“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
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Economic, social, and environmental factors impacting resilience and disturbances of Lithuanian family farms
No full textClimate change, changes in the natural environment, changing markets, price volatility, etc. pose tension and threats to the future of European Union farms. The uncertain future of family farms requires farm resilience—the ability to survive, adapt, and grow in the face of turbulent change. The limited resilience of family farms has become an important concern for rural and agricultural policy. The main goal of this work is to identify disturbances affecting Lithuanian family farms, assess their influence, investigate the general resilience of Lithuanian family farms, propose measures to reduce the vulnerability of farms, and increase the general resilience and sustainability. We used a combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods to conduct the research. Survey research was conducted using a semi-structured expert interview in which various types of variables were collected. The survey questionnaire, consisting of 38 groups of questions, was sent by email to 500 randomly selected family farmers in January 2024 and collected in the same month. The statistical analysis of the data from the 205 duly filled-out questionnaires was carried out using correlation analysis. In this article, we apply the concept of general resilience of the family farm in the direction of robustness, adaptability, and transformability. We identify the main factors influencing the general resilience of the family farm and study the main attributes of the resilience of family farms. We find some links between family farm characteristics, vulnerability factors, and general resilience capabilities, and we make several proposals to increase family farms’ resilience. The obtained results prove that higher education, larger farm sizes, higher agricultural sales, and employment of permanent workers are associated with better resilience. Furthermore, increasing environmentally friendly practices positively impacts resilience. Older farms and farmers, longer durations of farming activity, and risk-averse behaviors tend to decrease resilience. Due to local and global circumstances, economic and social changes have occurred very quickly in recent years, so the results obtained in the study may not be valid in the long term. Similar surveys after several years will be necessary to study the resilience of Lithuanian farms, including deeper economic analyses that evaluate factors such as price sensitivity, the level of farm debt, and market access. Keywords: family farm; resilience; disturbances; robustness; adaptability; transformability; enhancement
Lithuanian hymn by Abraomas Kulvietis (translation, versification, language)
No full textStraipsnyje nagrinėjama kol kas vienintelė žinoma lietuviška Abraomo Kulviečio giesmė. Aprašomos jos vertimo ypatybės ir eilėdara, tiriama kalba. Siekiama nustatyti skiriamąsias giesmės ypatybes. Tokiomis laikomos ne tik išskirtinės, t. y. tik nagrinėjamam kūriniui būdingos ir kituose to meto kūriniuose nerandamos, ypatybės, bet ir tokios, kurios kitų autorių kūriniuose yra ne taip paplitusios. Atsižvelgiama į verstinį giesmės pobūdį, autoriaus ir redaktorių gimtąsias šnektas, redagavimo pobūdį. Straipsnio išvadose siūlomas giesmės skiriamųjų kalbos ypatybių rinkinys, apibūdinantis Kulviečio kalbą. Esminiai žodžiai: Abraomas Kulvietis; skiriamosios kalbos ypatybės; vertimas; eilėdara; fonetika; morfologija; sintaksė; žodžių tvarka.The article examines the only unquestionable Lithuanian hymn by Abraomas Kulvietis (Abraham Culvensis) so far “Malonus dėkavojimas Ponui Dievui...” (“A pleasant thanksgiving to the Lord God…”), translated from German. It was printed in 1570 in the second part of the hymnal prepared and edited by Martynas Mažvydas and Baltramiejus Vilentas. The article examines the language of the hymn, the translation technique and versification are also described. The aim is to identify the distinguishing language characteristics of the hymn. They are considered not only exclusive, i.e. features that are unique to the considered work and are not found in other works of that time, but also those that rarely occur or are less frequently used in the works of other authors. The translated nature of the hymn, the native dialects of the author and editors, and the nature of editing are taken into account. In the conclusions of the article, a set of distinguishing language characteristics of the hymn is proposed. Syntactic characteristics: the verb susimilti “forgive” governs the dative of object mums “us”; prepositional phrase ing žyvatą “into life” is used to express the purpose. Morphological characteristics: athematic conjunctive form teduost “let him give” of verb duoti “to give”; genitive singular form smerčio of the loan word smertis “death”; the nominative singular form kraus “blood” and its accusative singular form kraujį; the locative singular form viero of the noun viera “faith”; the accusative plural form mumis of the 1st person pronoun. Lexical semantics and lexicological characteristics: the meaning “make a present” of the verb likti, the loan words pačestavotas, žegnonė, and dūchas in the collocation Šventas Dūchas “the Holy Spirit”. The totality of these characteristics (and only it) distinguishes the hymn from others. It could be considered as a reflection of the Lithuanian language used by Abraomas Kulvietis. Keywords: Abraomas Kulvietis [Abraham Culvensis]; distinguishing characteristics of language; translation; versification; phonetics; morphology; syntax; word order
