“Lituanistika”, International Research Database
Not a member yet
44618 research outputs found
Sort by
There is no treasure more precious than books for study: the development and heritage of the Vilnius Augustinian library
No full textStraipsnyje pristatoma vienuolių augustinų bibliotekos prie Vilniaus Švč. Mergelės Marijos Ramintojos bažnyčios kilmė, rinkinio sudėtis, knyginio paveldo tyrimų rezultatai, augustinų vienuoliškosios knygos kultūros kontekste aptariamos bibliotekos istorinio-bibliografinio atkūrimo galimybės. Nustatyta, kad 1808 m. perdavus augustinų vienuolyno patalpas Vyriausiajai kunigų seminarijai prie Vilniaus universiteto, prasidėjo knygų migracija tarp Vilniaus ir Kauno, kur augustinai mainais gavo Šv. Petro ir Pauliaus bažnyčios dalį su parapijos namais. Nepaisant to, 1820 m. Vilniaus augustinų vienuolyne tebebuvo 1251 tomas knygų. Šiuo metu knygos su augustinų proveniencija saugomos Lietuvos nacionalinėje Martyno Mažvydo, Vilniaus universiteto ir Kauno apskrities viešojoje bibliotekose. Reikšminiai žodžiai: augustinai, biblioteka, knygų migracija, proveniencijos, rekonstrukcija.The historical memory of the Augustinian monastery in Vilnius, founded between 1673 and 1675, traces its roots back to the Middle Ages. The community believed that Grand Duke Vytautas of Lithuania established the Augustinian monastery in Brest in 1380. The founder’s portrait was preserved in the Vilnius monastery, fostering a cult around Vytautas. Duke Butautas, also known as Henrikas, Vytautas’s brother and a former courtier of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg, who was believed to have died of the plague in 1380, was buried in St. Thomas Church, belonging to the Augustinians of Prague. In gratitude, Vytautas donated church utensils to them. The Vilnius Augustinians inherited the historical memory of Vytautas, documented in the monastery’s chronicles and in a portrait of the Grand Duke brought from Brest. During the 14th and 15th centuries, Augustinians settled in Central Europe, and the monk Sebastian from the Brest monastery participated in the formation of the independent Polish Augustinian province in 1547. In Prague’s St. Thomas Augustinian Monastery, general studies for the Augustinian Province of Bavaria, which included Polish and Lithuanian monasteries until the early 16th century, operated from 1300. In Vilnius, the Augustinians developed studies in theology, philosophy, logic, and grammar, and ran a novitiate. From the 17th to the 19th centuries, they engaged in studies at Vilnius University. In 1686, Augustinian D. Grabiński, the future provincial of the Polish Augustinians, earned his Doctor of Theology diploma there. In the 19th century, Augustinians W. Gineyt, K. Wychorowski, and R. Pietkiewicz attended the University’s Senior Priest Seminary. In 1820, studies in moral and dogmatic theology and church history were active at the Vilnius monastery. Like the Prague monastery, which had about 350 book titles in the early 15th century (now with 18,000 volumes), the Vilnius monastery assembled a collection necessary for the community’s spiritual and intellectual culture. In 1804, the main library of the Vilnius monastery had 956 volumes, growing to 1,257 books in 1848, divided into 12 sections, including sermons, asceticism, moral theology, rhetoric, poetry, and literature. Besides religious writings, the Augustinians in Vilnius expanded their knowledge in philosophy, history, literature, and medicine, collecting works by authors belonging to their order (Giovanni Lorenzo Berti, Engelbert Klüpfell, Carol Van Hoorn, Benignus Sichrowski, Cornelius Curtius) and possessing around 40 books printed in Vilnius. In addition to the main library, the Augustinians in Vilnius assembled collections in the novitiate, church, and confraternity, including books bound in velvet and saffiano leather with silver bindings. The library experienced growth until the 18th century, as a result of the increasing number of monks, which reached 60 in 1786. According to the Augustinian eremitic tradition, the library in Vilnius was situated in the church, above the treasury, in a locked room of approximately 20 sq. m., accessible via a wooden staircase through a two-panel door. Library management adhered to