtumas tas, kad AA atveju šis žingsnis nėra sakramentinė išpažintis. Paskutinė Sutaikinimo sakramento dalis turi artimų atitikmenų devintajame AA žingsnyje. Prieinama prie išvados, kad egzistuoja reikšmingų sąsajų tarp AA 12 žingsnių programos ir katalikiškosios Sutaikinimo sakramento sampratos, kaip dviejų dvasinio gyvenimo ugdymo kelių. Raktažodžiai: anoniminiai alkoholikai, 12 žingsnių programa, Sutaikinimo sakramentas, dvasinis gyvenimas.The article explores the links between the 12-step programme of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and the Catholic concept of the Sacrament of Reconciliation. The practical aspects of the Catholic Church’s teaching on the Sacrament are discussed using the five-part division of the Sacrament of Reconciliation, which is widely used in pastoral ministry. The similarity between the examination of conscience before confession and the Fourth Step of AA is shown. The second and third parts of the Sacrament of Reconciliation have no direct counterparts in the wording of the 12 Steps, but similar provisions can be found in the more detailed descriptions of the Steps. The fourth part of the Sacrament of Reconciliation has many similarities to the Fifth Step in the AA programme. The main difference is that in AA this step is not a sacramental confession. The last part of the Sacrament of Reconciliation has close parallels in the Ninth Step of AA . It is concluded that there are significant links between the AA 12-step programme and the Catholic concept of the Sacrament of Reconciliation. They are two ways of nurturing the spiritual life. Keywords: Alcoholics Anonymous, 12-Step programme, Sacrament of Reconciliation, spiritual life
Graduates of Kauno kolegija hei in preschool institutions considering employers' attitudes towards general and professional competencies of preschool educators
No full textStraipsnyje gilinamasi į bendrųjų ir profesinių kompetencijų svarbą kasdieniame ikimokyklinio ugdymo pedagogo darbe bei Kauno kolegijos absolventų, įsidarbinusių Kauno miesto ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigose, turimų kompetencijų vertinimą įstaigų vadovų požiūriu. Mokytojo profesijos kompetencijos(-ų) aprašai periodiškai keičiami, papildomi, atnaujinami. Straipsnyje ieškoma atsakymų į probleminį klausimą – koks ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų vadovų požiūris į ikimokyklinio ugdymo pedagogų, įskaitant ir Kauno kolegijos absolventus, bendrąsias ir profesines kompetencijas? Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų vadovų požiūrį į ikimokyklinio ugdymo pedagogų, įskaitant ir Kauno kolegijos absolventus, bendrąsias ir profesines kompetencijas. Taikyti metodai: mokslinės literatūros ir dokumentų analizė, apklausa raštu, aprašomoji statistika, turinio analizė. Atlikta Kauno miesto ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų vadovų apklausa atskleidė, kad prioritetinėmis laikomos tos bendrosios kompetencijos, kurios susijusios su komunikavimu ir profesiniu tobulėjimu, o svarbiausios profesinės kompetencijos yra tiesiogiai susijusios su vaiko ugdymo procesu. Nustatyta, kad darbdaviai labai gerai vertina kolegijos absolventų pasirengimą praktinei veiklai bei studijų metu įgytas bendrąsias ir profesines kompetencijas, nors turi pageidavimų dėl geresnio kalbų įvaldymo, išsamesnio susipažinimo su dokumentais, aktyvesnio įsitraukimo į konkrečią praktinę veiklą, bendravimą ir bendradarbiavimą, iškilus probleminiams atvejams, norėtų tobulinti gebėjimą įtraukti šeimą į aktyvią pedagoginę sąveiką, gebėjimą planuoti, organizuoti, vertinti, analizuoti, dokumentuoti vaikų veiklą, gebėjimą kurti atitinkamas ugdomąsias aplinkas. Susisteminus tyrimo rezultatus buvo išskirtos keturios pedagoginės veiklos kategorijos, kuriose stebimos tobulintinos profesinės kompetencijos ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaigų pedagogų komandose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Kauno kolegijos absolventai, ikimokyklinio ugdymo įstaiga, ikimokyklinio ugdymo pedagogas, bendrosios kompetencijos, profesinės kompetencijos.The article deals with the issues of the importance of the general and professional competencies in the everyday activities of preschool educators, as well as the evaluation of competencies possessed by the graduates of Kauno kolegija, who are employed in preschool education institutions in Kaunas, from the perspective of principals of these institutions. Descriptions of teachers’ professional competencies are periodically changed, supplemented, and updated. The article aims to answer the problem questions of what general and professional competencies of preschool educators employers consider to be the most important and what general and professional competencies the graduates of the study programme of Preschool Education at Kauno kolegija, employed in preschool education institutions, possess. The research aims to reveal the opinions of principals of preschool institutions on the general and professional competencies possessed by preschool education teachers, including those who are graduates of Kauno kolegija. The research methods include the analysis of the scientific literature and documents, a survey, descriptive statistics, and content analysis. A survey with the