“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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On a certain Lithuanian purpose clause construction
No full textStraipsnyje aptariami lietuvių kalbos tikslo šalutiniai sakiniai su kad ir būtojo laiko padalyviu (kad veltui neišmetus pinigų). Skiriamasis šių sakinių bruožas yra pagrindinio ir šalutinio sakinių subjektų sutapimas. Straipsnyje siūlomas vidinės rekonstrukcijos metodu paremtas minėtų tikslo konstrukcijų aiškinimas. Keliama hipotezė, kad padalyvis pradėtas vartoti sakiniuose su vertinamaisiais predikatais kaip „pseudosąlyginė“ strategija faktyvinei interpretacijai išvengti (gerai būtų suradus... = gerai būtų, jeigu surastume…). Iš konstrukcijų su vertinamaisiais predikatais padalyvis buvo perkeltas į optatyvinius (pageidavimą reiškiančius) sakinius (gerai būtų suradus → kad tik suradus…). Be semantinio poslinkio (nuo vertinamosios prie desideratyvinės arba optatyvinės reikšmės), čia įvyko ir sintaksinės insubordinacijos procesas. Pagaliau optatyviniai sakiniai su padalyviu buvo įtraukti į naują sintaksinę priklausomybę su nauja – aplinkybinės tikslo konstrukcijos – funkcija (kad tik veltui neišmetus pinigų → reikia gerai apgalvoti, kad veltui neišmetus pinigų). Baigiamosiose pastabose trumpai aptariami ir preskriptyviniai padalyvinės tikslo konstrukcijos aspektai ir keliama mintis, kad preskriptyvinėje literatūroje vyraujantis neigiamas jos vertinimas gal nėra visai pagrįstas. Raktažodžiai: tikslo sakiniai, padalyvis, komplementacija, vertinamieji predikatai, insubordinacija, resubordinacija.The article deals with the use of the Lithuanian anteriority converb in -us in a certain type of purpose clauses whose implicit subject is coreferential with the (often also implicit) main clause subject or agent (as in kad veltui neišmetus pinigų ‘in order not to throw money away’). The article offers a historical account for its rise based on internal reconstruction. It is argued that the anteriority converb was introduced as a pseudo-conditional strategy used to avoid a factive reading in constructions with evaluative predicates (as in gerai būtų suradus... = gerai būtų, jeigu surastume... ‘it would be a good thing if we found…’). From evaluative constructions the converb then spread to optative clauses with kad tik ‘if only’ (gerai būtų suradus ‘it would be a good thing to find…’ → kad tik suradus... ‘if only one could find…’). Apart from a semantic shift (from evaluative to desiderative/deontic) this also involved a process of syntactic insubordination. In a subsequent process of resubordination, constructions with the anteriority converb finally came to function as adverbial purpose clauses. In the final part of the article it is argued that the negative view prescriptivist sources take of purpose clauses with the anteriority converb might be up for a revision. Keywords: purpose clause, converb, complementation, evaluative predicates, insubordination, resubordination
A Newfound hub of global democracy promotion: Lithuania playing to its strengths
No full textAfter gaining membership in the European Union and NATO, models portraying Lithuania as a bridge between the East and the West, or a networked state uniting in-country nationals and global diaspora were put forth, while others even forecasted inevitable collapse in the face of a lack of a unified geopolitical program. In the light of this plethora of geopolitical visions, in 2000s Lithuania’s approach to its Eastern neighbors could have been described as “multivectoral.” While Lithuanian leaders outspokenly supported pro-democratic protests and European aspirations of the colored revolutions in Georgia and Ukraine, attempts to “restart” relations with Eastern European autocrats also ensued. However, the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea really struck a chord, and the new chapter in the Russian war against Ukraine in February 2022 contributed to consolidation of a clear-cut Lithuanian geopolitical positionality. In the face of Russian aggression, squeezed between the Russian exclave of Kaliningrad and Russian partner-in-crime Belarus, Lithuania rebranded itself as an outpost of a global democratizing agenda and embraced a discourse of care vis-`a-vis repressed Russian and Belarusian civil societies and Ukrainians fighting back for national survival. Echoing historical solidarity narratives of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, new-found Lithuanian agency also aims to reframe Russian aggression as a neo-colonial performance. This piece (1) explores how the unfolding war has constituted a “democratic outpost” identity espoused by the Lithuanian political elite and (2) links these shifts with increased Lithuanian agency in Euro-Atlantic structures and the unexpected attempts to rework itself as a hub of democracy promotion globally. Finally, (3) the contribution problematizes the “outpost Europe” idea by scrutinizing the telling silence on the creeping autocratization in Poland, and the implicit paternalism of the pro-democratic care targeting Russian, Belarusian civil societies, and the Ukrainian state. Keywords: democracy promotion, democratic resilience, foreign policy, civil society, small states, wa