the Rule and Constitutions, directing that the main library’s books should be kept separately from liturgical ones, which found their place in the sacristy. A 1627 constitution emphasized that “there is no treasure more precious than books for study,” detailing storage, librarian’s duties, cataloguing, and reading protocols. The book collection was assembled from private library donations (J. Mojski, M. Birukiewicz), monks’ savings, and voluntary donations (F. Rokoczewski). It is likely that the library in Vilnius was augmented by the Bernardines of Dotnuva, and books may have been acquired during the Augustinians’ travels to Italy to take part in general chapters. The future prior of the Vilnius monastery and the Augustinian provincial Erasmus Bartold was friends with the rector of Bibliotheca Angelica in Rome, Giovanni Lorenzo Berti. In 1808, after the transfer of the monastery’s premises to the Senior Priest Seminary, part of the Vilnius book collection was moved to the newly established Kaunas monastery. However, in 1820, 337 titles, including philosophy and theology manuscripts, returned to Vilnius. In 1865, 2,032 volumes from the Kaunas Augustinian monastery, which was closed in 1864, were handed over to the Kaunas gymnasium, among them those that were previously held in Vilnius, including A Thesaurus of Medical Practice (Venice, 1733), A Guide to Medical Practice (Nuremberg, 1714), The Vilnius Dispute (Torun, 1599). Z. Wasilewski’s Logics or Dialectics (1784), J. Stanislawski’s Compendium of Logics (1686), and M. Birukiewicz’s Key Philosophical Postulates (1800) also travelled from Vilnius to Kaunas. Some books from the Vilnius Augustinian library were confiscated by the tsarist authorities in 1847. In 1852, the Vilnius Augustinian church was placed under Carmelite auspices, and in 1854, it was closed. The monks likely took some books to the still-operating Kaunas monastery, which was eventually closed in 1864. [...] Keywords: Order of St. Augustine, library, book heritage, book migration, proveniences, historical-bibliographical reconstruction, Vilnius, Kaunas, Brest
"Language debates" in interwar Kaunas: Hebraists vs. Yiddishists
No full textModernios žydų kultūros ir tautinės savimonės iškilimas tarp Rytų Europos žydų sąlygojo „nacionalinės“ kalbos klausimo aktualumą ir reiškinio, hebrajų kalboje žinomo kaip riv ha-leshonot, o jidiš kalboje – shprakhnkampf, reiškiančio kalbų karą, atsiradimą. Daugiau ar mažiau visi Vidurio ir Rytų Europos žydų bendruomenės centrai įsitraukė į šį „kalbų ginčą“. Ne išimtis – žydai Kaune. Straipsnyje išsamiai aptariami Kauno žydų kalbiniai debatai Lietuvos Respublikos (1918–1940) laikotarpiu, pristatoma, kaip šis prieštaravimas reiškėsi įvairiose žydų kultūrinio gyvenimo srityse, ypač švietime. Reikšminiai žodžiai: žydai, Kaunas, ,,kalbų ginčas“, tarpukaris, jidišistai, hebrajistai.The rise of the modern Jewish culture and national consciousness among East European Jews increased the relevance of the question of the ‘national’ language. The phenomenon, called riv ha-leshonot in Hebrew and shpraknkampf in Yiddish, emerged, meaning the war of the languages. More or less all centres of the East European Jewish community were affected by the phenomenon of this ‘conflict’. Kaunas Jewry was not an exception in this struggle. The article looks closely at the linguistic debates of Kaunas City Jews in the Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940). This research presents the linguistic preferences of Kaunas Yiddishists and Hebraists, and highlights how this contradiction manifested itself in the different spheres of the Jewish life, especially in education. Keywords: Jews, Kaunas, ‘language battle’, interwar, Yiddishists, Hebraists
Background, origins and changes of the Lithuanian business elite companies 1995-2004