Lietuvas armijas apgāde ar ieročiem karā pret boļševikiem un Bermonta-Avalova karaspēku 1919. gadā, saduroties Entantes un Vācijas interesēm
No full textWestern political, social and economic support to Ukraine in face of Russian aggression has aroused discussion and actualized historical episodes of weapons supply and military assistance. Historical analysis of weapons supply during military conflicts and wars in the past provides a good opportunity to become more familiar with the problem and may give fruitful insights for understanding this phenomenon in its broader sense. After the collapse of Russian Empire and after the end of the World War I Lithuania fought in wars for independence, and received military assistance consisting of weapons, ammunition, clothes, and food from the two opposing parties and former enemies – Allies and Germany. In the current article, the author analyses the question of the weapons supply to Lithuania through the lens of foreign policy interests of England, France and Germany, and explores to what extent the supply of weapons depends on overlapping foreign policy interests of both appealing and providing country. During the War of Independence, Germany supplied armaments, when it needed to stop Bolsheviks and to counterweigh the influence of Poland in Lithuania, but refused to do that when Lithuania intended to promote its own foreign policy interests to capture Vilnius in 1919. The same happened with Allies, who refused to supply weapons to Lithuania despite its appeals in the first half of 1919, meanwhile, Lithuania received weapons from the Entente when it faced direct threat from the remaining units of German Army, which also became dangerous for the vital interests of France and England in Baltics. Keywords: Baltic states, Wars of Independence 1919-1920, supply of weapons, diplomacy, Entente
Physical activity assessment of overweight and obese physicians
No full textStraipsnyje, aptarus fizinio aktyvumo stokos bei antsvorio ir nutukimo raišką, galimas problemas asmeniui, šalies sveikatos sistemai ar ekonomika, pristatomi empirinio tyrimo, vertinančio gydytojų fizinio aktyvumo įpročių bei jų antsvorio ir nutukimo raišką, tarpusavio sąsajas. Atlikus tyrimą nustatyta, jog kiek daugiau nei pusė tirtų gydytojų turi antsvorio ar yra nutukę, o kiek daugiau nei ketvirtadalis demonstruoja sveikatai nepalankius fizinio aktyvumo įpročius. Lyties aspektu visose kategorijose dominuoja vyrai, lyginant su moterimis. Atlikta gydytojų, turinčių antsvorio bei nutukusių, analizė, atsižvelgus į jų fizinio aktyvumo įgūdžių kategorijas, atskleidė, kad tirtų gydytojų antsvoris ir nutukimas turi tendenciją sietis su jų fizinio aktyvumo įgūdžiais. Raktiniai žodžiai: fizinis aktyvumas, kūno masės indeksas, nutukimas, antsvoris, sveikatos priežiūros specialistai.health (World Health Organization, 2011), and its insufficiency is associated with several diseases. Meanwhile, a person’s low physical activity is often associated with the risk of being overweight or obese (Chatterjee et al., 2020). Despite this, there is not a lot of scientific data on the physical activity of health care professionals especially doctors who are overweight or obese, results, state the situation when doctors do not follow the recommended physical activity recommendations and are affected by overweight or obesity, are often determined by both the research methodology, the contingent of subjects, and the specifics of the country or region. The purpose of the study: is to reveal the physical activity habits of overweight and obese physicians. Research object: physical activity habits. The results. The conducted study revealed that slightly more than half of the examined doctors are overweight or obese. There are more men than women in these categories of body mass index, and higher readings of obesity are found in those subjects with more than 10 years of work experience. Slightly more than a quarter of the subjects demonstrate unhealthy physical activity habits. In terms of gender, men dominate compared to women. An analysis of overweight and obese physicians based on their physical activity skill category revealed that overweight and obesity among the studied physicians tended to be associated with their physical activity skill category. Keywords: physical activity, body mass index, obesity, overweight, healthcare professionals
Organ of the Augustinian church in Vilnius