participation of the principals of the preschool institutions in Kaunas revealed that priority goes to those general competencies that relate to communication and professional development, while the most important professional competencies are directly related to the child’s educational process. The results of the survey revealed that employers highly appreciate the training of the graduates of Kauno kolegija for practical activities, and they are satisfied with the general and professional competencies acquired during the studies. However, the principals of the institutions would like a better use of foreign languages, better acquaintance with documents, more active involvement in specific practical activities, communication and cooperation in problematic cases, as well as better ability to involve families in active educational interaction, better ability to plan, organise, evaluate, analyse and document children’s activities and create appropriate educational environments. The research results allowed the systematisation of four categories of educational activities, indicating the need for the improvement of some professional competencies in preschool education teams in general. Keywords: graduates of Kauno kolegija Higher Education Institution, preschool institution, preschool educator, general competencies, professional competencies
"Golden snail opera" as a manifestation of anthropocenic self-perception
No full textStraipsnyje, pasiremiant Auksinės sraigės operos pavyzdžiu, svarstomi esminiai šiuolaikinių ekologinį sąmoningumą ugdančių ir į antropoceno iššūkių suvokimą kreipiančių menų kultūrinio, mokslinio ir politinio poveikio aspektai. Meno kūriniais ar meniniais politiniais vyksmais peržengiant gamtos ir kultūros skirtį, netenka prasmės vyravęs estetinio santykio su meno kūriniu įsivaizdavimas ir juo grindžiamas teoretizavimas. Pirminis tampa meninis tiriamasis politinis vyksmas, įtraukiantis platesnę bendruomenę. Auksinės sraigės operą kūrusių 4 menininkių mokslininkų būrelis yra Rytų ir Vakarų, taip pat ir globaliųjų Pietų ir Šiaurės kultūrų bei mokslinių prieigų neišardomo globalizacinio susisaistymo pavyzdys. 7 veiksmų su prologu ir epilogu videooperoje veikia trys personažai, kurių tekstus gali skaityti vienas ar trys balsai, o kūrinio jungtis atliekama taivanietiškais būgnais. Veikalas kurtas, filmuojant ir įrašant garsinę konkretaus ūkininkavimo auginant ryžius Taivano vietovėje patirtį, jame sukaupti ir apibendrinti didelės apimties įvairialypiai moksliniai duomenys, rodantys, kaip šioje vietovėje keitėsi gyvenimo būdai ir žmonių savimonė, kaip šiuolaikinis kapitalizmas „laužė“ tradicijas, kaip žmonės buvo verčiami prisitaikyti prie naujų gyvenimo sąlygų, kurios vis labiau ėmė sietis su globalizacijos vyksmais ir jų pasekmėmis. Pagrindinė operos veikėja yra savais garsais ir vaizdais apsireiškianti auksinė sraigė, atgabenta iš Argentinos ir tapusi kenksminga invazine rūšimi, su kuria imta mokytis sugyventi. Straipsnyje pasitelkiami ir kiti ekologinio mokslinio meninio tyrimo kūriniai, plėtojantys „daugiau nei žmogišką“ požiūrio į pasaulį ar „ontologinio posūkio“ nuostatą, iškeliamas šiuose menuose ryškėjantis pasaulio daugiarūšio sąmoningumo bei dvasingumo aspektas, kuriame sukaupta žmonijos gyvavimo patirtis. Raktažodžiai: daugiarūšis sąsajumas, globalizacija, invazinė rūšis, kapitalizmas, nuodingumas.Drawing on the example of the “Golden Snail Opera”, the article discusses the essential aspects of the cultural, scientific and political impact of contemporary art, which is rising ecological awareness and appealing to the understanding of the challenges of the Anthropocene. By transcending the distinction between nature and culture through works of art or artistic political events, the prevailing idea of the aesthetic relationship with the work of art and the theoretization based on it are becoming meaningless. The primary is an artistic exploratory political process involving the wider community. The group of 4 women artists and scientists who created the “Golden Snail Opera” is an example of the unbreakable globalization of East and West, as well as the cultures and scientific institutions of the global South and North. In the video of 7 actions with a prologue and an epilogue, there are three characters, whose texts can be read by one or three voices, and the connection of the work is performed on Taiwanese drums. The work was created by filming and recording the specific experience of a particular farming in the cultivation of rice in an area of Taiwan, it collected and summarized large-scale, diverse scientific data that showed how lifestyles and people’s self-awareness changed in this area, how modern capitalism “broke” traditions, how people were forced to adapt to new living conditions, which increasingly began to be associated with the events of globalization and their consequences. The main character of the opera is a golden snail appearing in its own sounds and images, brought from Argentina and became a harmful invasive species with which humans began to learn to coexist. The article also uses other works of ecological scientific artistic research that develop a “more than human” attitude towards the world or an “ontological turn”, and highlights the aspect of the world’s multispecies consciousness and spirituality that emerges in these arts. In this aspect the experience of the life of mankind is accumulated. Key Words: artistic scientific research, globalization, invasive species, capitalism, poisonousness