No full textStraipsnyje analizuojamos stambiausios Lietuvos įmonės, jų aplinka, kilmė, kaita ir kitos ryškiausios charakteristikos 1995–2004 m. Šis laikotarpis pasirinktas, nes tik nuo 1995 m., besibaigiant pirmajam privatizacijos etapui, Lietuvoje susiformuoja stambių verslininkų sluoksnis, kuris reikšmingiausias transformacijas patiria iki 2004 m. Tyrime pasitelkiami stambiausių pagal apyvartą Lietuvos įmonių sąrašai, apimantys po 200 bendrovių kiekvienais pasirinktais metais. Analizuojama, kas daugiausia prisidėjo prie šiuose sąrašuose esančių įmonių kaitos, kaip šios įmonės keitėsi įkūrimo metu, įkūrimo vietos, ekonominių sektorių, finansinių rodiklių atžvilgiu. Atskira darbo dalis skirta stambiausių verslo įmonių kilmės nustatymui ir kaitos kilmės požiūriu analizei. Tyrime pasitelkiami įvairūs enciklopediniai, žiniasklaidos šaltiniai, statistikos duomenys, publikuoti atsiminimai ir interviu. Analizė rodo, kad stambiausios verslo įmonės aptariamuoju laikotarpiu Lietuvoje fundamentaliai pasikeitė, ypač vyraujančių ekonominių sektorių ir verslo kilmės požiūriu. Reikšminiai žodžiai: verslo elitas, verslo kilmė, ekonomikos sektoriai, praeito amžiaus paskutinis dešimtmetis, verslininkai.The article analyses the largest Lithuanian companies, their background, change, origin and other major characteristics in the period of 1995–2004. This period was chosen because it was only from 1995, after the end of the first phase of privatisation, that a layer of major entrepreneurs emerged in Lithuania, which was undergoing the most significant changes until 2004. The study uses lists of the largest Lithuanian companies by turnover, covering 200 companies for each selected year. The analysis focuses on the factors which contributed most to the change in these lists, and on the way how the companies on the lists changed in terms of the year of their establishment, place of establishment, economic sectors, and financial indicators. A separate part of the paper is devoted to the origin of the largest business enterprises, while identifying and analysing change in terms of the origin. The study makes use of various encyclopaedic and media sources and the statistical data, published memoirs and interviews. The analysis shows that the largest business enterprises in Lithuania changed fundamentally during the period under consideration, especially in terms of the dominant economic sectors and the origin of the business. Keywords: business elite, business origins, economic sectors, 1990s, entrepreneurs
Manuscripts of Simonas Daukantas's collaboration with Mikalojus Akelaitis (1858-1859, 1860-1864)
No full textŠio straipsnio tikslas yra ištirti kai kuriuos vėlyvuosius Simono Daukanto tekstus atsiradusius bendraujant su jaunesniu kolega Mikalojumi Akelaičiu (1829–1887) taikant grafochronologinę rankraščių analizę patikslinti jų rašymo laiką, rekonstruoti Daukanto bendravimo su Akelaičiu kūrybos aspektus. Pagrindiniai su Akelaičiu sietini Daukanto tekstai žinomi iš Svirlaukio (Latvija) periodo, kada 1858–1859 m. Daukantas su Akelaičiu gyveno Petro Smuglevičiaus (1824–...) dvare. Taip pat vienas dar vėlesnis 1860–1864 m. Daukanto laiškas tikriausiai buvo skirtas Akelaičiui.Two of Simonas Daukantas’s (1793–1864) important manuscripts were intended directly for his friend Mikalojus Akelaitis (1829–1887): Notes on Nesselmann’s Dictionary (PNŽ) and Lithuanian Orthography (LKR). In addition, Notes on Laurynas Ivinskis’s 1859 Calendar (PaIK) were also directly connected to Akelaitis’s projects. Daukantas wrote two of these texts (PNŽ and PaIK) in 1858–1859, when he and Akelaitis lived at the Svirlaukis estate (Courland, today Latvia) of doctor Petras Smuglevičius. He compiled the third text later, in Samogitia (Lowland Lithuania), obviously after 1859, most probably during the last period of his life in Papilė (1861–1864). Akelaitis was a driver of Daukantas’s philological thought, an inspirer, and a creator of intellectual context. These three manuscripts of Daukantas might appear as a result of a symbolic Svirlaukis academy of the two friends. Under Akelaitis’s influence, in about 1858-1859, Daukantas returned to his abandoned manuscript of the Great Polish–Lithuanian Dictionary (DLL, 1852[3]–1855) and significantly supplemented its letter section, wrote long comments to the dictionary of Nesselmann (PNŽ), and reviewed the language of Ivinskis’s 1859 calendar (PaIK). Ultimately, in his later letter, Daukantas wrote various comments on Lithuanian orthography, mostly explaining his perspective. Still, at the very end of his life, Daukantas might have aligned one orthographic feature with the pamphlets published by Akelaitis. Daukantas used to mark some endings as (), but then in Papilė (1861–1864) he switched to the West Highland Lithuanian variant (), which, among others, was typically used by Akelaitis