Constitutions of the chapter of Samogitian cathedral: letter, spirit, life
No full textKatalikų vyskupijų katedrų kapitulos – šiandienos Lietuvoje menkai pažįstama institucija. Taip yra pirmiausia dėl to, kad senosios (Vilniaus ir Žemaičių – pastaroji vėliau virto Kauno metropoline) vyskupijų kapitulos liovėsi egzistavusios sovietmečiu; tuo pačiu metu sunyko ir naujosios, įkurtos 1926 m. ar netrukus po to. XXI a. pradžioje kai kuriose Lietuvos vyskupijose atgaivintos arba naujai įkurtos kapitulų institucijos kadaise turėtos reikšmės jau nebeturi. Vilniaus ir Žemaičių kapitulų istoriografijoje galima išskirti dvi publikacijų grupes – apžvalginio pobūdžio tekstus ir publikacijas, skirtas paskiriems kapitulų veiklos istorijos aspektams. Bene daugiausia dėmesio yra sulaukęs svarbiausias kapitulų istorijos šaltinis – kapitulų aktai (posėdžių protokolai). Laikotarpį nuo XVI a. pradžios iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo išvakarių aprėpiančios Vilniaus kapitulos aktų knygos dėl savo reikšmės ir didžiulės apimties sulaukė ne vieno mėginimo išskirti svarbiausias žinias, sudarant aktų santraukas; XVIII a. pabaigoje – XX a. pradžioje vienas po kito tai atliko trys Vilniaus kapitulos nariai, prelatai Pranciškus Ksaveras Bogušas, Mamertas Herburtas ir Janas Kurczewskis. Pastarasis paskelbė šias savo parengtas kapitulos aktų santraukas ir publikavo įvairių su Vilniaus kapitulos istorija susijusių dokumentų. Iš pastarojo meto publikacijų minėtinas Martyno Jakulio straipsnis ir fundamentali seniausios Vilniaus kapitulos aktų knygos publikacija, kurią parengė Darius Antanavičius6. Apimtimi ir reikšme kur kas kuklesni Žemaičių kapitulos aktai (išlikę iš XVII a. pradžios – XX a. pradžios laikotarpio) panašių tyrinėjimų ir anotavimo iniciatyvų iki šiol nėra sulaukę.The aim of the paper is to examine implementation of the laws of the cathedral chapter of the diocese of Samogitia according to the acts of the general sessions of the chapter (for the period from 1613 to 1913). The corpus of the constitutions, or statutes of the chapter was created in 1561–62 by the famous mid-16th century Lithuanian lawyers, Canon Pedro Ruiz de Moros (Petrus Roysius) and Bishop Joannes Domanowski. Despite the fact that already in 1637 Bishop Georgius Tyszkiewicz added some new constitutions (published in the annex of the paper), and there were subsequent attempts to ‘modernize’ the old corpus of the constitutions in the late 18th – early 19th century, the Roysian statutes retained their validity and exceptional authority in the life of the Samogitian cathedral chapter as long as 1925 when the old statutes were fundamentally revised. The constitutions predominantly influenced decisions of the chapter via hearing and memory. Due to the limited copies of the text which had to be not too much multiplicated in order to preserve secrecy, majority of canons were aware of the contents of the constitutions from reading aloud (usually, in fragments than in extenso) during the general sessions of the chapter. Perhaps this could explain occasional cases of erroneous allusion to the text of the constitutions in the decisions of the chapter. In some other cases, aspiration to ground the decisions of the chapter with solid arguments could inspire canons to invoke hardly definable ‘spirit’ (mens) of the constitutions. However, usually the constitutions were quoted correctly; the cases of clear reference to specific articles of the constitutions found in the acts of the general sesssions of the chapter are listed and described in the final part of the paper. Keywords: cathedral chapter of the diocese of Samogitia, constitutions (statutes) of the cathedral chapter, acts of the cathedral chapter, Roman Catholic Church in Early Modern Lithuania
Підвищення якості дозвілля та спортивного клубу