No full textStraipsnyje sprendžiama XVIII a. antroje pusėje Vilniaus augustinų bažnyčioje pastatyto, vėliau į Vilniaus katedrą, o iš ten – į Naujojo Daugėliškio bažnyčią perkelto vargonų instrumento autorystės byla. Apžvelgus nuo seno turimus duomenis (1861 m. užfiksuotą perstatyto instrumento dispoziciją) ir jais remiantis pasiūlytą Girėno Povilionio interpretaciją, pristatoma ir įvertinama naujai atrastame 1808 m. autentiško instrumento apraše pateikta informacija. Remiantis ja ir Povilionio atradimu Naujojo Daugėliškio vargonų instrumente, Vilniaus augustinų bažnyčios vargonai priskiriami meistro Mikalojaus Jantzono autorystei, drauge išryškinant savitus jų bruožus. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Vilniaus augustinų bažnyčia, Vilniaus katedra, Naujojo Daugėliškio bažnyčia, Vilniaus vargondirbystės mokykla, Mikalojus Jantzonas, Joana Kotryna Jantzonaitė.The article aims to resolve the authorship puzzle surrounding the organ of the Augustinian church in Vilnius from the late 18th century. During the mid-19th century, this organ underwent a transfer to Vilnius Cathedral, accompanied by a reconstruction. Later in the 19th century, the components of the instrument – namely, the organ pipes and bellows – found their way to the parish church in Naujasis Daugėliškis, while the original organ case remained at the Cathedral. Subsequent reconstructions of both the instrument and its case left the initial concept of the organ shrouded in mystery until the discovery of the archival description dating back to 1808. Building upon this historical account and the recent findings of Dr. Girėnas Povilionis, the article posits that the Augustinian church organ in Vilnius was crafted by Nicolaus Jantzon, the eminent figure in the Late Baroque Vilnius organ building school. Furthermore, by considering the prevailing local organ building traditions of the time, the article identifies distinctive features of the aforementioned instrument. Keywords: Vilnius Augustinian church, Vilnius Cathedral, Naujasis Daugėliškis church, Vilnius organ building school, Mikalojus Jantzonas, Joana Kotryna Jantzonaitė
Passive vs active robo-advisors and disposition effect: moderating role of gender and financial literacy
No full textThe study examines links between automated advisory services and irrational individual investors’ behaviour based on dual-process theory. The study contributes to the literature on active vs. passive digital nudges in robo-advisors and the disposition effect. Self-reporting online experiment revealed that robo-advisors help investors to resolve cognitive dissonance, with passive robo-advisors being more efficient. We contribute by introducing and indicating the moderating role of financial literacy. Though moderating feminine gender role was not supported, the need for customized automated advisory services is highlighted. The results are important for individual welfare, as demographic shifts and evolving retirement systems transfer investment decisions to individuals. Keywords: robo-advisors; disposition effect; dual process theory; financial literacy; gender role
Analysis of factors contributing to state body appreciation during exercise
No full textThis cross-sectional study aimed to analyse the factors contributing to state body appreciation (SBA) during exercise. After providing their informed consent, 200 study participants (mean age 30.0 ± 9.4 years, 72.0% were men) filled in an online questionnaire immediately after the completion of resistance training (n = 125), cardiovascular exercise (n = 55), or functional/interval group exercise (n = 20) sessions. The study measures included socio-demographic variables, body mass index (BMI), the duration of involvement in sports, SBA, state body surveillance (SBS), state mindfulness in physical activity, state intrinsic exercise regulation, and perceived pleasantness during exercise. The results showed that exercisers involved in sports for >2 years and those whose body weight was within a healthy range (<25.0 kg/m2) demonstrated higher SBA and mindfulness during exercise, lower SBS, more intrinsic exercise regulation, and higher satisfaction during physical activity compared to exercisers with less exercise experience (≤2 years) and a body weight higher than a healthy range (≥25.0 kg/m2). The negative effects of being overweight or obese were more pronounced in individuals with ≤2 years of sports participation, except regarding body surveillance and monitoring the mind. The factors significantly contributing to SBA during the exercise sessions were a longer duration of involvement in sports, a lower BMI and SBS, and greater mindful body acceptance and exercise pleasantness. Decreasing SBS and enhancing mindful body acceptance, pleasantness, and intrinsic motivation during exercise might significantly contribute to SBA in physical activity. These results can inform physical-activity-based programmes aiming to promote a positive body image. Also, these results show that it is important to increase education and develop competencies for fitness coaches to create inclusive and positive-body-image-promoting sports environments. Keywords: state mindfulness; state body appreciation; state body surveillance; intrinsic motivation; exercise; obesity
Būsto įperkamumo tyrimas
