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Conventional deterrence in the age of hybrid warfare: the effect of NATO’s presence on Russia’s hybrid activities in the Baltic states, 2014-2024
Get PDFThe world is once again entering an era marked by uncertainty, geopolitical change, and security
competition. In the changing landscape of international security, the effectiveness of traditional
deterrence strategies requires a revisiting. NATO is widely considered the world’s longest standing
military alliance with deterrence and defence its core task. In 2024 the total military spending by
NATO members reached 1.5 trillion USD. Despite this, urgent questions are raised about the
adequacy of NATO’s conventional deterrence strategy in countering hybrid warfare. This study
evaluated NATO’s deterrence strategy by answering to what extent NATO’s presence affects
Russian’s hybrid activity. NATO presence was measured and operationalized as the number of
NATO troops, number of exercises, equipment capabilities, and defense spending. A qualitative
analysis of official government intelligence reporting was done to measure Russian hybrid activity.
By comparing the NATO presence and Russian hybrid activities in the Baltic states of Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania from 2014-2024 it found that NATO’s presence did not deter Russian hybrid
activities, instead they increased. This thesis argues that NATO’s deterrence strategy must be
modified to develop a comprehensive strategy to counter hybrid activities. It argues that differing
deterrence strategies come with increased level of risks. It found that a change in deterrence
strategy from deterrence by punishment to deterrence by denial creates higher risks and results in
more hybrid aggression. It found that hybrid activity increased because of the changing deterrence
strategy in addition to NATO presence. As Lithuania and Latvia follow Estonia’s lead and increase
NATO deployments they should expect to see more frequent hybrid aggression. The Baltics, EU,
and NATO should work together and factor in the increased risk that NATO presence creates, and
invest in counter measures such as information and influence operations and enhanced cyber
capabilities to restore deterrence.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5755770*es
Eestikeelsete bakalaureusetudengite hispaania keele artiklikasutuse kujunemine. Keeltevahelistele mõjudele keskenduv longituudne õppijakorpusuuring
No full textDoktoritöö uurib hispaania keele artikli kasutamise arengut eesti keelt emakeelena rääkivate õppijate seas. Nagu ka varasemad uuringud on näidanud, on hispaania keele artikli omandamine keeruline õppijatele, kelle emakeeles artikkel puudub, eriti mitmekeelses kontekstis, kus nende keeltepagasisse kuuluvad muud keeled õppimist mõjutavad. Doktoritöö lähtub eeldusest, et keele arengut ei saa analüüsida isoleeritult, vaid seda tuleb mõista osana keelelisest ökosüsteemist, kus erinevad elemendid mõjutavad üksteist.
Väitekiri püüab vastata kahele peamisele küsimusele: (1) Kuidas areneb hispaania keele artikli kasutus romaani filoloogia bakalaureuseõppe kahe esimese aasta jooksul? (2) Kuidas mõjutab seda protsessi õppijate varasem keeltepagas? Uurimuse laiemaks eesmärgiks luua õpetamisstrateegiaid ja õppematerjale, mis hõlbustavad artikli omandamist autentsetes suhtlusolukordades. Uuring põhineb longituudse õppijakorpuse andmete analüüsil. Selle jaoks koostatud Corpus Longitudinal de Español de Aprendientes Estonios (CLEAE ehk eestikeelsete hispaania keele õppijate longituudkorpus) sisaldab kirjalikke ja suulisi hispaaniakeelseid tekste, mille on loonud Tartu Ülikooli romanistika õppekava hispaania keele ja kirjanduse eriala üliõpilased oma kolmeaastase bakalaureuseõppe (kuue semestri) jooksul (A1 kuni B2 tasemed). Doktoritöö analüüsib 15 tudengi hispaania keele artikli kasutust kahe esimese bakalaureuseõpingute aasta kirjalikes tekstides.
Uurimuse tulemused viitavad selgele vajadusele artikli funktsioone õppijatega põhjalikumalt arutada. Oluline on kasutada õpitegevusi, mis soodustavad metalingvistilist mõtlemist ja keelestruktuuride võrdlemist hispaania, inglise ja eesti keeles, et aidata õpilastel mõista artikli kui grammatilise kategooria diskursiivseid ja semantilisi funktsioone. Läbimõeldud ja rikkalik sisend koos õpetaja tagasiside ja metalingvistilise aruteluga aitab õppijatel harjuda artikli kasutamisega erinevates süntaktilistes ja semantilistes kontekstides, teha keeleõppe sihipärasemaks ning tulemused püsivamaks.The thesis investigates the evolution of grammatical article use in Spanish among learners whose first language is Estonian, a language that lacks this functional category. This structural absence complicates the acquisition of the Spanish article particularly in multilingual contexts where other languages in the learners’ linguistic repertoire influence their learning. This study is based on the premise that language development cannot be analysed in isolation but must be understood as part of a linguistic ecosystem where different elements influence one another.