Legalization of media needs of ethnic communities in Vilnius in 1903-1905: expectations and opportunities
No full text[...] Šiame straipsnyje analizuojami periodinių leidinių lietuvių, lenkų, hebrajų ir jidiš kalbomis steigimo sumanymai Vilniuje iki 1905 m. „Taisyklių“, kai vietinės aukščiausios administracijos siūlymai turėjo lemiamą reikšmę galutiniam Vidaus reikalų ministerijos sprendimui, o gubernatorių veiksmai riboti tautinių bendrijų leidybinę veiklą nebuvo suvaržyti įstatymine tvarka. Tyrimui pasitelkta archyvinė medžiaga – prašymai valdžios struktūroms leisti steigti periodinius leidinius ir su prašymais susiję Vilniaus generalgubernatoriaus, Vilniaus gubernatoriaus, iš dalies Kauno gubernatoriaus susirašinėjimai. Straipsnyje aiškinamasi, kas lėmė vieną ar kitą Vilniaus generalgubernatoriaus sprendimą, kiek periodinės spaudos klausimas atspindėjo tautinę politiką ir jos pokyčius vienos ar kitos etninės bendruomenės atžvilgiu. Šiame straipsnyje kiekvieno tautinio elito (žydų, lietuvių, lenkų) sumanymai steigti periodinius leidinius Vilniuje analizuojami atskirai, išvadose pateikiami svarstymai, kas lėmė vienus ar kitus vietinės aukščiausios valdžios veiksmus. Reikėtų pažymėti, kad pastaroji tyrimo problema istoriografijoje anksčiau netyrinėta, nors tautinių aktyvistų bandymai steigti periodinius leidinius XX a. pradžioje Vilniuje yra sulaukę dėmesio. [...]When the Vilnius supreme local government considered the issue of the periodical press in Polish, Lithuanian, Yiddish, and Hebrew, it took into account the influence of the latter on public opinion. On several occasions, the Vilnius Governor-General’s office, when discussing the issue of periodicals, recalled the times of the 1863–1864 uprising, when the multilingual press, defined by its mass appeal and readership, played a strong activist role. The Vilnius Governor-General’s office sought to limit the publishing initiatives of all ethnic groups (except Russians). It therefore delayed the resolution of the issue, especially when it came to periodicals in Yiddish, Hebrew and Polish. The only exception to this, in terms of the publishing situation in 1903–1905, was the case of Vilnius News. After the uprising of 1863–1864, it was the first periodical in Vilnius to be published in a language other than Russian. Moreover, it was granted permission surprisingly quickly. There were several reasons that could have led to this decisions. It is not unreasonable to assume that the Vilnius Governor-General’s office had the intention of exploiting the press issue to increase and exacerbate conflicts between ethnic groups (primarily Lithuanians and Poles). The idea of the Lithuanian national movement as a counterbalance to the influence of the Poles is clearly expressed in the assessment of the candidacy of Kazimieras Prapuolenis. This is the only reference in bureaucratic correspondence (that is known so far). The idea of pitting Lithuanians against Poles by exploiting the press issue may have been expressed in private conversations. Especially since the person who was actively involved in the informal discussions on the suitability of editors for Lithuanian and Polish dailies was Andrei Stankevich, the head of the chancellery of the Vilnius Governor-General’s office, who was well aware of Piotr Sviatopolk-Mirsky’s views on the press issue and could have passed them on to Aleksandr fon Freze. However, there is another reason that is even more important. We would think that the actions of the Vilnius Governor-General’s may have been influenced more by the assessment of the level of hostility of ethnic groups to the Russian Empire. Of all the ethnic groups, Sviatopolk-Mirsky, although observing the rapidly developing Lithuanian national movement, did not doubt the loyalty of the Lithuanians to the imperial power. Nevertheless, despite these assessments, both Sviatopolk-Mirsky and then Freze limited the number of Lithuanian periodicals and sought to prevent active members of the Lithuanian national movement from controlling the printed word. The political loyalty of the editors of the Lithuanian dailies in Vilnius and