No full textPandemijos laikotarpiu paspartėjus būsto kainų augimui, būsto įperkamumas Lietuvoje pirmą kartą per dešimtmetį ėmė prastėti. Tokia tendencija ilgai nesitęsė ir, sulėtėjus kainų augimui ir gyventojų pajamoms toliau augant sparčiai, jau nuo 2023 m. įžvelgiama vėl gerėjančio įperkamumo ženklų. Nors būsto įperkamumo suprastėjimas Lietuvoje buvo laikinas reiškinys, nulemtas stiprių išorės sukrėtimų, svarbu, kad Lietuvoje vykdoma būsto politika užtikrintų sąlygas struktūriškai tvariam įperkamumo lygiui palaikyti. Šiame tyrime Lietuvos bankas išanalizavo įvairius būsto įperkamumo rodiklius ir paklausos bei pasiūlos veiksnius, galinčius paveikti būsto įperkamumą. Įvertinus tyrimo rezultatus, suformuotos keturios svarbiausios tvarios būsto politikos kryptys: siekti tvarios būsto paklausos raidos, didesnės ir lankstesnės kokybiško būsto pasiūlos, užtikrinti socialiai jautrių gyventojų būsto poreikius ir sukurti ilgalaikę ir bendrą būsto politikos strategiją.As house price growth accelerated during the pandemic, housing affordability in Lithuania started to deteriorate for the first time in a decade. This trend did not last long and, as price growth slowed down and incomes continued to rise rapidly, signs of improving affordability have already become visible from 2023. Although the deterioration in housing affordability in Lithuania was a temporary phenomenon caused by strong external shocks, it is important that housing policy in Lithuania provides the conditions for a structurally sustainable level of affordability. In this study, the Bank of Lithuania has analysed various indicators of housing affordability and the demand and supply factors that may it. The results of the study have led to four main orientations for sustainable housing policy: to achieve sustainable housing demand developments, a larger and more flexible supply of quality housing, meeting the housing needs of socially vulnerable people, and creating a long-term and common housing policy strategy
Property restitution in Lithuania, an reparatory tool in the process of transitional justice?
No full textIn Lithuania, the 90s marked the beginnings of a transitional period toward the reconstruction of a democratic state. On the one hand, it emerged as the ideal model, a new societal and state project, a democratic society, with a state founded on respect for the law and for human rights. On the other hand, the past made its presence felt as a result of administrative and judicial heritage, but also of a pattern socially reproduced at the level of human interactions between those whose rights were violated and those who violated these rights. Among those whose rights were abusively violated in the old regime were those dispossessed of properties and of their right over them, during the communist period. The old regime’s abusive seizing of properties was a prejudice brought to the dispossessed. The present paper intends to analyse whether property restitution in Lithuania was part of a more extensive process, entitled transitional justice in the literature. The first part of the paper describes the theoretical lens as well as conceptual aspects. The second part focuses on property legislation and on the function laws fulfilled in the reparations process. The paper has a heuristic value and constitutes itself as part of the research in the field of transitional justice and property restitution. Keywords: transitional justice, reparations, property, Lithuania, ECtHR
Professional burnout and its relation to self-efficacy and perceived stress: the case of Lithuanian teachers
No full textIn modern society, problems related to a teacher’s personality, mental and physical health, and emotions and competencies, are becoming more and more relevant. In Lithuania, compared with other European countries, teachers experience specific difficulties at work: they have to work in the conditions of constant reforms and changes, and face growing competition due to the decrease in students and schools. The majority of the studies on burnout, self-efficacy and perceived stress attempted to find the relationship between personal or organizational variables and burnout. Hence, the relationship between teachers’ professional burnout, self-efficacy and perceived stress in the school environment is an area that needs to be actively researched in Lithuania. The research aim of this study was to reveal and characterize teacher burnout, self-efficacy and perceived stress in the Lithuanian school context. The quantitative research design with questioning survey was chosen for the study. Sample size consisted of 427 Lithuanian teachers. Research results revealed the highest scores for exhaustion and the lowest for cynicism; at a time when the teacher experiences professional burnout, cynicism is observed as the weakest characteristic; no significant differences were found according to educational level or work experience; significant differences were identified according to age, for exhaustion and overall burnout level among teachers; most of the teachers in Lithuanian sample perceive a moderate stress level in the school environment; overall burnout has a significant correlation with self-efficacy and stress among Lithuanian teachers