The study aims to answer two key questions: (1) How does Spanish article usage evolve during the first two years of the learners’ education in Romance Studies? (2) How does students’ prior linguistic repertoire affect this process? By identifying common patterns and difficulties, the research seeks to inform the design of pedagogical strategies and teaching materials that facilitate article acquisition in authentic communicative contexts. The study uses a longitudinal approach, tracking the development of Spanish article usage among Estonian students over two years, covering A1 to B1 levels. To achieve this, a learner corpus, Corpus Longitudinal de Español de Aprendientes Estonios (Longitudinal Corpus of Spanish by Estonian Learners) (CLEAE), was compiled, consisting of written and oral samples produced by the same students throughout their three-year degree programme in Romance Studies (specialisation in Spanish). However, this thesis focuses only on written samples from 15 students across the first two years of study.
The findings highlight the need to discuss the functions of the article more thoughtfully and thoroughly. Since these errors do not disappear systematically over time, explicit instruction is necessary throughout their study period. Activities that encourage metalinguistic reflection and comparison between how Spanish, English, and Estonian express reference are essential to helping students recognise the discourse and semantic functions of this grammatical category. Given the variability in learner trajectories, instruction should be adapted to individual needs through personalised feedback, targeted exercises based on learners’ predominant error patterns, and explicit crosslinguistic comparisons.https://www.ester.ee/record=b575384
Kirurgiliste patsientide ootused ja kogemused perioperatiivsel perioodil: kvalitatiivne uurimus
No full textHuman trafficking in a security framework: factors behind the ineffectiveness of responses to prevent trafficking in persons in Poland (2019-2023)
No full textHuman trafficking has emerged as one of the most lucrative crimes in recent history, making it a serious security threat to the state and individuals. As a country deeply affected by this phenomenon, Poland has established a system encompassing national strategies, a legal framework and has ratified various international acts to curb it. The system, however, remains ineffective.
This research aims to examine why the Polish system is ineffective, despite continued efforts and previous success by Poland to prevent human trafficking, starting from 2019 until 2023. More specifically, it analyses two main factors, the securitization of trafficking as a national security threat and the deliberate non-compliance with international agreements, as response-level factors impacting the way the responses are established negatively, rendering them ineffective.
Through a conducted qualitative content analysis using various primary and secondary sources, this thesis analysed the Polish anti-trafficking system between 2019 and 2023, its areas of ineffectiveness focusing on protection, prosecution and prevention measures, and how the factors established previously are responsible for this ineffectiveness.
It has been concluded that the securitization of human trafficking under a national security approach and the deliberate non-compliance of the Polish government with international standards are significant factors responsible for the establishment of ineffective responses to curb human trafficking. The securitization of human trafficking by the Polish state led to the establishment of policy and legal responses undermining the security of victims at the expense of national agendas. Similarly, the state’s continuous non-compliance instances with established international legal regulations resulted in an ineffective judicial system undermining both prosecution and protection measures of Polish anti-trafficking responses. As a result, these factors are extremely important when it comes to understanding why the anti-HT Polish system remains ineffective as they influence and shape the system and how the responses are established.https://www.ester.ee/record=b5753505*es
Viviendo entre dos mundos: La identidad cultural de los españoles en la tierra Estona
No full textEste estudio se adentra en las experiencias de los españoles que han elegido Estonia como su hogar, ya sea temporal o permanente, analizando cómo construyen, preservan y modifican su identidad cultural frente a nuevos desafíos y oportunidades.
La migración ha llevado al ser humano a la creación de comunidades diversas y multiculturales. En este contexto tán dinámico y complejo, la presencia de la comunidad española en Estonia emerge como un fenómeno intrigante que ofrece un espacio de estudio para explorar las complejidades de la identidad cultural en un entorno transnacional
TRMT112 poolt aktiveeritavate metüültransferaaside võrgustiku kirjeldamine ja TRMT112-võrgustiku liikme N6AMT1 raku funktsioonide iseloomustamine
No full textVäitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsiooneKäesoleva doktoritöö eesmärk oli uurida evolutsiooniliselt konserveerunud metüültransferaasi ko-faktorit TRMT112 ja sellega interakteeruvaid metüültransferaase, keskendudes eelkõige TRMT112 interaktsioonipartnerile N6AMT1.
Metüültransferaasid on valgud, mis katalüseerivad metüülrühma ülekannet erinevatele molekulaarsetele substraatidele, näiteks RNA-le, DNA-le ja teistele valkudele, ning reguleerivad seeläbi nende rakulisi funktsioone. Muutusi metüültransferaaside korrektsel funktsioneerimisel on seostatud erinevate haigustega siinhulgas neurodegeneratiivsete häirete ja vähiga. Seetõttu on oluline mõista metüültransferaaside täpseid funktsioone ja nende omavahelisi koostoime võrgustike inimrakkudes. Eukarüootsetes rakkudes on metüültransferaasi kofaktor TRMT112 ja TRMT112-ga seonduvad metüültransferaasid olulised valgusünteesi regulaatorid. Teadmised TRMT112-võrgustiku metüültransferaasidest ja nende funktsioonidest inimrakkudes on aga endiselt puudulikud.