Kaunas, Petras Vileišis and Antanas Daukša, was not questioned by the Vilnius Governor-General’s office. One of the main goals of the local administration was to try (successfully or not) to keep the shaping of public opinion in the hands of the local authorities, not only through censorship, but also through the use of appropriate persons, both from Lithuanian and Polish intellectual circles (the case of Hipolit Korwin-Milewski). The issue of the re-establishment of the Polish-language press was a clear indication that the Poles were seen by the Vilnius Governor-General’s office as a strong ethnic community, in some cases even a rival to the government in terms of influence over other groups in the society. However, it did not dare, as it did with the Jews, to completely prevent publishing initiatives in Vilnius. In the case of Polish periodical press, the Vilnius administration sought compromises
24-hour movement behaviour study - Lithuanian protocol: a comprehensive overview of behaviours and health outcomes in adolescents
No full textThe 24-hour Movement Behaviour (24-h MovBeh) paradigm, encompassing physical activity (PA), sedentary behaviour (SB) and sleep patterns, is recognised as a holistic approach to adolescent health. It emphasises promoting PA, reducing SB and ensuring sufficient sleep, especially in school environments. Understanding the links between lifestyle factors and health outcomes is crucial for clinical and public health, informing interventions for lifestyle changes among adolescents. This study aims to assess adherence to 24-h MovBeh among Lithuanian adolescents, examining the patterns, inter-relationships and impacts on socio-demographic status, 24-h MovBeh, health-related fitness, blood pressure, body composition, dietary patterns, health-related quality of life, mental health, physical and exercise motivation, other lifestyles and health indicators, and academic performance. The 24-h MovBeh study is a prospective cohort study beginning in 2025 with baseline data collected in schools. It will recruit 500 primary and secondary school adolescents (11–14 years old) from Klaipeda and Kaunas, Lithuania. The study will evaluate 11 main categories: Socio-demographic status, 24-h MovBeh, health-related fitness, blood pressure, body composition, dietary patterns, health-related quality of life, mental health, physical and exercise motivation, other lifestyles and health indicators, and academic performance. Statistical analysis will estimate adherence to 24-h MovBeh and its inter-relationships with individual and environmental factors and health outcomes. The 24-h MovBeh study will be a crucial step towards establishing a monitoring system for health and lifestyle outcomes, benefiting researchers, policymakers, adolescents, and parents, while laying the groundwork for future intervention studies
Areas of crime in cities: case study of Lithuania
No full textIn all countries, cities and their suburbs are the most densely populated areas. They are also the places visited by the largest number of tourists and one-day visitors, who inevitably run the risk of becoming victims of crime. It is, therefore, important, not only at national but also at the international level, to know the structure of urban crime and identify urban areas that differ in terms of their criminogenic situation. This requires a geographical approach and regionalisation based on the quantitative data that can offer it. This paper presents the results of a study using big data regarding violent crime, property crime and infringements against public order registered by the police in 2020 in the territories of three major Lithuanian cities and their suburbs (n = 149,239). Events in open spaces were separately addressed. A series of experiments were carried out using several spatial clustering methods. The automatic zoning procedure method that gave the best statistical results was then tested with different combinations of parameters. In each city, seven types of areas of urban crime were identified. Maps of crime areas (regions) were created for each city. The results of the regionalisation have been interpreted from a socio-geographical point of view and conform with previous sociological urban studies. Seven types of areas of crime have been identified, which are present in all the cities studied and, according to a preliminary assessment, roughly correspond to the socio-demographic and urban zones of each city. The maps of crime areas can be applied for crime prevention planning and communication, real estate valuation, strategic urban development planning and other purposes. Keywords: crime; regionalisation; mapping; cities; urban crime; areas; regions