No full textDecreasing physical activity encourages business organizations in the sports industry to establish more sports clubs and facilities, strengthen sports infrastructure. Organizations providing sports services face numerous challenges, which prompt decision-making aimed at encouraging customers to be interested in the services offered and to use them. Therefore, it is essential for all levels of management personnel and shareholders to remain creative, original, innovative, flexible, and most importantly – innovative (Howieson et al., 2019). Currently, an increasing number of studies show that the success of sports center management and maintaining competitiveness requires more effective and modern management (Álvarez – García et al., 2019). With increasing competition in the service sector of leisure and sports clubs, the satisfaction of customer expectations with the service becomes a priority. Managing a positive customer experience by increasing customer loyalty is an important aspect to stay in a competitive environment. Therefore, it is important that sports organizations dedicate time and effort to understand and assess the expectations and needs of their unique segment of customers when using the services of a sports club. Research problem question: What is the gap between customers' expectations and the actual quality of service, and what are the ways to address quality gaps? Research aim: To determine the quality of sports club services from the perspective of customers. Research objectives: define the factors influencing the quality of leisure and sports club services and improvement directions; evaluate the quality of leisure sports club services from the perspective of customer expectations and the actual service received. Research Methods: literature review and synthesis, quantitative research – questionnaire survey, statistical data analysis, descriptive statistical analysis. Conclusion: The service of the sports club is at a sufficiently high level, but quality improvement solutions are needed for modernization and expansion of premises and updating equipment. Additional services (nutritionist, masseuse, solarium service) and expand group workouts have been established. The study found that when assessing the quality of services in terms of tangibleness, reliability, certainty, responsiveness, empathy for clients, empathy is the lowest valued empathy. The ability of employees to implement the needs of visitors, the allocation of individual attention to the visitor, the solution of problems that have arisen in the problems encountered by the client, the implementation and qualification of special needs, the provision of equipment for services are evaluated with lower scores. Keywords: quality, service, leisure and sports club
Opportunities for attracting alternative funding sources to startups
No full textStartuoliai, priešingai nei jau rinkoje veikiančios įmonės, yra tik ką įsikūrusios ar besikuriančios jaunos įmonės, turinčios ne tik didelį augimo potencialą dėl savo novatoriškų ambicijų būti pirmaujančiomis, bet kartu pasižyminčios didele rizika visko netekti. Intensyvios konkurencijos sąlygomis jaunam besikuriančiam verslui gyvybiškai svarbu užtikrinti tinkamą jo finansavimą. Startuolių kūrimas ypač reikalauja didelių investicijų, nes jų veikla dažniausiai yra tiesiogiai susijusi su inovacijų, aukštųjų technologijų kūrimu bei jų naudojimu versle. Rinka šiandien siūlo daug įvairių tradicinių ir alternatyvių finansavimo šaltinių, tačiau startuoliams, siekiantiems pateikti rinkai išskirtinius produktus ir pasižymintiems tiek dideliu augimo potencialu, tiek ir didele verslo rizika, ne visi finansavimo šaltiniai yra prieinami ir efektyvūs. Straipsnio tikslas yra apibrėžus startuolio sampratą ir identifikavus esmines startuolių charakteristikas, išanalizuoti alternatyvius startuolių finansavimo šaltinius. Atlikta mokslinės literatūros analizė atskleidė, jog dėl startuoliams būdingos aukštos verslo rizikos patraukliausi ir geriausiai prieinami yra ne tradiciniai finansavimo šaltiniai, tačiau tokie alternatyvūs finansavimo šaltiniai, kaip verslo angelai, sutelktinis finansavimas, rizikos kapitalo fondai bei įvairios verslo akceleravimo programos. „Startup Lithuania” 2023 m. atliktos Lietuvos startuolių apklausos rezultatai patvirtino, jog alternatyvūs šaltiniai, kaip patraukliausia startuolių finansavimo priemonė įvardinti ir Lietuvoje veikiančių startuolių. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: startuolis, alternatyvūs finansavimo šaltiniai, verslo angelai, sutelktinis finansavimas, rizikos kapitalo fondai.Startups are generally considered newly established, young, promising companies with high growth potential, characterised by innovativeness, technological attractiveness, and uniqueness. However, small startups are often faced with a lack of financing, the main reasons being insufficient collateral, high costs, high risks for the financier, and information asymmetry (AFI, 2020). As startups are mostly focused on the development and production of products directly related to innovation and technological development, attracting sufficient funding is vital for the development and continuity of such businesses. According to Ive (2015), adequate funding helps to create a strategic advantage by enabling a product to enter the market quickly, grow, and further penetrate other markets. Many factors contribute to attracting the right financing. To convince investors to invest in young companies, startups need to be attractive, adequately convey the business idea and growth potential, provide a clear business model, and development strategy, and highlight other strengths of the company and other issues that are important for business success. Failure to attract sufficient funding in time can lead to failure in implementing business ideas. The market today offers a wide range of traditional and alternative sources of finance. However, for startups seeking to bring unique products to market with both high growth potential and high business risk, not all sources of finance are available and effective. Assessing the financing options for startups can only be achieved by analysing the business financing instruments available on the market and identifying the startup-specific factors that influence the attraction of finance. The object of the study is alternative sources of funding for startups. The study aims to analyse alternative funding sources for startups by defining the concept of a startup and identifying the key characteristics of startups. Objectives of the study: 1. Define the concept of startup and identify its essential characteristics. 2. Identify the factors influencing the attraction of funding sources to startups. 3. Analyse alternative funding sources for startups. Research methods: analysis of scientific literature, content analysis of the document, analysis of statistical data, comparison, summarisation, and graphical representation. The analysis of scientific papers and statistical data has shown that the product offered by a startup company must be not only distinctive and innovative but also useful, recognised, and valued by the consumer, otherwise it would be difficult for the start-up to create a competitive advantage. To penetrate the market, a start-up goes through a series of stages from idea generation, implementation, growth, and maturity, to exit or other business transformation. A professional, creative, and efficient team, able to clearly outline the vision and strategy of the company and develop a clear business idea, is one of the most important factors in ensuring not only the success of the business but also the right business funding. To attract funding for start-up and expansion, startups need to gain the trust of investors, which can only be done with a detailed business plan and model, with possible alternatives in case of failure, with effective marketing, and with the use of modern means of communication. There are many different sources of business finance in the economy, but not all of them are attractive to companies because of their availability at different stages of the business. In the early stages of a business, business founders primarily use their funds, those of family and friends. As startups, due to their inherent high risk, high growth potential, and other unique characteristics, also usually require significant capital at the early stage, the most attractive. Keywords: startup, alternative funding sources, crowdfunding, business angels, venture capital funds
Urban leisure and the rise of commercial entertainment in 19th-century Vilnius: the role of Ivan Shuman in a modernizing city