1541 delimitation treaty between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order
No full textAn interest in the history of the borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL), on the one hand, and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, on the other, arose in the 19th century historiography. The delimitation processes and the concept of borders have been and still are being researched. Sources relevant to these studies are published from time to time. In this case, a source found in the Latvian State History Archive is published: it is a border delimitation agreement concluded between the GDL and the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order in 1541 to update the borders. The document is written in Latin, on parchment, and sealed. The treaty of 1541 similar in content was published back in the 18th century, but a closer analysis revealed that it is not the same document. The published document is an original that belonged to the Livonian side. A comparison of this text and the one published in the 18th century shows that they differ not only in the spelling of individual words, but also in whole fragments. This allows to take a new look at the documentation of the border delimitation processes
Rīgas rātes pasniegtās dāvanas Polijas-Lietuvas karalim Stefanam Batorijam (Rīga, 1582. gada 13. marts)
No full textPolish–Lithuanian king Stephen Báthory and his retinue reached the out skirts of Riga on 12 March 1582. In the last few miles on the ice-covered Daugava river they were greeted and accompanied by a cavalry unit of approx. 200 burgh ers of Riga. The guard of honor, consisting of City guard units in full armour, was lined along the entire way to the market square, while others waited on the walls. The king then proceeded to his lodgings in the castle, while courtiers and militia were accomodated in less “royal” citizens’ apartments. On the following day, the king entered the city through a triumphal arch specially made for the purpose with inscription on the front praising the king’s “restraining of Muscovites” and that on the back expressing hope in the ensuing “golden times” to the citizens. In the market square a stage was set up for celebratory fireworks. Customary to the occasion, gifts were presented and banquets were held that would celebrate the king’s triumph over Muscovites and his becoming the new sovereign of Riga City. Although the king’s triumphal entry in Riga attracted great interest among the contemporaries, the gift-giving is reported only in two Polish accounts – letters by envoy of Danzig to Riga Daniel Hermann and Royal Secretary J. Pietrowski – both in similar wording [...]. The reports, albeit far from being exhaustive, certainly were true and can be verified with recently discovered account kept in the Latvian State Historical Archive. The account outlines a few memorable episodes of the gift-giving process and lists the items presented to the King, state officials, and members of the king’s household. Along with the transcript of this account, the current publication offers preliminary analysis of gifts and their receivers. It, however, does not elaborate on the performative praxis of the gift-giving, and their communicative roles. Although the analysed gift-giving was rooted in a tradition of ancient origins, which has numerous evidences in the late medieval and early modern Livonian history, the present analysis is a rare contribution to our knowledge of the gift-giving practice during a princely entry. [...
A Model of public sector e-services development efficiency as a sustainable competitive advantage
No full textThis study aims to explore the links between the efficiency of public sector e-services and sustainable competitive advantage. In line with the emerging approach, the instrumental case study design and the mixed research strategy were used as the most appropriate methodology to answer the general research question that was raised for this study. In this context, we present the positive experience that we have discovered via the Lithuanian case study. A unified model of evaluation of the e-services development system in the public sector was developed. The model explains the application of various e-services development systems methodologies and methods in the public sector and underpins the platform for the interaction of efficiency and sustainable competitive advantage processes. The model developed helps to make the assessment of e-services more effective and demonstrates a personalised outcome that can be applied by other public sector organisations. The paper discusses the efficiency trends in the development of e-services in the public sector in order to achieve Sustainable Development Goals, as well as distinguishes and highlights procedural steps that help to improve the development of e-services and sustainable competitive advantage. Keywords: efficiency of e-service; public sector; sustainable competitive; advantage; model; Lithuania