Käesoleva töö tulemused näitasid, et inimese rakkudes interakteerub TRMT112 vähemalt seitsme erineva metüültransferaasiga: N6AMT1, WBSCR22, METTL5, ALKBH8, TRMT11, THUMPD2 ja THUMPD3. Seejuures selgus, et metüültransferaaside ja TRMT112 omavaheline interaktsioon on lisaks vajalik ka nende vastastikuseks stabilisatsiooniks. Samuti näidati, et TRMT112-võrgustiku metüültransferaas N6AMT1 osaleb rakkude proliferatsiooni regulatsioonil, kuna selle vaigistamine põhjustas aeglasemat rakkude jagunemist ja muutusi korrektses rakutsükli progressioonis, eelkõige aeglasemas mitoosist väljumisel ja G1/S faasi üleminekul. Siinhulgas leiti, et N6AMT1 vaigistamine põhjustab ühe G1/S faasi üleminekuks olulise faktori tsükliin E allaregulatsiooni nii valgu kui ka mRNA tasemel. Viimaks näidati, et mitmed N6AMT1-vastased antikehad annavad ristreaktsiooni mitoosiks olulise valgu Aurora kinaas A-ga, mis võib olla põhjustatud mõlemale valgule unikaalse ENNPEE motiivi tõttu. Kokkuvõtvalt laiendasid selle doktoritöö tulemused meie arusaama TRMT112 metüültransferaaside võrgustikust ja üldisemalt metüültransferaasidega seotud rakkulistest protsessidest.The aim of this doctoral thesis was to investigate the evolutionarily conserved methyltransferase-activator TRMT112 and its interacting methyltransferases with a particular focus on the interaction partner N6AMT1.
Methyltransferases are a specific group of proteins that add a methyl group to different substrates such as RNA, DNA, and other proteins, and by doing so alter the behaviour of the substrate inside the cells. Studies have shown that dysfunction of various methyltransferases can lead to numerous diseases, ranging from neurodegenerative disorders to cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the complex functions and interaction networks of these proteins in human cells. In eukaryotic cells, the methyltransferase cofactor TRMT112 and methyltransferases that bind to TRMT112 are important regulators of protein synthesis. Nonetheless, knowledge about TRMT112-network methyltransferases and their functions in human cells is still limited.
The results of this thesis revealed that TRMT112 interacts with at least seven methyltransferases: N6AMT1, WBSCR22, METTL5, ALKBH8, TRMT11, THUMPD2 and THUMPD3 in human cells. In addition TRMT112 and its interacting methyltransferases showed a mutual stabilisation effect on each other in human cells. It was also shown that the TRMT112-network methyltransferase N6AMT1 is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, as its depletion led to an increase in cell doubling time and impaired cell cycle progression, in particular progression out of mitosis and G1/S transition. Additionally, N6AMT1 depleted cells showed a decreased level of cyclin E, an essential regulator of the G1/S transition, at both protein and mRNA levels. Lastly, it was shown that several commercially available antibodies targeting N6AMT1 cross-react with the mitosis-associated protein Aurora kinase A, likely due to the presence of a shared, unique ENNPEE motif found only in these two proteins. Altogether, the findings of this thesis expand our understanding of the TRMT112 methyltransferase network and contribute to a better understanding of methyltransferase-associated cellular processes in human cells.https://www.ester.ee/record=b575928
Tulemustasu süsteemi arendamine projektipõhises organisatsioonis
No full texthttps://www.ester.ee/record=b5761100*es
Haridusturismiteenuse arendamine teaduskeskus AHHAA näitel
No full texthttps://www.ester.ee/record=b5765433*es
LLM-põhise tööriista arendamine kasutusjuhtumite spetsifikatsioonide ja testjuhtumite genereerimise automatiseerimiseks
No full textSoftware projects are often delayed or experience increased costs due to unclear or incomplete requirements. This thesis addresses these challenges by introducing ReqFlowly, a web-based application that automates key aspects of the requirements engineering process. ReqFlowly utilizes a Large Language Model (LLM), selected through a comparative evaluation. The model is guided by a formal use case grammar and structured prompts to help users transform initial stakeholder requirements into structured artifacts: domain entities, precise use case specifications, and comprehensive test cases. The proposed solution aims to minimize manual effort during the early phases of software development. It facilitates the production of software specifications that are more complete, consistent, and precise, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of the engineering processEbaselged ja mittetäielikud nõuded põhjustavad tarkvaraprojektide valmimisel tihtipeale viivitusi ja lisakulusid. Bakalaureusetöö eesmärk oli luua veebirakendus ReqFlowly, mis aitab eelnimetatud probleeme lahendada automatiseerides tarkvaranõuete analüüsi protsessi. Rakendus kasutab tehisintellekti ning reeglipõhiseid heuristikaid, et aidata kasutajatel tuvastada nõuetest domeeniobjektid ning genereerida kasutus- ja testjuhtumid. Lahendus vähendab oluliselt manuaalset tööd, parandab nõuete täpsust ning muudab kogu analüüsi protsessi usalduvsäärsemaks ja kuluefektiivsemaks