No full textStraipsnyje per pirmojo Vilniaus antreprenerio Ivano Šumano veiklą nagrinėjami XIX a. antros pusės Vilniaus miesto pramoginės scenos – likusios nacionalinių kanonų ir pagrindinio teatro scenos paraštėse – raidos ypatumai. Pobaudžiavinę ir posukiliminę Vilniaus pramoginę kultūrą ne tik pristatau platesniame kultūriniame regioniniame kontekste, bet ir parodau, kaip šios naujos kultūros vartojimas sutapo su modernizacijos procesų iššūkiais, vienas kurių – viešosios erdvės mieste poreikis. Tokio poreikio iškilimas XIX a. antros pusės Vilniuje žymi naujos miestietiškos kultūros ir jos vartotojų, peržengiančių tradicines socialines ir ekonomines klasių ribas, atsiradimą. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Rusijos imperija, Vilnius, laisvalaikis, komercializacija, urbanizacija, Šumanas.The article explores the evolution of the entertainment scene in Vilnius during the second half of the 19th century, focusing on its marginal position outside national canons and mainstream theatre. Through the work of Ivan Antonovich Shuman, the city’s first entertainment entrepreneur, the study situates Vilnius’ post-serfdom and post-uprising entertainment culture within a broader regional context. It highlights how this emerging culture intersected with the modernization challenges of the time, particularly the demand for public urban spaces. This development reflected the rise of a new urban culture and its consumers, who crossed traditional socio-economic boundaries. Keywords: Russian Empire, Vilnius, leisure, commercialization, urbanization, Ivan Antonovich Shuman
Letter from priests of Prussian Lithuania dated 26 February 1660 regarding the hymnal by daniel Klein
No full text2009 m. mokslo žurnale Archivum Lithuanicum pasirodė žinomos Prūsijos Lietuvo raštijos ir kultūros tyrėjos dr. Liucijos Citavičiūtės straipsnis „Įsruties apskrities bažnyčių ir mokyklų vizitacijos potvarkio Recessus generalis (1639) reikšmė lietuvių raštijai ir jo vykdytojas Danielius Kleinas, kuriame publikuotas raštijos istorijai itin svarbus Tilžės kunigo Danieliaus Kleino (Daniel Klein, 1609–1666 laiškas, rašytas 1659 m. birželio 19 d. Prūsijos valdžiai ir šiuo metu saugomas Prūsijos kultūros paveldo Slaptajame valstybiniame archyve (vok. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz) Berlyne. Drauge su šiuo Kleino laišku, teikiančiu duomenų apie jo veikalų – gramatikos, žodyno ir giesmyno – rengimo aplinkybes, paskelbti dar du toje pačioje archyvo byloje sudėti dokumentai – Prūsijos valdžios raštai (tiksliau – abiejų nuorašai). Vienas jų – 1659 m. birželio 20 d. potvarkis lietuvių kunigams dėl susitikimo su Kleinu Tilžėje aptarti lietuviško giesmyno rengimo reikalus. Šiame straipsnyje pristatomas Prūsijos kultūros paveldo Slaptajame valstybiniame archyve Berlyne rastas kelių Prūsijos Lietuvos kunigų atsakymas į minėtą potvarkį. Straipsnio tikslas – publikuojant šį archyvinį šaltinį atskleisti, kokiomis naujomis detalėmis jis papildo ligšiolinę Kleino giesmyno Naujos Giesmju Knygos (Karaliaučius, 1666, toliau – KlNG) rengimo istoriją. [...]The article introduces the letter from six Prussian Lithuanian priests dated 26 February 1660 regarding the manuscript of the new Lithuanian hymnal Naujos Giesmju Knygos (Königsberg, 1666) by Daniel Klein (1609–1666), a priest of Tilžė (Ger. Tilsit), sent to the local Prussian government, or rather the High Council in Königsberg. The document is currently kept at the Secret State Archives of Prussian Cultural Heritage (Ger. Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz) in Berlin (shelf mark: GStA PK: XX. HA Hist. StA Königsberg, EM 91 d, Nr. 3). This archival source adds new details to the history of Klein’s hymnal. The letter from Prussian Lithuanian priests featured in the article was a reply to the decree by the High Council dated 20 June 1659, which was published together with Klein’s letter of 19 June 1659 by Liucija Citavičiūtė in the science journal Archivum Lithuanicum, vol. 11 (2009). In his letter, Klein asked the High Council to appoint a new commission to assess the hymnal (it was for the first time approved in 1652); as a result, the decree obligated a handful of Prussian Lithuanian priests to meet with Klein and discuss the matter of hymnal production, as well as present some hymns that had been translated or created by them. The newly discovered document confirms that, acting in compliance with the obligation set forth in the decree, the Prussian Lithuanian priests several times did meet in Tilžė, where Klein, the maker of the new Lithuanian hymnal, lived and served as a priest. Even though the decree of 20 June 1659 had been addressed to four priests of Prussia Lithuania, the reply to the authorities regarding the hymnal was signed by six men of the cloth. The priests that were named in the decree, Johannes Hurtelius (Jonas Hurtelijus, ~1610-1667) of Ragainė (Ger. Ragnit), Friedrich Praetorius (Frydrichas Pretorijus, 1624–1695) Žiliai (Ger. Szillen), Wilhelm Johannes Lüdemann (Vilhelmas Jonas Liudemanas, ~1628-1661) of Nybudžiai (Ger. Niebudszen), and Melchior Schwabe (Melchioras Švoba, ~1624-1663) of Valtarkiemis (Ger. Walterkehmen), took the initiative to invite two more