Associations between body appreciation, body weight, lifestyle factors and subjective health among bachelor students in Lithuania and Poland: cross-sectional study
No full textBackground/Objectives: Positive body image is linked to improved mental and physical well-being, healthier lifestyles, and fewer unhealthy weight control behaviors. Cultural factors also play a role in influencing body appreciation. This study investigated the associations between body appreciation, body weight, lifestyle factors, and subjective health among bachelor’s students in Lithuania and Poland. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 1290 students from universities in both countries. The Body Appreciation Scale-2 (BAS-2) measured body appreciation, while participants provided self-reported data on their dietary habits, physical activity, sleep, health perceptions, and body weight and height. Linear regression models explored associations between BAS-2 scores, actual and perceived body weight, lifestyle habits, and subjective health. Results: Gender and country-based differences in body appreciation were observed. Lithuanian female students reported a higher median BAS score of 33 compared to 32 among Polish female students (p = 0.02), despite having a higher median BMI (22.3 kg/m2 vs. 21.1 kg/m2, p = 0.001). Positive body appreciation was linked to healthier dietary behaviors, such as higher consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish, and regular breakfasts. Additionally, greater physical activity and sufficient sleep were associated with higher body appreciation, while higher intake of sweets, sugary drinks, and fast food correlated with lower BAS-2 scores. Both BMI and perceived weight were negatively associated with body appreciation, particularly among females. Conclusions: Body appreciation is closely linked to body weight, healthier lifestyle, and positive health perceptions, suggesting that promoting healthier habits may improve body appreciation. Keywords: students; body appreciation; body weight; nutrition habits; physical activity; subjective health
Comparable analysis of the ornamentation of folk bedspreads of the Western part of Ukraine and Lithuania
No full textFolk textile is important part of tangible heritage in Lithuania and Western Ukraine. Comparable analysis of folk bedspreads is relevant for visual representation of the national identity of both countries. The aim of the paper is to analyse and compare structural parameters and colour combinations of folk bedspreads from Western Ukraine and Lithuania, seeking to find and highlight their universal and unique parameters. The materials, techniques, patterns and colouring of Western Ukrainian and Lithuanian bedspreads were compared. In some cases, very similar principles of decoration were discovered, but some Lithuanian and Ukrainian bedspreads were completely different. Keywords: Western Ukraine, Lithuania, bedspreads, raw material, colour and pattern composition, weaving technique
Creativity manifestations in Lithuanian recreational sports: a case of the subculture of runners
No full textThe paper analyzes manifestations of creativity in Lithuanian recreational runners’ leisure subculture in the latter 21st century’s decades. In this research, qualitative research methods: ethnography (observation, participant observation, visual data collection, research diaries), approach of socio-cultural anthropology have been employed. Empirical data, collected since mid-2015 up to the summer of 2023. Results demonstrate that contemporary recreational runners’ identities represent aesthetic visual and verbal (self)expression, creative strategies towards running-related practices, values of solitude, and community in parallel. Keywords: aesthetics, creativity, identity, running, sports, subculture, values