priests from the district of Klaipėda (Ger. Memel) to discuss the matter of the new Lithuanian hymnal: Wilhelm Martinius (Vilhelmas Martinis, ~1618–1670) of Verdainė (Ger. Werden) and Michael Gallus (Mykolas Gaidys, ~1632–1698) of Rusnė (Ger. Ruß). The letter also highlights the reason why this initiative was taken: that way, the clergy attempted to cover all dialects of Prussian Lithuania. Klein intended to produce an overarching collection of hymns that would serve all Lithuanian parishes of Prussian Lithuania, which made it vital that the discussion of the hymnal involved representatives from all the areas of Prussian Lithuanian dialects. These six priests are referred to in the foreword to the hymnal by Klein. Among them were two fierce opponents of Klein who were thinking of publishing a separate hymnal. All Prussian Lithuanian priests that signed the letter of 26 February 1660 were excellent scholars of the Lithuanian language just as they were skilled translators and even writers of hymns. At Klein’s request and under orders from the authorities, some of their hymns were submitted for inclusion in the new hymnal. In addition to Klein’s own hymns (38), it also featured a substantial number of hymns by Hurtelius (27) and Schwabe (18), with just a few hymns from other priests (8 by Lüdemann, 7 by Praetorius, 3 by Martinius, 1 by Gallus). This letter bears testimony to the fact that despite the serious disagreement that had previously flamed between Klein and some of the other priests, an agreement was eventually reached. Even though the hymnal was for the second time approved by six Prussia Lithuanian priests and recommended for print in early 1660 already, it was only six years later, at the end of 1666, that it saw the light of day
[Lituanistinio sąjūdžio XVIII amžiaus Prūsijoje atodangos. 1, Vienos šeimos istorija: Mielckes vs. Milkai. D. 2, Dokumentinis Milkų šeimos palikimas. Birutė Triškaitė, Žavinta Sidabraitė] recenzija
No full text"I never thought about how much of a juggle it would be": motherhood and work in contemporary Lithuanian and Irish creative industries
No full textThis article explores the experiences of Irish and Lithuanian mothers in creative work who detail challenges they face and the various strategies they develop to sustain creative work and care for their children. The study draws from 24 interviews which were carriedout with mothers in both countries at various stages in their careers. Our study stresses the importance of national context in research on European creative workers, since national and localised differences feature little in creative industries literature. By assessing mothers in their national contexts, we argue that mothers may share overall experiences of juggling work and family life, of there quirement to solve childcare issues and of challenges they face while working in creative industries. However, crucially, key differences emerge in how Lithuanian and Irish mothers position their professional and maternal identities. Differences arise in the solutions that Lithuanian and Irish mothers use and in the extent to which challenges may be negated, particularly across generations. We relate each of these differences to the localised contexts in which the creative workers mother. Keywords: creative industries; motherhood; work; Lithuania; Ireland
Doing landscape: sensorial and artistic approaches to Donkalnis and Spiginas Mesolithic-Neolithic ritual sites in western Lithuania
No full textDuring the Mesolithic and Neolithic, foragers dwelling in the Eastern Baltic, Scandinavia and Fennoscandia regions buried some of their dead on lake islands or other coastal sites. Based on ethnographic accounts, these sites are often understood as liminal places where water separates the lands ofthe dead and the living. In this paper, we take a more relational view of place and suggest that a particular combination of spatial perception of landscape and the dynamicnature of coastal sites might have contributed to the socialagency of these places, resulting in their use as places for ritual activity. By exploring two Mesolithic–Neolithic burialplaces, Donkalnis and Spiginas (western Lithuania), with sensory archaeological and artistic approaches, we suggest that the ancient foragers of this region buried human bodies in these locations to be part of the place itself. Similar to other depositional acts, this could have been done to mark the location or communicate with the surrounding world. Keywords: Mesolithic, Neolithic, hunter-gatherers, sensory landscape, ritual deposits, non-human agents